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- Publisher
- de Gruyter
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- © 2022 Oleksandr I. Shynder et al., published by Sciendo
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- 2354-0079
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- 2354-0079
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- 10.2478/environ-2022-0004
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Abstract
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies DOI: 10.2478/environ-2022-0004 Environ. Socio.-econ. Stud., 2022, 10, 1: 38-56 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Original article Spontaneous flora of O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine 1 2 3 Oleksandr I. Shynder , Vitaliy P. Kolomiychuk *, Olga V. Melezhyk M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Tymiryazevska Str., 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine O.V. Fomіn Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 1 Symon Petliura Str., 01032 Kyiv, Ukraine Open International University of Human Development "Ukraine", 23 Lvivska Str., 03115 Kyiv, Ukraine E–mail address (*corresponding author): vkolomiychuk@ukr.net ORCID iD: Oleksandr I. Shynder: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-0873; Vitaliy P. Kolomiychuk: https://orcid.org/0000- 0001-5767-344X; Olga V. Melezhyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-7102 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A B S T R A C T For the first time we compiled a full checklist of the spontaneous flora of O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv. Native (281) and alien (243) taxa of the flora were analyzed. Among the alien species there are 115 xenophytes (including 71 archaeophytes and 44 neophytes), 128 ergasiophygophytes (including 3 archaeophytes and 125 neophytes). Four species of alien plants were listed for the first time for the flora of Ukraine: Arabis procurrens, Lactuca sibirica, Polanisia dodecandra subsp. trachysperma and Talinum paniculatum. It was found that the alien fraction of the flora is dominated by a stable component (54.7%), and among the ergasiophygophytes, most taxa (86.3%) are unstable components. Among the native plants, those species with a polyregional distribution predominate. This ratio is typical for transformed flora that have lost their natural structure. Among the alien species, the majority are sub-Mediterranean (43.6%), American (23.9%) and Asian (18.1%) in origin. In the biomorphological structure of the species of native plants perennial grasses predominate (65.3%), among xenophytes - annual grasses are dominant (74.8%), and among ergasiophygophytes perennial grasses predominate (43.8%). But despite the large number of alien plants in the botanical garden, their invasion can be mostly contained. The most widespread invasive plant is Parthenocissus vitacea, in addition, a number of potentially invasive plants need monitoring, in particular Parietaria officinalis, Phytolacca acinosa, Thladiantha dubia and some others. In addition, there is a list of introductions which have high naturalization rates and over time could replenish the composition of the spontaneous flora. KEY WORDS: flora structure, alien plants, escaped plants, naturalization, neophytes ARTICLE HISTORY: received 16 December 2021; received in revised form 6 March 2022; accepted 9 March 2022 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction century and the first half of the XX century: A.L. Andzheiovskyi, O.S. Rohovych, R.E. Trautfetter, The study of biodiversity remains an important I.F. Shmalhausen, O.V. Fomin, O.I. Sokolovskyi topic of biological research. The floras of introduction (О.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS, centres (such as botanical gardens and arboretums) 2007). Taxonomic diversity of plants of the Botanical are very complex and dynamic biosystems. Garden has long attracted the attention of domestic O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko botanists, in particular, the role of botanical National University of Kyiv (further in the text – the collections in the emergence and distribution of Botanical Garden) is one of the first introduction new foreign plants of Ukraine was noticeable centres in Ukraine. It was established in 1839, its (ROGOVICH, 1869; PROTOPOPOVA, 1973; MOSYAKIN & development and operation is associated with the YAVORSKA, 2001; MOSYAKIN & MOSYAKIN, 2021). activities of prominent botanists of the XIX Since the last inventory of wild plants of the Botanical Garden (BEREZKINA ET AL., 2007), including Gagea minima and G. transversalis, have significant additions to its composition have been remained here since the existence of deciduous published (KONAIKOVA ET AL., 2015; BIOTA OF THE forests in the River Lybid valley (PEREGRYM & O.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2021). Therefore, CHEKALIN, 2014). However the natural vegetation to date, the accumulated information about the of the territory of the Botanical Garden has not spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden needed survived to this day, nor most of the original a new generalization. composition of planting laid down in the XIX century. The main objective was to conduct a full inventory Currently, the main habitats where spontaneous of the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden flora is represented are forest plantations, irrigated and to generalize its taxonomic composition for lawns and synanthropic areas. the entire period of research. 2.2. Historical overview 2. Material and methods In the XIX century the university botanical 2.1. Study area garden (research botanical garden) was the central introductory institution of the then Kyiv educational The Botanical Garden is located in the central district, and due to the distribution of some invasive part of Kyiv. Today its area is 22.5 hectares, it plants, it attracted the attention of botanists. Thus, consists of three functional parts; it has a park ROHOVYCH (1869) noted that in 1842 Cyclachaena part, a scientific part and the area near the main xanthiifolia was distributed from the Botanical Garden building of the university. to ruderal habitats and by the 1860s had distributed Geographically, the garden is located on the to many places in old Kyiv and its environs. northern edge of the Kyiv upland region of the Somewhat later, V. Montrezor cited 13 species of Right Bank Forest-Steppe. The natural boundary native plants for the territory of the university between Polissya and the Forest-Steppe in our garden (MONTREZOR, 1886-1890). SHMALHAUSEN time can be traced in relief and runs in close (1897) pointed out Mirabilis nyctaginea from the proximity to the garden (Fig. 1). Botanical Garden. In the XX century JAKUBOWSKIJ (1904) noted Alliaria petiolata, Allium scorodoprasum, Bryonia alba, Bunias orientalis, Impatiens parviflora and Veronica teucrium in the territory of the garden growing wild. In Soviet times, OKSIUK (1924) indicated that Phedimus spurius and Physochlaina orientalis were growing wild in the territory of the Kyiv Botanical Garden, Yu.M. Semenkevych also indicated Geranium pyrenaicum and Melica ciliata (SEMENKEVYCH, 1925, 1926). In the middle of the last century MALUSCHYTSKA (1948) published a list of wild herbaceous plants of the botanical garden and this work became the first purposeful research in Ukraine, which was entirely devoted to the spontaneous flora of the Fig. 1. Location map of the Botanical Garden introductory institution. In general, the author cited 220 taxa with different indicators of naturalization. The relief of the park part is very rugged and Later, MALUSCHYTSKA (1949) noted alien taxa that is represented by several ravines and steep, were distributed across Kyiv from the Kyiv Botanical partially eroded slopes of the left side of the River Garden: Cyclachaena xanthiifolia, Impatiens parviflora, Lybid valley. The soil cover of the Botanical Garden Mirabilis nyctaginea, Oxalis stricta, partly Asclepias is represented by grey forest and sod-podzolic syriaca and Galinsoga parviflora. In the second half of soils. At the time of the creation of the Botanical the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI Garden, this area was fragmentarily covered with century there was fragmentary information about shrubs and forests, and part of it was used for some wild species of plants in the territory of the urban landfill (HAVRYLIUK & RECHMEDIN, 1956; University Botanical Garden in some publications MARYNYCH ET AL., 2003; О.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN (FLORA OF THE USSR, 1936-1965; PROTOPOPOVA, 1973; CATALOGUE OF PLANTS, 2007). GOLYACHENKO ET AL., 1992; CHOPYK ET AL., 1998; It has been suggested that several ephemeroids MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2001; KOLISNICHENKO, 2005). in the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden, In the new century, a preliminary inventory of similar research (BEREZKINA ET AL., 2007; KUZEMKO the modern varieties of wild tree and herbaceous ET AL., 2011; VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015; SHYNDER plants of the Botanical Garden was prepared by ET AL., 2018; SHYNDER, 2019; SHYNDER & DOIKO, V.I. Berezkina and co-authors (BEREZKINA ET AL., 2020; KOVTONIUK, 2021). 2007). In general, the authors listed 245 species As part of the spontaneous flora, we considered of spontaneous flora and initiated its monitoring. wild plants that were not introduced directly, as As of 2008, there were already 314 species in the well as escaped plant from the culture. The body flora and the structure of its current composition of the flora was divided into immigration groups, was studied (GUBAR & YAKUSHENKO, 2009). Later which correspond to its division into native and PEREGRYM & CHEKALIN (2014) showed the state of alien fractions, and the latter were divided into spontaneous populations of 14 bulbous and groups according to the time and method of inclusion bulbotuberiferous plants in the Botanical Garden. into the flora (PYŠEK ET AL., 2004; THELLUNG, 1922): Subsequently, KONAIKOVA ET AL. (2015) published native plants are plants whose natural range covers a significant addition to the spontaneous flora of the study area; xenophytes are unintentionally the Botanical Garden, which listed 119 species of introduced plants; ergasiophygophytes are alien plants first found here in 2009-2015. Some plants that were introduced into the flora and later information about the studied flora during this naturalized (escaped plants). Some researchers period was published in other literature sources (BARANOVA ET AL., 2018) also single out the inter- (ORLOV & GUBAR, 2009; MOSYAKIN & MOSYAKIN, mediate group of xeno-ergasiophygophytes – alien 2021), and some are recorded on iNaturalist (BIOTA plants that were originally cultivated in some regions, OF THE O.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2021). but penetrated the studied flora independently; Thus, the history of studying the spontaneous in our study, we classified such plants as xenophytes. flora of the Botanical Garden began with the work Depending on the time of immigration alien plants of A. Rohovych and dates back more than 150 are divided into two main groups: archaeophytes years. Until now, it was important to summarize which are alien plants that penetrated the flora all the above information to create a generalized up to 1500; and neophytes are alien plants that have checklist of the historical flora of the garden and independently penetrated into the flora after 1500. its analysis. The origin of alien plants was compared with the works of: PROTOPOPOVA (1973), MOSYAKIN & 2.3. Data and methods YAVORSKA (2002), PROTOPOPOVA & SHEVERA (2014), et al., but the origin of some plants needed an The study was conducted within the territory explanation. In the work on the research topic (GUBAR of the Botanical Garden during 2021. Previous & YAKUSHENKO, 2009) an important remark was works on the study of wild plants of the Botanical made about the wild flora of the plants of the Garden were used as the basis for the checklist Forest-Steppe, which didn’t grow naturally on the (MALUSCHYTSKA, 1948; О.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN. territory of the Botanical Garden: within its range CATALOGUE OF PLANTS, 2007; KONAIKOVA ET AL., the species cannot be alien. In this work we follow 2015) and fragmentary floristic information from this approach, although debatable, but it greatly other literary sources was utilised (SEMENKEVYCH, simplifies the study of spontaneous flora of 1925, 1926; MALUSCHYTSKA, 1949; PROTOPOPOVA, introductory institutions. At the same time, we 1974; GOLYACHENKO ET AL., 1992; KOLISNICHENKO, consider local species that grow exclusively in 2005; PEREGRYM & CHEKALIN, 2014). Herbaria were plantations, as part of the cultural flora. studied, these were: KW (The National Herbarium of In the course of studying the spontaneous Ukraine, Kyiv); KWHA (Herbarium of the M.M. flora of introductory institutions, the actual task Gryshko National Botanical Garden, Kyiv); KWU was to distinguish between ergasiophygophytes (Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, (alien flora) and ergasiophytes (cultural flora). Ukraine); Herbarium of the Botanical Garden of This question is covered in a previous article by one Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University; and LE of the authors on the example of the spontaneous (Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute, flora of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden Saint Petersburg, Russia). In addition, observations of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine published on the Internet were also utilised (BIOTA (SHYNDER, 2019а). In most cases, tree ergasiophytes OF THE O.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN (KYIV), 2021). were referred to as spontaneous flora when adult The nomenclature is according to GBIF (2021), and self-seeded individuals were detected at a distance the full names of taxa are given in the appendices. of more than 100 m from adult trees, and grass The general research of the spontaneous flora ergasiophytes at more than 50 m. If the seed self- was carried out, with the experience of previous regeneration of introduced plants was recorded within or near the collection and exhibition for the general checklist of the flora, and are the plantations, these taxa were considered to be part most important for its current composition. of the cultivated flora. The project «Biota of the O.V. Fomin Botanical According to a similar principle, an optimized Garden (Kyiv)» was created on the basis of the classification of invasive activity of ergasiophygo- iNaturalist resource for research needs (BIOTA OF THE phytes in the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden O.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2021). The observations (Moscow, Russia) (VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015), of cultural and spontaneous flora of the Botanical based on the project of European Botanical Gardens Garden within its framework are covered. Samples for the exchange of information on potentially of some plants found during the study were invasive plants (SHARING INFORMATION AND POLICY transferred to the herbaria of O.V. Fomin Botanical ON THE POTENTIALLY INVASIVE PLANT IN BOTANIC Garden (KWHU) and M.M. Gryshko National GARDENS, 2021). There are four invasive statuses Botanical Garden (KWHA). in this classification: 1 – alien plants, which are widespread in botanical garden and beyond (highly 3. Results and discussion invasive species); 2 – plants that actively settle in botanical garden outside the collection plantations It is obvious that the original flora of the territory (invasive and highly invasive species); 3 – plants of the Botanical Garden was forest with separate that have formed local populations outside of coastal-water and meadow species. The modern collection plantations, and vegetatively motile spontaneous flora of the Garden is an anthropically plants have formed stable clones that have lost their transformed flora in the conditions of the directed connection with the parent plants (potentially introduction of plants. According to the results of invasive species); 4 – plants that are at least once the inventory, it has been established that 524 taxa marked outside the collection plantations (not (species and subspecies) from 291 genera and 71 invasive) (VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015). families have been recorded in the territory of the As can be seen, naturalized introducers, which Botanical Garden. There are 281 native taxa and 243 are capable of self-renewal only within plantations, alien taxa (Table 1). The current composition of the are not considered as part of the spontaneous flora is 426 taxa, including 386 recorded by us. flora. Therefore, in the course of the study, we For the first time we have recorded 4 taxa of reviewed the status of some plants that were alien plants for the flora of Ukraine from the territory listed as wild in the Botanical Garden. of the Botanical Garden, these are Arabis procurrens, The general checklist of flora (Appendix 1) Lactuca sibirica, Polanisia dodecandra subsp. includes all taxa of wild plants recorded during trachysperma and Talinum paniculatum. Also the entire period of research at the Botanical Garden. recorded for the first time for the flora of the Right- Instead, we consider the taxa of spontaneous flora Bank Forest-Steppe and (or) the urban flora of recorded in the last 10 years as the modern (actual) Kyiv: Cymbalaria muralis, Cyperus glomeratus, composition of the flora. It includes taxa confirmed Phedimus stoloniferus, Ranunculus acris subsp. by us, as well as those listed in the work (KONAIKOVA friesianus, Tradescantia × andersoniana. ET AL., 2015). Most of the calculations are given Table 1. Higher taxa of the spontaneous flora of the Botanic Garden Native fraction Alien fraction Higher taxa Number of species % Number of species % Equisetophyta 2 0.7 1 0.4 Polypodiophyta 1 0.4 - - Pinophyta - - 1 0.4 Magnoliophyta 278 98.9 241 99.6 including Monocots 47 16.7 29 13.7 Eudicots 231 82.2 212 85.9 Total 281 100.0 243 100.0 The level of species richness of the Botanical the study of spontaneous flora since the XIX century, Garden seems to be quite high, compared to other allowed us to study its composition in detail. The level commensurate institutions of equal size (SHYNDER, of adventization of the Garden’s flora is 46.3% 2019b). In general, landscape monotony doesn’t (its current composition is 47.9%). This level contribute to taxonomic representativeness, but indicates the predominance of the anthropic factor in the formation of the composition of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine (Uman, spontaneous flora over the natural one (SHYNDER, Ukraine) it is 19.1% (KOVTONIUK, 2021), in the 2019b). It should be noted that the adventitia State Dendrological Park «Alexandria» of NAS of indicators obtained by us exceed the previously Ukraine (Bila Tserkva, Ukraine) it is 31.2% (SHYNDER given ratio, which is about 35.4% (GUBAR & & DOIKO, 2020), in the Syrets dendrological park YAKUSHENKO, 2009). Probably, this is due to a detailed of national importance (Kyiv, Ukraine) it is 43.5% study of the taxonomic composition of ergasiophygo- (SHYNDER ET AL., 2018). phytes in the last period. In other scientific centers According to the spectrum of leading families of plant introduction and acclimatization in Eastern (Table 2), the native flora of the Botanical Garden Europe, this indicator is very different and depends belongs to the Rosaceae type, which is typical of on many factors, for example, in the M.M. Gryshko Central and Northern Europe and the positions of National Botanical Garden the level of adventization the «boreal» family Cyperaceae and the «arid- is 40.9% (SHYNDER, 2019b), in the Main Botanical Eurasian» family Fabaceae are lower. Such a Garden it is 40.0% (VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015), in family spectrum is inherent in the flora of broadly the National Dendrological Park Sofiyivka of the deciduous forest regions (KHOKHRYAKOV, 2000). Table 2. The main families of the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden Native fraction Alien fraction Family Number of species № Family Number of species 1 Asteraceae 40 1 Asteraceae 39 2 Poaceae 25 2 Poaceae 19 3 Rosaceae 20 3 Brassicaceae 17 4 Lamiaceae 16 4 Amaranthaceae 15 5 Fabaceae 14 5 Fabaceae 10 6 Plantaginaceae 13 6 Rosaceae 9 In terms of the composition of the alien fraction of the flora includes plants, which exist in the on time of arrival kenophytes (70.8%) prevail places of introduction only during one season or life over archaeophytes, which is typical for modern expectancy of introduced individuals without the alien flora (Table 3). By origin, the flora is dominated formation of subsequent generations (ephemero- by ergasiophygophytess (52.7%) which is typical phytes) or from a local population (colonophytes). for spontaneous flora of plant introduction and It is advisable to include a large group of acclimatization centers (SHYNDER, 2019b). So, in ergasiophygophytes, which are regularly dispersed the Main Botanical Garden this indicator is 53.8% or distributed by other means near the places of (SHYNDER, 2019b), in the Main Botanical Garden cultivation. Among the most pronounced patterns its 85.4% (VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015), in the State in the studied flora is the predominance of a stable Dendrological Park «Alexandria» it is 59.8% (SHYNDER component among archaeophytes, and among & DOIKO, 2020), and in the urban flora agglomeration neophytes we observed the predominance of a of Kyiv city it is 46.5% (MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2002). temporary component (Table 3). In general, the According to the time of immigration, the stable component (54.7%) predominates in the spontaneous flora is dominated by neophytes alien fraction. (69.6%), and in addition, most archeophytes are Among xenophytes, a stable component also xenophytes (Table 3). In the flora of the Botanical predominates (79.6%), but among the ergasiophygo- Garden among ergasiophygophytes there are only phytes there is a very high proportion of unstable three archeophytes, according to (PROTOPOPOVA & component (74.2%). This is expected for the flora SHEVERA, 2014): Agrostemma githago, Althaea of the plant introduction and acclimatization officinalis and Lycium barbatum. center, where a large number of ergasiophytes According to the degree of naturalization, are at different stages of naturalization and alien species belong to two main components of different stages of exit from the cultivation. For flora: stable and temporary. The first component comparison, in the alien flora of the Kyiv combines completely naturalized alien species Agglomeration the share of the stable component (agriophytes, epecophytes). The temporary element is 46% (MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2002). Table 3. Immigration structure of the alien fraction of the flora of the Botanical Garden The whole fraction Stable component Temporary component Category Number of % Number of % Number of % species species species Xenophytes 115 47.3 100 75.2 15 13.7 Archaeophytes 71 29.2 65 48.9 6 5.5 Neophytes 44 18.1 35 26.3 9 8.2 Ergasiophygophytes 128 52.7 33 24.8 95 86.3 Archaeophytes 3 1.2 - 3 2.7 Neophytes 125 51.5 33 24.8 92 83.6 Total 243 100 133 100.0 110 100.0 The geographical structure of the native fraction American (31.3%) Origin. This spectrum can be has a very pronounced predominance of species described as multi-regional and it indicates the from a wide area – Paleoarctic (together with diverse introductory activity of the Botanical Eurasian), Euro-Mediterranean and other similar Garden, thanks to which plants from different geoelements (Table 4). Instead, the share of regional continents have naturalized in Kyiv. geoelements (European, forest-steppe, steppe, Table 4. Geographical structure of the native fraction of the sub-Mediterranean, etc.), which mainly determine flora of the Botanical Garden the geographical spectrum of the Ukrainian flora, is much lower and is 25.3%. Thus, the geographical Number of Geoelement % species spectrum showed that the studied flora is derived, Palearctic 127 45.2 due to the complete absence of natural vegetation. Euro-Mediterranean 54 19.2 Among alien flora taxa, those of sub-Mediterranean origin predominate (43.6%), as well as American European 22 12.4 (23.9%) and Asian (18.1%) (Table 5). The Holarctic 19 6.8 spontaneous flora of Dendrological Park «Alexandria» Pluriregional 10 3.5 and M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden Boreal 8 2.9 have a similar structure (SHYNDER & DOIKO, 2020). Sub-Mediterranean 7 2.5 Fractional analysis allows us to clarify the Central European 6 2.1 geographical structure of both different immigration European-Siberian 5 1.8 groups of the alien fraction. Thus, among xenophytes, Eurasian steppe 5 1.8 the share of the sub-Mediterranean element is Eurasian forest-steppe 3 1.1 53.0%, which gives the whole group a clear southern Eastern European 2 0.7 character. The ergasiophygophytes are dominated Total 281 100.0 by species of sub-Mediterranean (35.1%) and Table 5. Geographical structure of the alien fraction of the flora of the Botanical Garden Number of species Geoelement Xenophytes Ergasiophygophytes The whole % fraction Archaeophytes Neophytes Archaeophytes Neophytes 23.9 - 18 - American 40 58 2.1 1 - Eurasian 1 3 5 18.1 14 2 Asian 8 20 44 43.6 48 - Sub-Mediterranean 13 45 106 7.0 3 - European 3 11 17 0.8 1 - Paleotropic 1 - 2 4.1 Anthropic 3 - 1 6 10 0.4 Not clarified 1 - - - 1 100.0 Total 71 44 3 125 243 The biomorphological structure of the flora is the flora and includes several groups of the alien formed in accordance with the existing abiotic fraction. Xenophytes have migrated a distance of many conditions, the same applies to its individual thousands of kilometers and biomorphologically fractions, the corresponding spectra of which are the most adapted were low-growing biomorphs; radically different (Table 6). Among the native among which the most expansive were annuals, species, perennial grasses predominate (65.3%), but trees and shrubs are not represented among among xenophytes - annual grasses are dominant such plants. Instead, the introductory work in the (74.8%, including 74.6% among archaeophytes and Botanical Garden contributed to the active 75.0% among neophytes), but among ergasiophygo- naturalization of woody and herbaceous perennials phytes these are dominated by perennial grasses directly in the conditions of continental Ukraine. (43.8%), also high proportions of trees (25.8%) and Thus, among the introduced plants, the tendency annual grasses (19.5%). A similar biomorphological to naturalization and high competitiveness are structure was observed for the spontaneous flora found mainly in perennial biomorphs, and among of the National Botanical Garden (SHYNDER, 2019b), them the share of woody plants is the largest, Dendrological Park «Alexandria» (SHYNDER & DOIKO, compared to other immigration groups. It should 2020), and Main Botanical Garden (VINOGRADOVA be noted that the predominance of annuals is a ET AL., 2015). This division is explained by the characteristic feature of alien floras (PROTOPOPOVA, different ways of forming the native fraction of 1973). Table 6. Biomorphological structure of the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden Alien fraction Biomorphs Native fraction Xenophytes Ergasiophygo- The whole fraction phytes Archaeophytes Neophytes Number Nmber Number Number Number % % % % % of species of species of species of species of species Trees 15 5.4 - - - - 33 25.8 33 13.6 Shrubs 8 2.8 - - - - 6 4.7 6 2.5 Small shrub 2 0.7 1 1.4 - - - - 1 0.4 Sub-shrub 2 0.7 - - - - - - - - Wood lianas 1 0.4 - - - - 4 3.1 4 1.6 Annual herbs 40 14.3 53 74.6 33 75.0 25 19.5 111 45.7 Biennial herbs 29 10.4 8 11.3 3 6.8 4 3.1 15 6.2 Perennial herbs 183 65.3 9 12.7 8 18.2 56 43.8 73 30.0 Water herbs - - - - - - - - - - Total 280 100.0 71 100.0 44 100.0 128 100.0 243 100.0 Important in the study of spontaneous flora is more than 150 years, and for a long time an the analysis of invasive plant species. On the territory extremely rich spontaneous flora with a complex of the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden grows some immigration, geographical and biomorphological alien highly invasive species, but their expansion structure has formed there. It was established that is largely contained. Currently, the most widespread 524 taxa of wild plants were recorded here during invasive plant is Parthenocissus vitacea. Other highly the whole research period, 281 of them are native invasive ergasiophygophytes have been retained and 243 are alien. Among the alien plants, 115 or even eradicated, for example Asclepias syriaca, xenophytes (71 archaeophytes and 44 neophytes), Heracleum mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, Solidago and 128 ergasiophygophytes (3 archaeophytes canadensis, etc.. Several potentially invasive plants and 125 neophytes) were identified. It is noted need to be monitored as they tend to increase in that the studied flora has not preserved its original number and occupied area, these are specifically: native features and is completely transformed . Parietaria officinalis, Phytolacca acinosa, Thladiantha In particular, taxa with a wide distribution range dubia, and some others. predominate among native plants and their geographical structure has almost no typical 4. Conclusions regional features. For the first time the full checklist of spontaneous O.V. Fomіn Botanical Garden is one of the first flora is presented and a structural analysis is scientific centers of plant introduction and carried out. It is established, that in the alien fraction acclimatization in Ukraine, which has existed for of the flora in general the stable component prevails Grechyshkina Yu.V. 2010. The Native Flora of Kyiv City. Thesis for (54.7%), but among the ergasiophygophytes most the scientific degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences, species (86.3%) belong to the unstable component. speciality 03.00.05 – Botany [in Ukrainian]. Alien species are dominated by plants of sub- Grevtsova A.T., Kazanskaya N.A. 1997. Cotoneaster in Ukraine. Mediterranean (43.6%), American (23.9%) and Niva, Kiev [in Russian]. Gubar L., Yakushenko D. 2009. Spontaneous flora of O.V. Asian (18.1%) origins. In the biomorphological Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv structure among the native species perennial grasses National University. Herald Taras Shevchenko National predominate (65.3%), among the xenophytes - University of Kyiv. Introduction and preservation of plant annual grasses are dominant (74.8%), while among diversity, 22–24: 113-115 [in Ukrainian]. ergasiophygophytes perennial grasses predominate Havryliuk V.S., Rechmedin I.O. 1956. The nature of Kyiv and its outskils (physical and geographical characteristics). (43.8%) and there is a high proportion of trees Taras Shevchenko State University, Kyiv [in Ukrainian]. (25.8%). Hrytsay I.A. 2010. 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Botanical Journal, 85, 5: 1–11 [in invasive plant is Parthenocissus vitacea, in addition, Russian]. a number of potentially invasive plants need Kolisnichenko O.M. 2005. The ability of tree introducers to monitoring, in particular Parietaria officinalis, invasive. Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National Phytolacca acinosa, Thladiantha dubia and some University. Introduction and conservation of plant diversity, 8: 27–31 [in Ukrainian]. others. Konaikova V.O., Peregrym M.M., Gubar L.M. 2015. Addition to the list of spontaneous flora of the O.V. Fomin Botanical Acknowledgements Garden of the Taras Schevchenko National University of Kyiv. Studia Biologica, 9, 2: 159–168 [in Ukrainian]. The authors are thankful to О.F. Levon from M.M. Gryshko Kovtoniuk A.І. 2021. Spontaneous flora and vegetation of the National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of garden and park landscapes of the Middle Pobuzhzhia Ukraine, D.А. Davydov from M.G. 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Kyiv: PALYVODA A.V.: flora of the Syrets Arboretum (Kyiv). Plant Introduction, 148–149 [in Ukrainian]. 2: 54–64 [in Ukrainian]. POWO: Plants of the World Online. 2021. Available at www. Shynder O. 2019a. Spontaneous flora of M.M. Gryshko http://powo.science.kew.org National botanical garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv). Protopopova V.V. 1973. Adventive plants of the forest-steppe 2. Methodological problems and criteria for selection of and steppe zones of Ukraine. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv [in escaped plants in botanical garden conditions. Plant Ukrainian]. Introduction, 2: 3–16 [in Ukrainian]. Protopopova V.V. 1974. To the species composition of Oxalis Shynder O. 2019b. Spontaneous flora of M.M. Gryshko L. in Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 1: 110–112 [in National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv). Ukrainian]. 4. Aliens plants: xenophytes. Plant Introduction, 4: 18–33 Protopopova V.V., Shevera M.V. 2014. Ergasiophytes of the [in Ukrainian]. Ukrainian flora. Biodiversity: Research and Conservation, Shynder O.I., Doiko N.M. 2020. Spontaneous flora of the State 35: 31–46 [in Ukrainian]. Dendrological Park «Alexandria» of the National Pyšek P., Richardson D.M., Rejmánek M., Webster G.L., Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Williamson M., Kirschner J. 2004. Alien plants in checklists region). Actual problems of natural sciences: modern and floras: towards better communication between scientific discussions. «Baltija Publishing», Riga: 420–460 taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon. 53, 1: 131–143. [in Ukrainian]. Rogovich A.S. 1869. The review of seed plants and high Thellung A. 1922. Zur Terminologie der Adventiv- und spore plants listing to flora of the provinces of the Kiev Ruderalfloristik. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für educational area: Volyn’, Podolia, Kiev, Chernigov, Poltava. Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe. Kiev University Bulletin [in Russian]. 24/25, Jahrgang 1918/19, 9–12: 36–42. Rostański K., Dzhus M., Gudžinskas Z., Rostański A., Shevera Vinogradova Yu.K., Mayorov S.R., Bochkin V.D. 2015. Alien M., Sulcs V., Tokhtar V. 2004. The genus Oenothera L. in plant species and their influence on the Main botanical Eastern Europe. Druk. Kolejowa Krakow Sp., Krakow. garden’s flora dynamics. Russian Journal of Biological Schedae ad herbarium florae URSS ab Instituto Botanico Academie Invasions, 4: 22–41 [in Russian]. Scientiarum URSS editum. 1957. Ed. B.K. Shishkin, Vol. 14 (NN. 4001–4200). Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian]. Appendices Appendix 1. Checklist of spontaneous flora of o.v. fomin botanical garden (For The Whole Research Period 1869-2021) For each taxon, its immigration characteristics (“native” - native plant, “xenophyte”, “ergasioph.” - ergasiophygophyte, “(arch.)” – archeophyte, “(neo.)” - neophyte) and literary or other sources (where mentioned) are given. The sign "!!" marked taxa that were confirmed in 2021. HORSETAILS EQUISETACEAE 1. Equisetum arvense L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 2. Equisetum hyemale L.: native, – (Montrezor, 1886; Flora…, 1936) 3. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERN DRYOPTERIDACEAE 4. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! GYMNOSPERMS TAXACEAE 5. Taxus baccata L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! ANGIOSPERMS. Clade MONOCOTS AMARYLLIDACEAE 6. Allium altissimum Regel: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! (Fig. 2). – Note. Allium giganteum Regel was previously reported for the Botanical Garden in culture (OV Fomin…, 2007) and in three introductory populations with a total area of 400 m (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) - we assume that these are the same plants that we identified as A. altissimum. This taxon needs further monitoring. 7. Allium angulosum L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 8. Allium decipiens Fisch. ex Schult. & Schult.f.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 9. Allium oleraceum L.: native, – !! 10. Allium rotundum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 11. Allium scorodoprasum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Jakubowskij, 1904); !! 12. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! ASPARAGACEAE 13. Asparagus officinalis L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 14. Convallaria majalis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 15. Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 16. Ornithogalum boucheanum (Kunth) Asch.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) 17. Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Flora…, 1950; Chopyk et al., 1998; Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014); (Biota..., 2021) 18. Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. subsp. kochii (Parl.) C.Zahariadi: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 19. Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf.: native, – !! 20. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 21. Scilla bifolia L.: native, – (In herbarium KW); (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007; Hrytsay, 2010; Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014); !! 22. Scilla siberica Andrews: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007; Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014); !! COMMELINACEAE 23. Commelina communis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 24. Tradescantia × andersoniana W.Ludw. & Rohweder: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! CYPERACEAE 25. Carex caryophyllea Latour.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 26. Carex divulsa Stokes: native, – !! 27. Carex hirta L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 28. Carex praecox Schreb.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 29. Carex sylvatica Huds.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 30. Cyperus glomeratus L.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! HEMEROCALLIDACEAE 31. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Flora…, 1950) IRIDACEAE 32. Iris pseudacorus L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) JUNCACEAE 33. Juncus compressus Jacq.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 34. Luzula campestris (L.) DC.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 35. Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) LILIACEAE 36. Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !!. – Note. The population of this species is small and is represented only in the experimental part of the Botanical Garden, so there is reason to believe that its origin is artificial (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) 37. Gagea minima (L.) Ker Gawl.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007; Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014); !! 38. Gagea transversalis Steven: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) POACEAE 39. Agrostis canina L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 40. Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 41. Alopecurus pratensis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 42. Anthoxanthum odoratum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 43. Apera spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 44. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.Beauv. ex J.Presl & C.Presl: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 45. Avena sativa L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 46. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 47. Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 48. Bromus hordeaceus L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 49. Bromus inermis Leyss.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 50. Bromus tectorum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007; Maluschytska, 1948); !! 51. Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth: native, – !! 52. Dactylis glomerata L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 53. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 54. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 55. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 56. Elymus caninus (L.) L.: native, – !! 57. Elymus repens (L.) Gould: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 58. Eragrostis minor Host: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 59. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 60. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 61. Festuca rubra L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 62. Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 63. Hordeum murinum L. subsp. murinum: xenophyte (arch.), – !! 64. Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 65. Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh.: native, – !! 66. Lolium multiflorum Lam.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 67. Lolium perenne L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 68. Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 69. Melica altissima L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 70. Melica ciliata L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Semenkevych, 1926). 71. Melica nutans L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 72. Poa annua L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 73. Poa bulbosa L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 74. Poa compressa L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 75. Poa nemoralis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 76. Poa palustris L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 77. Poa pratensis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 78. Sclerochloa dura (L.) P.Beauv.: xenophyte (arch.), – !! 79. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 80. Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv.: xenophyte (arch.), – !! 81. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 82. Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R.Dewey: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! ANGIOSPERMS. Clade EUDICOTS ADOXACEAE 83. Adoxa moschatellina L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 84. Sambucus ebulus L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 85. Sambucus nigra L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! AMARANTHACEAE 86. Amaranthus albus L.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! 87. Amaranthus blitoides S.Watson: xenophyte (neo.), – !! 88. Amaranthus blitum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 89. Amaranthus cruentus L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Biota..., 2021); !! 90. Amaranthus retroflexus L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 91. Atriplex hortensis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 92. Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit.: native, – !! 93. Atriplex patula L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 94. Atriplex rosea L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 95. Atriplex sagittata Borkh.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 96. Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott subsp. scoparia: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 97. Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 98. Chenopodium album L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 99. Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad.: xenophyte (arch.), – !! 100. Chenopodium strictum Roth: xenophyte (arch.?), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 101. Chenopodium suecicum Murr: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 102. Kali tragus Scop. subsp. tragus: ?xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 103. Lipandra polysperma (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch: xenophyte (arch.?), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 104. Oxybasis glauca (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) APIACEAE 105. Aegopodium podagraria L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 106. Aethusa cynapium L.: native, – !! 107. Anethum graveolens L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 108. Angelica archangelica L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 109. Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 110. Carum carvi L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 111. Conium maculatum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 112. Daucus carota L. subsp. carota: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 113. Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007). – Note. There is an old herbarium voucher of this species: "Kiev Botanical Garden", 08.1917, V. Lipsky (herbarium of the Botanical Garden of I.I. Mechnykov Odesa National University); now the species has disappeared. 114. Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 115. Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. sibiricum (L.) Simonk.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 116. Pastinaca sativa subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy & Camus: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 117. Pimpinella saxifraga L.: native, – !! 118. Selinum carvifolia (L.) L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 119. Seseli annuum L.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890) 120. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! APOCYNACEAE 121. Apocynum cannabinum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Biota..., 2021); !! (Fig. 3) 122. Asclepias syriaca L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948, 1949; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 123. Vinca minor L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 124. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 125. Aristolochia clematitis L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! ASTERACEAE (Asteroideae) 126. Achillea collina (Wirtg.) Becker ex Rchb.: native, – !! 127. Achillea millefolium L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); (Biota..., 2021). – Note. It is possible that all indications for this species apply to A. collina. 128. Achillea pannonica Scheele: native, – !! 129. Achillea salicifolia Besser: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 130. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.: Xeno-ergasiophytes, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 131. Anthemis arvensis L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 132. Anthemis cotula L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 133. Anthemis ruthenica M.Bieb.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 134. Arctium × ambiguum (Celak) Nym.: native, – !! 135. Arctium lappa L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 136. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.: native, – !! 137. Arctium × nothum (Ruhmer) J.Weiss: native, – !! 138. Arctium tomentosum Mill.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 139. Artemisia absinthium L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 140. Artemisia annua L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 141. Artemisia austriaca Jacq.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890); !! 142. Artemisia marschalliana Spreng.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 143. Artemisia vulgaris L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 144. Bellis perennis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 145. Bidens frondosa L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 146. Bidens tripartita L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 147. Carduus acanthoides L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 148. Carduus crispus L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 149. Centaurea cyanus L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 150. Centaurea jacea L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 151. Centaurea scabiosa L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 152. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. arvense: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 153. Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimm. & Grab.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890); !! 154. Cirsium decussatum Janka: native, – (Montrezor, 1890) 155. Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 156. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sw.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 157. Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 158. Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Rogovich, 1869; Maluschytska, 1948, 1949); !! 159. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! (Fig. 4) 160. Erigeron acris L. subsp. acris: native, – (Montrezor, 1890) 161. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 162. Erigeron canadensis L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 163. Galinsoga parviflora Cav.: xenophyte (neo.), – Herbariums vouchers (KWU; 1924, V. Lipsky, in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of I.I. Mechnykov Odesa National University); (Maluschytska, 1948, 1949; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 164. Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001; Konaikova et al., 2015) 165. Helianthus annuus L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 166. Helianthus tuberosus L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 167. Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 168. Hypochaeris radicata L.: native, – !! 169. Inula britannica L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Maluschytska, 1948) 170. Inula helenium L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 171. Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890) 172. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890; Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 173. Matricaria chamomilla L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 174. Matricaria discoidea DC.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 175. Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 176. Senecio vulgaris L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 177. Silphium perfoliatum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001); !! 178. Solidago canadensis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (In herbarium KWU); (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 179. Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L.Nesom: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 180. Tagetes erecta L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 181. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 182. Tanacetum vulgare L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 183. Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 184. Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 185. Tussilago farfara L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 186. Xanthium albinum (Holuby) Holub: xenophyte (neo.), – !! ASTERACEAE (Cichorioideae) 187. Cichorium intybus L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 188. Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 189. Hieracium umbellatum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 190. Lactuca serriola L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 191. Lactuca sibirica (L.) Maxim.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! (Fig. 5) 192. Lapsana communis L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 193. Picris hieracioides L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 194. Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 195. Pilosella floribunda (Wimm. & Grab.) Fr.: native, – !! 196. Pilosella officinarum F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 197. Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) Moench: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 198. Sonchus arvensis L. subsp. arvensis: xenophyte (arch.), - !! 199. Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus (M.Bieb.) Nyman: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 200. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 201. Sonchus oleraceus L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (In herbarium KWU); (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 202. Taraxacum officinale L. s.l.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 203. Tragopogon dubius L. subsp. major (Jacq.) Vollm.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890); !! 204. Tragopogon orientalis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) BALSAMINACEAE 205. Impatiens parviflora DC.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007; Maluschytska, 1948, 1949; Jakubowskij, 1904); !! BETULACEAE 206. Corylus avellana L.: native, – !! 207. Corylus pontica K.Koch: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! BIGNONIACEAE 208. Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! BORAGINACEAE 209. Anchusa officinalis L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 210. Cynoglossum officinale L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 211. Echium vulgare L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 212. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 213. Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 214. Myosotis sparsiflora Pohl: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); (Biota..., 2021); !! 215. Memoremea scorpioides (Haenke) A.Otero, Jim.Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas: native, – !! 216. Pulmonaria obscura Dumort.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 217. Symphytum officinale L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 218. Symphytum peregrinum Ledeb.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 219. Symphytum tauricum Willd.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! BRASSICACEAE 220. Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande: native, – (Jakubowskij, 1904; Berezkina et al., 2007; Maluschytska, 1948); !! 221. Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 222. Arabis procurrens Waldst. & Kit.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 223. Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 224. Barbarea vulgaris (L.) W.T. Aiton s.l. (incl. B. arcuata (Opiz) Rchb.): native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 225. Berteroa incana (L.) DC.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 226. Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 227. Bunias orientalis L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Jakubowskij, 1904; Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 228. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 229. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 230. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! 231. Erysimum cheiranthoides L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 232. Hesperis matronalis L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 233. Lepidium draba L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 234. Lepidium ruderale L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 235. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 236. Lunaria annua L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 236b. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.: «Kiev in horto Universitatis», 1908, leg. Khitrovo (ex herbarium LE № 4124), quoted for (Schedae…, 1957). – Note. They may have been cultivated plants. 237. Raphanus raphanistrum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 238. Raphanus sativus L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 239. Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 240. Sisymbrium altissimum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 241. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 242. Thlaspi arvense L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! CAMPANULACEAE 243. Campanula bononiensis L.: native, – !! 244. Campanula patula L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 245. Campanula rapunculoides L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) CANNABACEAE 246. Celtis occidentalis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005); !! 247. Celtis occidentalis var. pumila (Muhl.) Pursh: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 248. Humulus lupulus L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! CAPRIFOLIACEAE 249. Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 250. Dipsacus laciniatus L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 251. Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.: native, – (Montrezor, 1890; Maluschytska, 1948); !! 252. Scabiosa ochroleuca L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 253. Valerianella carinata Loisel.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! CARYOPHYLLACEAE 254. Agrostemma githago L.: ergasioph. (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 255. Cerastium arvense L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 256. Cerastium holosteoides Fries: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 257. Dianthus armeria L.: native, – !! 258. Herniaria glabra L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 259. Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 260. Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 261. Saponaria officinalis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 262. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 263. Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Miller) Greuter & Burdet: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 264. Stellaria holostea L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); (Biota..., 2021); !! 265. Stellaria media (L.) Vill.: native, – (LE); (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007; Grechyshkina, 2010); !! 266. Viscaria vulgaris Roehl.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) CELASTRACEAE 267. Celastrus orbiculatus C.P.Thunberg ex A.Murray: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 268. Euonymus verrucosus Scop.: native, – !! CLEOMACEAE 269. Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. subsp. trachysperma (Torr. & A.Gray) Iltis: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! CONVOLVULACEAE 270. Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 271. Convolvulus arvensis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! CORNACEAE 272. Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jáv.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 273. Cornus sanguinea subsp. × hungarica (Kárpáti) Soó: ergasioph. (spontaneous hybrid), – !! CRASSULACEAE 274. Hylotelephium maximum (L.) J.Holub subsp. maximum: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 275. Phedimus spurius (M.Bieb.) 't Hart: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Oksiuk, 1924; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 275b. Phedimus crenatus (Desf.) V.V.Byalt (= P. spurius s.l.): ergasioph. (neo.), – (Flora…, 1953) . – Note. Currently, P. crenatus is not considered an independent taxon (GBIF, 2021; POWO, 2021) 276. Phedimus stoloniferus (S.G.Gmel.) 't Hart: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 277. Sedum acre L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 278. Sedum album L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 279. Sedum pallidum M.Bieb.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 280. Sedum sexangulare L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! CUCURBITACEAE 281. Bryonia alba L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Jakubowskij, 1904); !! 282. Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 283. Thladiantha dubia Bunge: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Flora…, 1961; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! EUPHORBIACEAE 284. Euphorbia angulata Jacq.: native, – !! 285. Euphorbia cyparissias L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 286. Euphorbia esula L. subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov (= E. virgultosa Klokov): native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 287. Euphorbia peplus L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 288. Euphorbia plathyphyllos L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) FABACEAE 289. Cercis canadensis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 290. Galega orientalis Lam.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 291. Gleditsia triacanthos L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 292. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K.Koch: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 293. Lathyrus sylvestris L.: native, – (Montrezor, 1887) 294. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 295. Lotus corniculatus L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 296. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 297. Medicago falcata L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 298. Medicago lupulina L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 299. Medicago sativa L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 300. Melilotus albus Medik.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 301. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 302. Robinia pseudoacacia L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 303. Trifolium arvense L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 304. Trifolium hybridum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 305. Trifolium medium L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 306. Trifolium pratense L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 307. Trifolium repens L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 308. Trifolium rubens L.: ergasioph. (neo.) – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 309. Vicia cracca L.: native, – (Montrezor, 1887; Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 310. Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! 311. Vicia sepium L.: native, – !! 312. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.: xenophyte (arch.), – !! FAGACEAE 313. Quercus coccinea Münchh.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005) 314. Quercus robur L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 315. Quercus rubra L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005; Berezkina et al., 2007); (Biota..., 2021); !! GERANIACEAE 316. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 317. Geranium divaricatum Erhr: native, – (In herbarium KW); (Konaikova et al., 2015) 318. Geranium molle L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 319. Geranium pratense L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 320. Geranium pusillum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 321. Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Semenkevych, 1925; Maluschytska, 1948); !! 322. Geranium robertianum L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 323. Geranium sanguineum L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 324. Geranium sibiricum L.: Xeno-ergasiophytes, – (Semenkevych, 1926; Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! HYPERICACEAE 325. Hypericum perforatum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) JUGLANDACEAE 326. Juglans cinerea L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 327. Juglans mandshurica Maxim.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 328. Juglans nigra L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 329. Juglans regia L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! LAMIACEAE 330. Ajuga genevensis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 331. Ajuga reptans L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 332. Ballota nigra L. subsp. nigra: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 333. Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 334. Clinopodium vulgare L.: native, – (In herbarium KWU) 335. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl.: Xeno-ergasiophytes, – (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001); !! 336. Galeopsis bifida Boenn.: native, – !! 337. Glechoma hederacea L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 338. Lamium album L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 339. Lamium amplexicaule L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 340. Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 341. Lamium maculatum (L.) L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 342. Lamium purpureum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 343. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 344. Melissa officinalis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Biota..., 2021); !! 345. Mentha arvensis L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 346. Mentha spicata L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 347. Mentha × piperita L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 348. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Thunb.) H.Deane: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 349. Prunella vulgaris L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 350. Salvia pratensis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 351. Salvia verticillata L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 352. Stachys palustris L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 353. Stachys sylvatica L.: native, – !! 354. Thymus pulegioides L. subsp. pannonicus (All.) Kerguélen: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) LINACEAE 355. Linum usitatissimum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! MALVACEAE 356. Abutilon theophrasti Medik.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001); !! 357. Alcea rugosa Alef.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 358. Althaea officinalis L.: ergasioph. (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 359. Hibiscus trionum L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948) 360. Malva thuringiaca Vis.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 361. Malva neglecta Wallr.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 362. Malva sylvestris L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! MORACEAE 363. Morus alba L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! NYCTAGINACEAE 364. Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) Mac Mill.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Shmalhausen, 1897; Flora…, 1952; Maluschytska, 1948, 1949; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! OLEACEAE 365. Fraxinus excelsior L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 366. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005); !! 367. Syringa vulgaris L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! ONAGRACEAE 368. Epilobium angustifolium L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 369. Epilobium hirsutum L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 370. Epilobium parviflorum Schreb.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 371. Epilobium tetragonum L.: native, – (In herbarium KWU); !! 372. Oenothera biennis L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 373. Oenothera rubricaulis Kleb.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Rostanski, 2004); !! OROBANCHACEAE 374. Lathraea squamaria L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 375. Odontites vulgaris Moench: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) OXALIDACEAE 376. Oxalis corniculata L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 376b. O. c. var. atropurpurea (Van Houtte) P.Fourn.: xenophyte, - !! 377. Oxalis dillenii Jacq.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Protopopova, 1974); !! 378. Oxalis stricta L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948, 1949; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! PAPAVERACEAE 379. Chelidonium majus L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 380. Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 381. Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 382. Eschscholzia californica Cham.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001). 383. Papaver rhoeas L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) PHYTOLACCACEAE 384. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 385. Phytolacca americana L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! (Fig. 6) PLANTAGINACEAE 386. Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange: native, – !! 387. Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 388. Linaria vulgaris Mill.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 389. Plantago lanceolata L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 390. Plantago major L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 391. Plantago media L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 392. Veronica agrestis L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 393. Veronica arvensis L.: xenophyte (arch.), – !! 394. Veronica beccabunga L.: native, – (In herbarium KW) 395. Veronica cardiocarpa (Kar. & Kir.) Walp.: xenophyte (neo.), – (In herbarium KWU, № 18821; Golyachenko et al., 1992; Chopyk et al., 1998); !! 396. Veronica chamaedrys L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 397. Veronica filiformis Sm.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Golyachenko et al., 1992); !! 398. Veronica officinalis L.: native, – !! 399. Veronica opaca Fr.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 400. Veronica polita Fr.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 401. Veronica prostrata L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 402. Veronica serpyllifolia L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 403. Veronica spicata L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 404. Veronica sublobata M.Fischer: native?, – (Biota..., 2021); !! 405. Veronica teucrium L.: native, – (Jakubowskij, 1904) 406. Veronica triphyllos L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) POLYGONACEAE 407. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 408. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 409. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 410. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray subsp. pallida (With.) S.Ekman & T.Knutsson: native, – !! 411. Persicaria maculosa Gray: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 412. Polygonum arenastrum Boreau: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 413. Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. aviculare: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 414. Polygonum aviculare subsp. neglectum (Besser) Arcang.: native, – !! 415. Reynoutria bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 416. Rumex acetosella L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) (Biota..., 2021) 417. Rumex confertus Willd.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 418. Rumex crispus L.: native, – !! 419. Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. obtusifolius: xenophyte (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 420. Rumex obtusifolius subsp. sylvestris (Lam.) Celak.: native, – !! 421. Rumex patientia L. subsp. patientia: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 422. Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! PORTULACACEAE 423. Portulaca oleracea L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! PRIMULACEAE 424. Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 425. Lysimachia nummularia L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 426. Lysimachia vulgaris L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 427. Primula veris L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) RANUNCULACEAE 428. Anemone nemorosa L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 429. Anemone ranunculoides L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 430. Aquilegia vulgaris L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 431. Clematis vitalba L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 432. Consolida regalis Gray subsp. regalis: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 433. Ficaria verna Huds.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 434. Nigella damascena L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 435. Ranunculus acris L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 436. Ranunculus acris subsp. friesianus (Jordan) Syme (= R. stevenii Andrz.): ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 437. Ranunculus illyricus L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 438. Ranunculus polyanthemos L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 439. Ranunculus repens L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 440. Thalictrum minus L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) RHAMNACEAE 441. Frangula alnus Mill.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 442. Rhamnus cathartica L.: native, – !! ROSACEAE 443. Agrimonia eupatoria L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 444. Agrimonia procera Wallr.: native, – !! 445. Alchemilla baltica Sam. ex Juz.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 446. Alchemilla vulgaris L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 447. Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 448. Crataegus coccinea L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 449. Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A.Gray) Scheele: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 450. Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 451. Fragaria vesca L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 452. Geum rivale L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 453. Geum urbanum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 454. Malus domestica Borkh.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 455. Potentilla argentea L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 456. Potentilla indica (Andrews) T.Wolf: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 457. Potentilla intermedia L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 458. Potentilla norvegica L.: native, – (In herbarium KWU) 459. Potentilla reptans L.: native, – (In herbarium KWU); Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 460. Prunus armeniaca L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 461. Prunus avium (L.) L.: native, – !! 462. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 462b. P. c. f. pissardii (Carrière) Koehne: ergasioph., - !! 463. Prunus cerasus L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 464. Prunus padus L.: native, – !! 465. Prunus tomentosa Thunb.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 466. Rosa canina L.: native, – !! 466b. Appendix 467. Rosa corymbifera Borkh.: native, – !! 468. Rubus caesius L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 469. Sanguisorba officinalis L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 470. Sorbus aucuparia L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! RUBIACEAE 471. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 472. Galium aparine L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 473. Galium spurium L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 474. Galium uliginosum L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 475. Galium verum L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 476. Galium mollugo L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! SALICACEAE 477. Populus alba L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 478. Populus canadensis Moench: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 479. Populus canescens Sm.: native, – !! 480. Populus simonii Carrière: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 481. Salix caprea L.: native, – !! 482. Salix triandra L.: native, – !! SANTALACEAE 483. Viscum album L. subsp. album: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! SAPINDACEAE 484. Acer campestre L.: native, – !! 485. Acer negundo L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (In herbarium KWU; Kolisnichenko, 2005; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 486. Acer platanoides L.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 487. Acer pseudoplatanus L.: native?, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 488. Acer saccharinum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 489. Acer tataricum L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 490. Aesculus hippocastanum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! SCROPHULARIACEAE 491. Scrophularia nodosa L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 492. Verbascum lychnitis L.: native, – (Montrezor, 1888; Maluschytska, 1948); !! 493. Verbascum phlomoides L.: native, – !! SIMAROUBACEAE 494. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! SOLANACEAE 495. Alkekengi officinarum Moench: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015) 496. Datura stramonium L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015) 496b. D. stramonium f. tatula (L.) D. Geerinck & E. Walravens: xenophyte (neo.), – (Biota..., 2021)!! 497. Hyoscyamus niger L.: xenophyte (neo.), – (Maluschytska, 1948); !! 498. Lycium barbarum L.: ergasioph. (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 499. Nicotiana tabacum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 500. Physochlaina orientalis (M.Bieb.) G.Don: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Oksiuk, 1924; Protopopova, 1973). 501. Solanum dulcamara L.: native, – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 502. Solanum lycopersicum L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 503. Solanum nigrum L. subsp. nigrum: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) 504. Solanum nigrum subsp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely.: xenophyte (neo.), – !! TALINACEAE 505. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! (Fig. 7) TILIACEAE 506. Tilia cordata Mill.: native, – (In herbarium KWU; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 507. Tilia × europaea L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! 508. Tilia platyphyllos Scop.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007) ULMACEAE 509. Ulmus glabra Huds.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007; Konaikova et al., 2015); !! 510. Ulmus laevis Pall.: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 511. Ulmus pumila L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Kolisnichenko, 2005; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! URTICACEAE 512. Parietaria officinalis L.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (In herbariums KWHA & KWU); (Chopyk et al., 1998; Berezkina et al., 2007; Mosyakin, Mosyakin, 2021); !! 513. Urtica dioica L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 514. Urtica urens L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007) VERBENACEAE 515. Verbena officinalis L.: xenophyte (arch.), – (Konaikova et al., 2015); !! VIOLACEAE 516. Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau: native, – (Berezkina et al., 2007) 517. Viola canina L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 518. Viola mirabilis L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948) 519. Viola odorata L.: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 520. Viola tricolor L. subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine: native, – (Maluschytska, 1948; Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 521. Viola arvensis Murray: xenophyte (arch.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 522. Viola sororia Willd.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! VITACEAE 523. Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc.: ergasioph. (neo.), – (Berezkina et al., 2007); !! 524. Vitis riparia Michx.: ergasioph. (neo.), – !! Appendix 2. Additional checklist of cultivated plants, which have different degrees of naturalization, but did not move out of cultural plots (according to the method used there is no reason to consider these species as part of the spontaneous flora as ergasiophygophytes (“escaped plants”); some of these plants may indeed grow spontaneously, detached from the cultural plantations, but this should be confirmed by further monitoring observations). The sign "!!" marked taxa that were confirmed in 2021. Abies alba Mill.: Self-seed was observed!! Adonis vernalis L.: Grows singly in the central part of the Botanical Garden (Berezkina et al., 2007). - Note. Obviously it is a cultivated plant. Allium carinatum L.: Self-seed was observed!! Allium grande Lipsky: Alone on the slopes opposite the main orangery; has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Allium pervestitum Klokov: grows singly in the central part of the Botanical Garden (Berezkina et al., 2007) Allium sphaerocephalon L.: Self-seed was observed!! Allium ursinum L.: Behind the main orangery, grows in a group (near a beech), as wild (Maluschytska, 1948) Amorpha fruticosa L.: Abundant self-seeds were observed (Kolisnichenko, 2005). – Note. We did not see spontaneously growing plants outside the primary cultivation sites. Aquilegia olympica Boiss.: On an alpine hill, like wild (Maluschytska, 1948) Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald: As wild (Konaikova et al., 2015) Berberis vulgaris L.: Self-seed was observed!! Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.: Propagated by rhizomes!! Campanula latifolia L.: Grows like wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau: On lawns, occasionally; as an adventitious plant (Konaikova et al., 2015); At the bottom of a s haded ravine, a small plant; apparently entered with plant remains!! Carex pallescens L.: Occasionally, on lawns in the central part of the Botanical Garden (Berezkina et al., 2007). Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) C.Koch: Self-seed is observed!! Catalpa ovata G.Don: Self-seed is observed!! Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach: On the lawn above the playground, alone; as an adventitious plant (Konaikova et al., 2015) Clematis orientalis L.: On the lawn near the administrative building (Berezkina et al., 2007) Cotoneaster spp. – Note. In the Botanical Garden, self-seeding plants were recorded in most of the 30 cultivated species of the genus, which reached generative age (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster dielsianus E.Pritz.: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster hupehensis Rehder & E.H.Wilson: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster laxiflorus (J.Jacq.) Lindl.: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl.: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997); !! Cotoneaster nitens Rehder & E.H.Wilson: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A.Mey.: Self-seed is observed!! Cotoneaster obscurus Rehder & E.H.Wilson: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster pekinensis (Koehne) Zabel: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster przewalskii Pojark.: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster roseus Edgew.: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster rotundifolius Wall. ex Lindl. (= C. nitidus Jacq.): Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster suavis Pojark.: Self-seed is observed!! Cotoneaster tenuipes Rehder & E.H.Wilson: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Cotoneaster zabelii C.K.Schneid.: Abundant self-seed is observed (Grevtsova, Kazanskaya, 1997) Crataegus crus-galli L.: Self-seed is observed, 19.09.2021!! Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge: Self-seed is observed and, clogs the plantings (Kolisnichenko, 2005) Crocus banaticus J.Gay: Grows in several areas with intensive watering; the area of the spontaneous population is about 2000 m2, the density reaches 300 individuals per 1 m (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) Crocus heuffelianus Herb.: Between the stones on a stone hill, as wild (Maluschytska, 1948); The spontaneous population in the scientific part consists of 3 fragments with a total area of about 3000 m2, but low density, up to 20-30 individuals per 1 m2 (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adam: In the north-eastern part of the Botanical Garden on the lawn, alone; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Crocus speciosus M.Bieb.: Near the main greenhouse on the lawn; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948); forms dense thickets in the experimental part, near the greenhouse (Berezkina et al., 2007). – Note. Apparently, this and other species of the genus Crocus have formed large populations in the areas where they were planted; we do not see any facts of escape outside culture. Delphinium cuneatum Steven ex DC.: Near the collection of Corylus on piles of plant remains, rarely, 16.06.2018, leg. V.P. Kolomiychuk (In herbarium KWHU) Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb.: Self-seed is observed (inaturalist.org/observations/71859135) Euphorbia myrsinites L.: Self-seed is observed!! Fritillaria ruthenica Wikst.: Alone in the northeastern part of the Botanical Garden on the lawn; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Galanthus nivalis L.: On Trautfetter Hill, little; how wild (Maluschytska, 1948); sporadically throughout the territory (Berezkina et al., 2007); in the experimental part of Botanical Garden, several small loci with a total area of up to 100 m (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014). – Note. Probably, in all habitats this species was planted. Galanthus plicatus M.Bieb.: On both sides of the slopes of the Main Alley, as wild (Maluschytska, 1948); in the experimental part, several loci with a total area of up to 100 m (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014) Galium semiamictum Klokov: At the alpine garden; as wild, but apparently planted!! Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.: At the bottom of a large ravine, a small group, listed with plant remains !! Heracleum stevenii Manden.: Artificial population; spontaneous self-seeding plants are formed annually, but do not spread outside the site!! Hieracium bifidum aggr.: Spreads around the planting site in the coniferetum !!. - Note. The plant needs to be monitored in subsequent years and a more precise definition is desirable, but the general nature of plant pubescence indicates that they belong to the H. bifidum group, and not to native plants from H. murorum group common near Kyiv. Isatis tinctoria L.: In the experimental part, self-seed is observed (inaturalist.org/observations/79513273) Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.: Self-seed is observed (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001) Leopoldia tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr.: On the lawn near the cactus orangery; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Leucanthemum ircutianum (Turcz.) DC.: On the rock garden and around it, 9.06.2021!! Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev(sub L. sabulosus (M.Bieb.) Tzvelev): On the lawn near the main orangery, how wild (Maluschytska, 1948) Limonium gerberi Soldano: On the slopes of the terrace near the main orangery, how wild (Maluschytska, 1948) Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br.: In the site of medicinal plants, how wild, 24.08.2007, leg. L. Gubar (in herbarium KW: № 072526), quoted for (Orlov, Gubar, 2009); there, actively distributed (Orlov, Gubar, 2009). – Note. We noted a colony of M. cordata of vegetative origin, which is only a few meters wider than the original planting site; expansion of this plant is absent. Menispermum dauricum DC.: Self-seed is observed, 9.06.2021!! Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.: In the site of medicinal plants, occasionally; on the site of the exposition of the arboretum, sporadically (Konaikova et al., 2015) Metasequoia glyptostroboides H.H.Hu & W.C.Cheng: self-seeding plants around adult trees, mostly in the shade in damp cracks!! (Fig. 8) (inaturalist.org/observations/95881185) Miscanthus sinensis Andersson: In the wasteland, how wild?, 2000 (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001) Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.: Alone near the beds, along paths – in the northeastern part of the Botanical Garden, and near the greenhouse, how wild (Maluschytska, 1948); !! (www.inaturalist.org/observations/98684475) Ornithogalum nutans L.: In the northeastern part of the Botanical Garden, on the lawn, a little; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.: Rarely, between the bushes in the area of rhododendrons and relict plants (Berezkina et al., 2007) Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.: Around the orangery, a spontaneous young generation near the adult trees!! (Fig. 9) (inaturalist.org/observations/95881178) Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P. W. Ball & Heywood: Self-seed is observed, 14.07.2021, leg. V.P. Kolomiychuk!!; ibid (inaturalist.org/observations/90627382) Phalaris arundinacea L.: In the wasteland near the collection plantations, sub cv. 'Variegata' (Mosyakin, Yavorska, 2001) Primula vulgaris Huds.: On the lawn under the bushes in front of the main orangery; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh.: In the site of ornamental plants, alone (Konaikova et al., 2015) Puschkinia scilloides Adams: In the beds near the main orangery and near the cactus orangery, alone; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948) Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey.: At the bottom of a large ravine, a few seedlings; apparently acorns with garbage brought!! Reynoutria japonica Houtt.: On the lawn south of the main orangery, how wild, sub Polygonum sieboldii de Vriese (Maluschytska, 1948); Alone, near the orangery (Berezkina et al., 2007) Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai: On paths and on the lawn south of the main orangery, how wild (Maluschytska, 1948) Rhus typhina L.: Near the orangery with succulents, alone; adventive plant (Konaikova et al., 2015) Rudbeckia hirta L.: Self-seed is observed!! Ruta graveolens L.: Self-seed is observed !! Sedum hispanicum L.: Self-seed is observed, 1.06.2021, leg. V.P. Kolomiychuk (inaturalist.org/observations/81166237) Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Braun: Sporadically, in areas along the fence on the side of T. Shevchenko Boulevard (Berezkina et al., 2007) Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze: Has abundant vegetative renewal, clogs the plantings (Kolisnichenko, 2005). Tulipa sylvestris L. subsp. australis (Link) Pamp. (= T. quercetorum Klokov & Zoz): in the north-east part of the Botanical Garden, in the clearings; as wild, but has no tendency to spread (Maluschytska, 1948); sporadically, in the experimental part on the slopes and between the bushes (Berezkina et al., 2007); on the ground floor of the experimental part of the Botanical Garden, the area around 350 m (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014). – Note. Probably, the tulip reproduces in the places where it was planted. Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek: At the bottom of a large ravine, on plant remains!! Vitis labrusca L.: Near the coniferetum, 1 individual on the side of the path; ergasiolipophyte!! Vitis vinifera L.: Near the coniferetum; ergasiolipophyte!! Appendix 3. Additional checklist of unconfirmed taxa Allium giganteum: It may have been indicated instead of A. altissimum (see note in Appendix 1 to the last species) Calamagrostis canescens (Weber) Roth: On lawns, on the paths of the "System" site, occasionally (Konaikova et al., 2015). – Note. Presumably, this taxon is given instead of C. epigejos. Crepis pannonica (Jacq.) C.Koch: In the site of ornamental plants, alone (Konaikova et al., 2015) Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.: Near paths everywhere in the Botanical Garden, how wild (Maluschytska, 1948). – Note. Probably given instead of Digitaria sanguinalis. Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort.: In 4 different places of the Botanical Garden (Peregrym, Chekalin, 2014). – Note. It is possible that these plants belong to the native species G. transversalis. Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.: Sporadically, throughout the territory (Berezkina et al., 2007). – Note. Probably indicated instead of P. aviculare subsp. neglectum. Verbascum thapsus L.: On the lawn, alone (Konaikova et al., 2015). – Nota. Probably mentioned instead of V. phlomoides. Veronica hederifolia L.: (Maluschytska, 1948; Konaikova et al., 2015). – Note. Indicated instead of V. sublobata. Fig. 3. Apocynum cannabinum Fig. 2. Allium altissimum Fig. 4. Coreopsis grandiflora Fig. 6. Lactuca sibirica Fig. 7. Talinum paniculatum Fig. 5. Erechtites hieraciifolius Fig. 8. Phytolacca americana Fig. 9. Paulownia tomentosa Fig. 10. Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Journal
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies – de Gruyter
Published: Mar 1, 2022
Keywords: flora structure; alien plants; escaped plants; naturalization; neophytes