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Differences in plasma TIMP-1 levels between healthy people and patients with rectal cancer stage II or III

Differences in plasma TIMP-1 levels between healthy people and patients with rectal cancer stage... research article Irena Oblak1, Franc Anderluh1, Vaneja Velenik1, Barbara Mozina2, Janja Ocvirk3, Eva Ciric1, Natasa Hrovatic Podvrsnik1 Department of Radiotherapy, 2 Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Received 9 June 2011 Accepted 3 July 2011 Disclosure: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Correspondence to: Assist. Prof. Oblak Irena, MD, PhD, Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Phone: +386 1 5879 290; Fax: +386 1 5879 304; E-mail: ioblak@onko-i.si Background. The purpose of the study was to analyse whether the levels of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) are higher in patients with rectal cancer as compared with healthy blood donors. Patients and methods. Two hundred and seventeen patients (147 male, 70 female) with histologically confirmed non-metastatic rectal cancer (clinical stage II-III) and 45 healthy blood donors (15 male, 30 female) were included in analysis. Patient´s mean age was 66 years (range: 34-87 years) and healthy blood donor´s mean age was 35 years (range: 18-64 years). Plasma TIMP-1 concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available TIMP-1 ELISA kit. Mann-Whitney-test for independent groups was used to assess the differences of plasma TIMP-1 levels and clinicopathological parameters. Two-sided tests were used and the differences at P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results. Median patients TIMP-1 level was 180 ng/mL (range: 22-538 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 193.7 (79.5) ng/mL. The median healthy blood donors TIMP-1 level was 112 ng/mL (range: 48-211 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 115 (35.7) ng/mL. TIMP-1 levels in patients with rectal cancer were statistically significantly higher than TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors (P<0.0001). Significant differences in TIMP-1 levels were not found comparing gender (P=0.43), but in both groups TIMP-1 levels were increased with higher age (P=0.007). Conclusions. Patients with rectal cancer had statistically significantly higher mean and median TIMP-1 level than healthy blood donors which is in accordance with the results published in other publications. These findings suggest possibility that plasma TIMP-1 levels could be used as new biological markers for early cancer detection. Key words: TIMP-1; rectal cancer; healthy blood donors Introduction Tumour aggressiveness and metastatic potential, resulting in a poor prognosis, have been shown to be increased with the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). They play an important role in the process of degradation of the extracellular matrix and the basal membrane in relation to tumours invasiveness. The activity of the MMPs depends on the balance between the level of the active enzyme and its tissue inhibitor.1-4 The TIMP family consists of four members: TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4, which primary act as negative regulators of the degradation process of the extracellular matrix. Latest evidence suggests that they also participate in cell signalling by regulating cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and genomic instability.3,5,6 Many researchers focused on clinical impact of TIMPs in cancer biology by rating tumour tissue TIMP expression or plasma circulating TIMP level. They found out that TIMPs can be useful diagnostic and prognostic markers like other new markers.3,6-8 Most of these studies evaluated TIMP-1 and they recognized it as an important marker for patient management and prognosis in several ma- doi:10.2478/v10019-011-0027-2 concentrations were measured with an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available TIMP-1 ELISA kit, purchased from Oncogene Science, Cambridge (MA), USA. All procedures were performed according to the manufacturer´s protocol in duplicate using diluted samples. Measurements differed by less than 10% and the mean value was calculated and used for statistical analysis. The inter-assay precision coefficients of variation of TIMP-1 ranged between 3.9% and 8.8% at the different levels. TIMP-1 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using personal computer and software statistical package SPSS, version 13 (SPSS Inc., USA). The main endpoint of the study was to determine if rectal cancer patients have higher TIMP-1 levels compared to healthy blood donors. Mann-Whitney-test for independent groups was used to assess the differences of plasma TIMP-1 levels and clinicopathological parameters. Two-sided tests were used and the differences at P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Healthy blood donors Patients with rectal cancer FIGURE 1. TIMP-1 levels (in ng/mL) in healthy blood donors and in patients. lignancies such as colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian, bladder carcinoma3,6 and in several nonmalignant diseases such as asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.6 Elevated plasma TIMP -1 levels were reported to be significantly increased in colon cancer patients compared with healthy population, and they were also associated with advanced disease stage and poor prognosis.3,5,6,9-12 The aim of this study is to determine whether the TIMP-1 levels are higher in patients with rectal cancer as compared with healthy blood donors. Ethical consideration Prior to analysis, all patients and healthy blood donors received detailed oral and written information about the research and procedures, and they signed an informed consent for their plasma analysis for the purposes of the research. The trial was approved by the ethic committees of the Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia and by the National Medical Ethics Committee of Republic of Slovenia and was in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients and methods Patients Two hundred and seventeen patients (147 male, 70 female) with histologically confirmed non-metastatic rectal cancer (clinical stage II or III) and 45 healthy blood donors (15 male, 30 female) were included in analysis. Patient´s mean age was 66 years (range: 34-87 years) and healthy blood donor´s mean age was 35 years (range: 18-64 years). Results TIMP-1 levels Median patients TIMP-1 level was 180 ng/mL (range: 22-538 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 193.7 (79.5) ng/mL. The median healthy blood donors TIMP-1 level was 112 ng/mL (range: 48-211 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 115 (35.7) ng/ mL (Figure 1). TIMP-1 levels in patients with rectal cancer were statistically significantly higher than TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors (P<0.0001). Significant differences in TIMP-1 levels were not found comparing gender (P=0.43), but in both groups TIMP-1 levels were increased with higher age (P=0.007) (Figures 2 and 3). Determination of plasma TIMP-1 level All blood samples were taken in the same laboratory, and processed and stored with the same procedures. The blood samples were collected in vacutainer EDTA tubes. After centrifugation at 1500xg at 4°C for 10 minutes, plasma was separated and kept at -80°C until analysis. Plasma TIMP-1 Discussion TIMP-1 plays an important role in regulation of extracellular matrix remodelling, which is one of the processes involved in cancer growth and spread. Several authors reported that patients with malignant disease had significantly higher TIMP-1 levels in comparison with healthy population.5,9,11-14 In our study similar results were found. Patients with rectal cancer had statistically significant higher TIMP-1 levels in comparison with healthy blood donors (P<0.0001). These findings also raise the idea that plasma TIMP-1 measurements could be useful in screening for malignant disease, such as rectal cancer in our case. Future randomised studies will demonstrate if the plasma TIMP-1 could be helpful for screening and detecting colorectal cancer beside digitorectal examination, faecal occult blood testing, recto-, sigmoido- and colonoscopy, DNA stool analysis and genetic testing.8,15 Screening has in oncology special value as patients with lower stages have better prognosis.16 Like other researchers3,12,14 we did not find significant differences in TIMP-1 levels and gender, but Holten-Andersen et al.11 demonstrated that the mean TIMP-1 levels were approximately 10% higher in males than in females. The reason for this they attributed to the fact that the male population has higher incidence of tromboembolic diseases, which result in higher release rate of TIMP-1 in plasma from activated platelets.11 In many studies (in ours as well) TIMP-1 level was found to be increased with age,3,9,11,14,17 although Tayebjee et al. in their study found an inverse relationship between TIMP-1 level and age.18 Age (years) TIMP-1 levels (ng/mL) FIGURE 3. TIMP-1 levels and age in patients (p=0.007). Age (years) Conclusions Patients with rectal cancer had statistically significantly higher mean and median TIMP-1 level than healthy blood donors which is in accordance with the results published in others publications. These findings suggest possibility that plasma TIMP-1 levels could be used as new biological markers for early cancer detection. TIMP-1 levels (ng/mL) FIGURE 2. TIMP-1 levels and age in healthy blood donors (p=0.007). 2. Li M, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Maruyama Y, Shinomura Y. Role of matrix metaloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) in human cancer invasion, apoptosis, growth and angiogenesis. Exp Biol Med 2006; 231: 20-7. 3. Giaginis C, Nikiteas N, Margeli A, Tzanakis N, Rallis G, Kouraklis G, et al. Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) levels in colorectal cancer patients: association with clinicopathological variables and patients survival. Int J Biol Markers 2009; 24: 245-52. 4. Alo-Aho R, Kahari VM. Colagenases in cancer. Biochemie 2005; 87: 273-86. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Radiology and Oncology de Gruyter

Differences in plasma TIMP-1 levels between healthy people and patients with rectal cancer stage II or III

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Publisher
de Gruyter
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 by the
ISSN
1318-2099
eISSN
1581-3207
DOI
10.2478/v10019-011-0027-2
pmid
22933958
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See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

research article Irena Oblak1, Franc Anderluh1, Vaneja Velenik1, Barbara Mozina2, Janja Ocvirk3, Eva Ciric1, Natasa Hrovatic Podvrsnik1 Department of Radiotherapy, 2 Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Received 9 June 2011 Accepted 3 July 2011 Disclosure: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Correspondence to: Assist. Prof. Oblak Irena, MD, PhD, Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Phone: +386 1 5879 290; Fax: +386 1 5879 304; E-mail: ioblak@onko-i.si Background. The purpose of the study was to analyse whether the levels of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) are higher in patients with rectal cancer as compared with healthy blood donors. Patients and methods. Two hundred and seventeen patients (147 male, 70 female) with histologically confirmed non-metastatic rectal cancer (clinical stage II-III) and 45 healthy blood donors (15 male, 30 female) were included in analysis. Patient´s mean age was 66 years (range: 34-87 years) and healthy blood donor´s mean age was 35 years (range: 18-64 years). Plasma TIMP-1 concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available TIMP-1 ELISA kit. Mann-Whitney-test for independent groups was used to assess the differences of plasma TIMP-1 levels and clinicopathological parameters. Two-sided tests were used and the differences at P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results. Median patients TIMP-1 level was 180 ng/mL (range: 22-538 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 193.7 (79.5) ng/mL. The median healthy blood donors TIMP-1 level was 112 ng/mL (range: 48-211 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 115 (35.7) ng/mL. TIMP-1 levels in patients with rectal cancer were statistically significantly higher than TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors (P<0.0001). Significant differences in TIMP-1 levels were not found comparing gender (P=0.43), but in both groups TIMP-1 levels were increased with higher age (P=0.007). Conclusions. Patients with rectal cancer had statistically significantly higher mean and median TIMP-1 level than healthy blood donors which is in accordance with the results published in other publications. These findings suggest possibility that plasma TIMP-1 levels could be used as new biological markers for early cancer detection. Key words: TIMP-1; rectal cancer; healthy blood donors Introduction Tumour aggressiveness and metastatic potential, resulting in a poor prognosis, have been shown to be increased with the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). They play an important role in the process of degradation of the extracellular matrix and the basal membrane in relation to tumours invasiveness. The activity of the MMPs depends on the balance between the level of the active enzyme and its tissue inhibitor.1-4 The TIMP family consists of four members: TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4, which primary act as negative regulators of the degradation process of the extracellular matrix. Latest evidence suggests that they also participate in cell signalling by regulating cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and genomic instability.3,5,6 Many researchers focused on clinical impact of TIMPs in cancer biology by rating tumour tissue TIMP expression or plasma circulating TIMP level. They found out that TIMPs can be useful diagnostic and prognostic markers like other new markers.3,6-8 Most of these studies evaluated TIMP-1 and they recognized it as an important marker for patient management and prognosis in several ma- doi:10.2478/v10019-011-0027-2 concentrations were measured with an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available TIMP-1 ELISA kit, purchased from Oncogene Science, Cambridge (MA), USA. All procedures were performed according to the manufacturer´s protocol in duplicate using diluted samples. Measurements differed by less than 10% and the mean value was calculated and used for statistical analysis. The inter-assay precision coefficients of variation of TIMP-1 ranged between 3.9% and 8.8% at the different levels. TIMP-1 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using personal computer and software statistical package SPSS, version 13 (SPSS Inc., USA). The main endpoint of the study was to determine if rectal cancer patients have higher TIMP-1 levels compared to healthy blood donors. Mann-Whitney-test for independent groups was used to assess the differences of plasma TIMP-1 levels and clinicopathological parameters. Two-sided tests were used and the differences at P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Healthy blood donors Patients with rectal cancer FIGURE 1. TIMP-1 levels (in ng/mL) in healthy blood donors and in patients. lignancies such as colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian, bladder carcinoma3,6 and in several nonmalignant diseases such as asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.6 Elevated plasma TIMP -1 levels were reported to be significantly increased in colon cancer patients compared with healthy population, and they were also associated with advanced disease stage and poor prognosis.3,5,6,9-12 The aim of this study is to determine whether the TIMP-1 levels are higher in patients with rectal cancer as compared with healthy blood donors. Ethical consideration Prior to analysis, all patients and healthy blood donors received detailed oral and written information about the research and procedures, and they signed an informed consent for their plasma analysis for the purposes of the research. The trial was approved by the ethic committees of the Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia and by the National Medical Ethics Committee of Republic of Slovenia and was in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients and methods Patients Two hundred and seventeen patients (147 male, 70 female) with histologically confirmed non-metastatic rectal cancer (clinical stage II or III) and 45 healthy blood donors (15 male, 30 female) were included in analysis. Patient´s mean age was 66 years (range: 34-87 years) and healthy blood donor´s mean age was 35 years (range: 18-64 years). Results TIMP-1 levels Median patients TIMP-1 level was 180 ng/mL (range: 22-538 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 193.7 (79.5) ng/mL. The median healthy blood donors TIMP-1 level was 112 ng/mL (range: 48-211 ng/mL); the mean (SD) level was 115 (35.7) ng/ mL (Figure 1). TIMP-1 levels in patients with rectal cancer were statistically significantly higher than TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors (P<0.0001). Significant differences in TIMP-1 levels were not found comparing gender (P=0.43), but in both groups TIMP-1 levels were increased with higher age (P=0.007) (Figures 2 and 3). Determination of plasma TIMP-1 level All blood samples were taken in the same laboratory, and processed and stored with the same procedures. The blood samples were collected in vacutainer EDTA tubes. After centrifugation at 1500xg at 4°C for 10 minutes, plasma was separated and kept at -80°C until analysis. Plasma TIMP-1 Discussion TIMP-1 plays an important role in regulation of extracellular matrix remodelling, which is one of the processes involved in cancer growth and spread. Several authors reported that patients with malignant disease had significantly higher TIMP-1 levels in comparison with healthy population.5,9,11-14 In our study similar results were found. Patients with rectal cancer had statistically significant higher TIMP-1 levels in comparison with healthy blood donors (P<0.0001). These findings also raise the idea that plasma TIMP-1 measurements could be useful in screening for malignant disease, such as rectal cancer in our case. Future randomised studies will demonstrate if the plasma TIMP-1 could be helpful for screening and detecting colorectal cancer beside digitorectal examination, faecal occult blood testing, recto-, sigmoido- and colonoscopy, DNA stool analysis and genetic testing.8,15 Screening has in oncology special value as patients with lower stages have better prognosis.16 Like other researchers3,12,14 we did not find significant differences in TIMP-1 levels and gender, but Holten-Andersen et al.11 demonstrated that the mean TIMP-1 levels were approximately 10% higher in males than in females. The reason for this they attributed to the fact that the male population has higher incidence of tromboembolic diseases, which result in higher release rate of TIMP-1 in plasma from activated platelets.11 In many studies (in ours as well) TIMP-1 level was found to be increased with age,3,9,11,14,17 although Tayebjee et al. in their study found an inverse relationship between TIMP-1 level and age.18 Age (years) TIMP-1 levels (ng/mL) FIGURE 3. TIMP-1 levels and age in patients (p=0.007). Age (years) Conclusions Patients with rectal cancer had statistically significantly higher mean and median TIMP-1 level than healthy blood donors which is in accordance with the results published in others publications. These findings suggest possibility that plasma TIMP-1 levels could be used as new biological markers for early cancer detection. TIMP-1 levels (ng/mL) FIGURE 2. TIMP-1 levels and age in healthy blood donors (p=0.007). 2. Li M, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Maruyama Y, Shinomura Y. Role of matrix metaloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) in human cancer invasion, apoptosis, growth and angiogenesis. Exp Biol Med 2006; 231: 20-7. 3. Giaginis C, Nikiteas N, Margeli A, Tzanakis N, Rallis G, Kouraklis G, et al. Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) levels in colorectal cancer patients: association with clinicopathological variables and patients survival. Int J Biol Markers 2009; 24: 245-52. 4. Alo-Aho R, Kahari VM. Colagenases in cancer. Biochemie 2005; 87: 273-86.

Journal

Radiology and Oncology – de Gruyter

Published: Sep 1, 2011

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