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/lp/de-gruyter/synthesis-and-structure-elucidation-of-some-novel-thiophene-and-VA1KZZt14R
- Publisher
- de Gruyter
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2016 by the
- ISSN
- 1846-9558
- eISSN
- 1846-9558
- DOI
- 10.1515/acph-2016-0005
- pmid
- 26959543
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- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2016-0005 Original research paper RAFAT M. MOHAREB1* AMIRA E. M. ABDALLAH2 MAHER H. E. HELAL2 SOMIYA M. H. SHALOOF3 Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza, A. R. Egypt Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Helwan University Ain Helwan, Cairo, A. R. Egypt Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Western Mountain University, Alzintan, Libya Accepted September 25, 2015 Online published December 17, 2015 Attempting to produce cyclized systems with potential anti-proliferative activity, a series of novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives were designed and synthesized. The reactivity of the latter derivatives towards different chemical reagents was studied. Twenty-one compounds were synthesized and evaluated as anti-cancer agents. The results showed that ethyl 5-amino-3-(4-chlorostyryl)-4-cyanothiophene-2-carboxylate (5b), ethyl 5-amino-4-((4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl)-3-methylhiophene-2-carboxylate (8c) and 5-3-(ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)-3-methyl-4(phenylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (9) were the most active compounds towards three tumor cell lines MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer) and SF-268 (CNS cancer) and a normal fibroblast human cell line (WI-38) compared to the anti-proliferative effects of the reference control doxorubicin. Keywords: thiophene, benzothiophene, cytotoxic agents Thiophene derivatives are a very important class of compounds with different uses, including industrial and medicinal chemistry (14). Further, substituted and fused thiophenes showed interesting applications in the field of medicinal chemistry (511). On the other hand, benzo[b]thiophenes (12) are naturally occurring heterocyclic compounds (13) with diverse applications in medicinal chemistry and material science, attracting great interest in industry as well as academia. They display a wide range of biological and physiological functions such as anti-inflammatory (14), anti-fungal (15), anti-depressant (16), estrogen receptor modulating (17), anti-mitotic (18), kinases inhibiting (19, 20) and anti-cancer (21, 22). Several commercially available drugs, such as sertaconazole nitrate and benocyclidine, contain the benzo[b]thiophene core structure as well. * Correspondence; e-mail: raafat_mohareb@yahoo.com R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. EXPERIMENTAL General All melting points were determined on an Electrothermal digital melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. IR spectra (KBr discs) were recorded on a FTIR plus 460 or Pye Unicam SP-1000 spectrophotometer (Pye Unicam, UK). 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded with Varian Gemini-200 (200 MHz, Varian UK) and Jeol AS 500 MHz (Jeol, Japan) instruments in DMSO-d6 as a solvent, using TMS as internal standard. Chemical shifts are expressed as d ppm. The mass spectra were recorded with a Hewlett Packard 5988 A GC/MS system (Hewlett Packard, Agilent, USA) and GCMS-QP 1000Ex Shimadzu (EI, 70 eV) (Japan) instruments. Analytical data were obtained from a Vario EL III Elemental CHNS analyzer (Germany). Syntheses Ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate (1a) and diethyl 5-amino-3-methylthiophene-2,4-dicarboxylate (1b). General procedure. Equimolar amounts of ethyl acetoacetate (1.30 g, 0.01 mol) and elemental sulfur (0.32 g, 0.01 mol) containing a catalytic amount of triethylamine in ethanol (25 mL), either malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol) or ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol), were added. The reaction mixture in each case was heated under reflux for 3 hours, then cooled and neutralized by pouring into an ice/water mixture containing a few drops of hydrochloric acid. The solid product formed in each case was collected by filtration and crystallized from ethanol to give 1a and 1b, respectively (Table I). Ethyl 5-(acetylamino)-4-cyano-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate (2). A solution of 1a (2.10 g, 0.01 mol) in acetic acid/acetic anhydride (10:3 mL) was heated under reflux for 3 hours. The solid product formed upon pouring into an ice/water mixture was collected by filtration, washed with water and crystallized from ethanol to give 2 (Table I). Ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-((2-phenylhydrazinylidene)methyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (3a), ethyl 5-amino-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazinylidene)-methyl-4-cyanothiophene-2-carboxylate (3b), ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)hydrazinylidene]-methyl thiophene-2-carboxylate (3c) and ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-(2-(4-methylphenyl)hydrazinylidene)methylthiophene-2carboxylate (3d). General procedure. To a cold solution (05 oC) of 1a (2.10 g, 0.01 mol) in ethanol (98 %, 20 mL) containing sodium hydroxide (10 %, 5 mL), an equimolar amount of either diazotized aniline (0.93 g, 0.01 mol), diazotiazed 4-chloroaniline (1.27 g, 0.01 mol), diazotiazed 4-methoxyaniline (1.23 g, 0.01 mol) or diazotiazed p-toluidene (1.07 g, 0.01 mol) [the corresponding diazonium salt, in each case, was prepared by adding a NaNO2 (0.70 g, 0.01 mol) solution to a cold solution (05 °C) of either aniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-methoxyaniline or p-toluidene in concentrated hydrochloric acid (18 mol L1, 5 mL) under continuous stirring] was gradually added under stirring. The solid products formed upon cooling in an ice bath were collected by filtration, washed with water and crystallized from ethanol to give 3a-d, respectively (Table I). Ethyl 4-cyano-5-((2,2-dicyanoethylidene)amino)-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate (4). To a mixture of 1a (2.10 g, 0.01 mol) and ethyl orthoformate (1.48 g, 0.01 mol), a catalytic amount of piperidine was added and the reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath at 120 °C for 2 R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. Table I. Physicochemical and analytical data of the newly synthesized compounds Molecular formula (Mr) C9H10N2O2S (210.25) C11H15NO4S (257.31) C11H12N2O3S (252.92) C15H14N4O2S (314.36) M. p. (°C) Yield (%) Analysis (calcd./found) (%) Colour C off white 51.41/51.48 crystals orange crystals 51.35/50.90 H 4.79/ 5.11 5.88/5.80 4.79/4.59 4.49/4.22 3.76/3.43 4.68/4.20 4.91/4.56 3.52/3.79 4.73/4.96 3.94/4.10 4.91/4.93 N S Compd. 1a 1b 2 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5a 5b 5c 258260 83-85 >300 168-170 13.32/13.00 15.25/15.43 5.44/5.24 12.46/12.11 off white 52.37/52.07 crystals orange crystals brown crystals brown crystals 57.31/57.00 51.65/51.35 55.80/55.40 11.10/11.20 12.71/13.03 17.82/17.47 10.20/10.53 16.06/15.85 16.27/15.90 17.06/17.11 9.19/8.78 9.31/8.91 9.76/9.40 C15H13N4O2SCl 118120 (348.81) C16H16N4O3S 108110 (344.39) C16H16N4O2S 133135 (328.39) C13H10N4O2S (286.31) C16H14N2O2S (298.36) >300 9193 orange 58.52/58.64 crystals brown 54.54/54.20 crystals brown crystals brown crystals brown crystals faint yellow crystals brown crystals orange crystals 64.41/64.19 57.74/58.03 62.18/62.11 19.57/19.80 11.20/10.88 9.39/9.17 8.42/8.17 8.53/8.58 10.75/11.04 9.63/9.83 9.76/9.35 C16H13N2O2SCl 9395 (332.80) C17H16N2O3S (328.39) 9395 C16H14N2O3S 173175 (314.40) C12H11N3O3S 128130 (277.30) C15H16N2O3S 183185 (304.40) C16H18N2O3S 182184 (318.40) C16H18N2O4S 118120 (334.40) C20H22N2O6S 118120 (418.50) 61.13/61.07 4.49/4.63 8.91/9.07 10.20/10.45 7 8a 8b 8c 9 51.98/51.68 4.00/3.89 15.15/14.80 11.56/11.20 9.20/9.50 8.80/9.20 8.38/8.68 6.69/6.99 10.54/10.20 10.07/9.70 9.59/9.89 7.66/7.94 59.19/59.54 59.19/59.54 5.70/5.31 5.43/5.73 5.30/5.60 orange 60.36/60.64 crystals orange crystals brown crystals 57.47/57.87 57.40/57.70 R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. 10a 10b C18H16N4O2S (352.40) 211215 black crystals white crystals 61.35/60.95 60.13/59.83 4.58/4.20 5.30/4.95 15.90/15.50 10.52/10.36 9.10/9.50 8.03/8.40 C20H21N3O4S 142144 (399.50) C17H18N2O4S (346.40) 98100 yellowish white 58.94/58.56 crystals brown crystals 67.33/67.18 5.24/4.90 8.09/7.70 9.26/8.96 C22H20N2O3S 213215 (392.50) 5.14/4.80 7.14/7.44 8.17/7.80 hours. The mixture was then boiled in ethanol for a few minutes, poured onto an acidified ice/water mixture and the product was crystallized from ethanol to give 4 (Table I). Ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-styrylthiophene-2-carboxylate (5a), ethyl 5-amino-3-(4-chlorostyryl)4-cyanothiophene-2-carboxylate (5b), ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-ethenyl]thiophene-2-carboxylate (5c) and ethyl 5-amino-4-cyano-3-[2-(2-hydroxypentyl)ethenyl]thiophene-carboxylate (6). General procedure. To a solution of 1a (2.10 g, 0.01 mol) containing a catalytic amount of piperidine (0.5 mL), either benzaldehyde (1.06 g, 0.01 mol), 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1.40 g, 0.01 mol), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (1.36 g, 0.01 mol) or salicyaldehyde (1.22 g, 0.01 mol) was added and heated in an oil bath at 120 oC for about 2 hours, then boiled in ethanol (20 mL) for a few minutes. The solid products obtained upon pouring into an acidified ice/water mixture were crystallized from ethanol to give 5a-c and 6, respectively (Table I). Ethyl 3,6-diamino-5-cyano-4-hydroxybenzo[c]thiophene-1-carboxylate (7). To a solution of 1b (2.57 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) containing a catalytic amount of triethylamine, malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours, then cooled and neutralized by pouring into an ice/water mixture containing a few drops of hydrochloric acid. The solid product formed was collected by filtration and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane to give 7 (Table I). 2-Ethyl 5-amino-3-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (8a), ethyl 5-amino3-methyl-4-(p-tolylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (8b) and ethyl 5-amino-4-((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate (8c). General procedure. To a solution of either 2-cyano-N-phenylacetamide (1.60 g, 0.01 mol), 2-cyano-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide (1.74 g, 0.01 mol) or N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-cyanoacetamide (1.90 g, 0.01 mol) [prepared by adding ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol) to either aniline (0.93 g, 0.01 mol), p-toludiene (1.07 g , 0.01 mol) or 4-methoxyaniline (1.23 g, 0.01 mol) under reflux for 2 hours, then poured into an ice/water mixture and collected by filtration] in ethanol (25 mL) containing a catalytic amount of triethylamine (0.50 mL), ethyl acetoacetate (1.30 g, 0.01 mol) and elemental sulfur (0.32 g, 0.01 moL) were added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 5 hours, then cooled, and neutralized by pouring into an acidified ice/water mixture. The solid product formed in each case was filtered off and crystallized from ethanol to give 8a-c, respectively (Table I). Ethyl 5-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)-3-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (9). Equimolar amounts of 8a (3.04 g, 0.01 mol) and malonic acid diethyl ester (1.60 g, R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. 0.01 mol) in dimethylformamide (20 mL) were heated under reflux for 5 hours. The solid product formed upon pouring into an ice/water mixture was collected by filtration and crystallized from dimethylformamide to give 9 (Table I). Ethyl 3,6-diamino-5-cyano-4-(phenylamino)benzo[c]thiophene-1-carboxylate (10a) and diethyl 3,6-diamino-4-(phenylamino)benzo[c]thiophene-1,5-dicarboxylate (10b). General procedure. To a solution of 8a (3.04 g, 0.01 moL) in 1,4 dioxane (25 mL) and dimethylformamide (15 mL) containing a catalytic amount of triethylamine, either malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol) or ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 5 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture, in each case, was acidified by a few drops of hydrochloric acid (18 mol L1, 0.50 mL) and the crude product was precipitated, collected by filtration and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane to give 10a and 10b, respectively (Table I). Ethyl 5-acetamido-3-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (11). A solution of 8a (3.04 g, 0.01 mol) in acetic acid/acetic anhydride (10:3 mL) was heated under reflux for 3 hours. The solid product formed upon pouring into an ice/water mixture was collected by filtration, washed with water and crystallized from ethanol to give 11 (Table I). Ethyl 5-amino-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-3-styrylthiophene-2-carboxylate (12). A solution of 8a (3.04 g, 0.01 mol) containing a catalytic amount of piperidine (0.50 mL) and benzaldehyde (1.06 g, 0.01 mol) was heated in an oil bath at 120 °C for about 2 hours and then boiled in ethanol (20 mL) for a few minutes. The solid product obtained upon pouring into an acidified ice/water mixture was crystallized from ethanol to give 12 (Table I). In vitro cytotoxic activity of the newly synthesized compounds Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and L-glutamine were obtained from Gibco Invitrogen Company (UK). RPMI-1640 medium was provided by Cambrex (USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), doxorubicin, penicillin, streptomycin and sulforhodamine B (SRB) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (USA). Stock solutions of compounds 1 to 12 were prepared in DMSO and kept at -20 °C. Appropriate dilutions of the compounds were freshly prepared just prior to assays. Final concentrations of DMSO did not interfere with cell growth. Three human tumor cell lines, MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer), and SF-268 (CNS cancer), were used. MCF-7 was obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Salisbury, UK) and NCI-H460 and SF-268 were kindly provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Cairo, Egypt). They grew as monolayers and were routinely maintained in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 5 % heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mmol L1 glutamine and antibiotics (penicillin 100 g mL1, streptomycin 100 g mL1), at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5 % CO2. Exponentially growing cells were obtained by plating 1.5 × 105 cell mL1 for MCF-7 and SF-268 and 0.75 × 104 cell mL1 for NCI-H460, followed by 24 h of incubation. The effect of the vehicle solvent (DMSO) on the growth of these cell lines was evaluated in all the experiments by exposing untreated control cells to the maximum concentration (0.5 %) of DMSO used in each assay and the results are given in Table III. 58 Table II. Spectral data of the newly synthesized compounds Compd. IR (max, cm1) H NMR (DMSO-d6) (d, ppm) C NMR (DMSO-d6) (d, ppm) MS: m/z (%) 1a 34013203 (NH2), 29832931 (CH2, 1.18 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.23 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.154.18 2CH3), 2204 (CN), 1675 (C=O), 1545, (q, 2H, CH2), 7.93 (s, 2H, NH2) 1494 (C=C) 14.20 (CH3), 14.66 (CH3), 60.08 (CH2), 114.97 (CN), 88.73, 106.95, 146.31, 152.05 (thiophene 4C), 166.64 (C=O) 211[M++1] (19.50), 210 [M+] (75.60), 208 [M+-2] (7.30) 1b 8.52 (CH3), 14.23 (CH3), 15.56 (CH3), 45.64 259 [M++2] (0.60), 258 34213310 (NH2), 29832949 (2CH2, 1.16 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.171.21 (t, 3H, CH3), (CH3), 59.36 (CH2), 59.77 (CH2), 106.15, 3CH3), 1675, 1593 (2C=O), 1528, 1.221.28 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.124.15 (q, 2H, CH2), [M++1] (2.00), 257 [M+] 147.47, 161.95, 164.96 (thiophene 4C), 1440 (C=C) 4.164.20 (q, 2H, CH2), 7.90 (s, 2H, NH2) (7.40), 256 [M+-1] (3.40) 166.36, 166.63 (2C=O) 34003260 (NH), 2970 (CH2, 3CH3), 1.26 (s, 3H, CH3) 1.281.31 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.91 (s, 14.17 (CH3 ester), 22.66 (CH3), 60.43 (CH2), 253 [M+] (29.20), 252 2223 (CN), 1730, 1709 (2C=O), 1563, 3H, CH3), 4.244.26 (q, 2H, CH2), 12.06 (s, 1H, 116.29 (CN), 95.80, 113.61, 143.36, 152.23, [M+1] (20.80), 57.20 1450 (C=C) 152.22 (thiophene 4C), 161.53, 169.57 (2C=O) (100.00) NH) 3a 33973197 (NH, NH2), 3026 (CH 1.211.26 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.144.21 (q, 2H, CH2), aromatic), 2982 (CH2, CH3), 2211 6.73 (s, 1H, CH), 6.767.69 (m, 5H, C6H5), 7.93 (CN), 1673 (C=O), 1602, 1495 (C=C), (s, 2H, NH2), 9.28 (s, 1H, NH) 1535 (=N-NH) 314 [M+] (2.40), 313 [M+-1] 14.22 (CH3), 60.09 (CH2), 114.98 (CN), 106.93, 116.10, 120.00, 123.50, 125.00, 129.17, (1.00), 312 [M+-2] (1.00), 129.74, 130.00, 146.33 (thiophene 4C, C6H5), 165 (100.00), 77 [C6H5]+ 161.31 (C=N), 166.65 (C=O) (83.20) 3b 34253201 (NH, NH2), 3100 (CH 1.231.27 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.244.31 (q, 2H, CH2), aromatic), 2900 (CH2, CH3), 2216 7.07 (s, 1H, CH), 7.357.96 (m, 4H, C6H4), 7.98 (CN), 1672 (C=O), 1600, 1486 (C=C), (s, 2H, NH2), 8.70 (s, 1H, NH) 1520 (=NNH) 14.40 (CH3), 61.09 (CH2), 117.22 (CN), 113.56, 114.98, 119.02, 123.00, 125.50, 128.99, 351 [M++2] (25.00), 60 129.51, 138.62, 145.22, 160.90, (thiophene (100.00) 4C, C6H5), 161.30 (C=N), 166.70 (C=O) 3c 34083191 (NH, NH2), 3060 (CH aromatic), 2985 (CH2, 2CH3), 2214 (CN), 1670 (C=O), 1600, 1458 (C=C), 1519 (=NNH) 14.16 (CH3), 55.40 (OCH3), 60.03 (CH2), 1.201.22 (t, 3H, CH3), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3), 115.01 (CN), 106.93, 113.74, 114.65, 120.33, 4.224.29 (q, 2H, CH2), 6.99 (s, 1H, CH), 346 [M++2] (14.30), 57 122.00, 125.45, 127.75, 129.35, 132.51, 146.25 7.027.37 (m, 4H, C6H4), 8.00 (s, 2H, NH2), 9.80 (100.00) (thiophene 4C, C6H5), 161.33 (C=N), 166.69 (s, 1H, NH) (C=O) R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. 3d 34333191 (NH, NH2), 3090 (CH aromatic), 29862925 (CH2, 2CH3), 2220 (CN), 1673 (C=O), 1603, 1454 (C=C), 1526 (=NNH) 14.46 (CH3), 20.52 (CH3), 61.03 (CH2), 116.01 1.211.25 (t, 3H, CH3), 2.24 (s, 3H, CH3), (CN), 113.90, 114.98, 118.00, 123.54, 130.11, 4.244.31 (q, 2H, CH2), 7.10 (s, 1H, CH), 328 [M+] (4.00), 164 134.80, 138.00, 144.00, 145.23, 146.31 7.227.31 (m, 4H, C6H4), 7.92 (s, 2H, NH2), 9.05 (100.00), 76 [C6H4]+ (11.10) (thiophene 4C, C6H5), 161.08 (C=O), 166.65 (s, 1H, NH) (C=N) 2931 (2CH, CH2, 2CH3), 2199 (CN), 1.30 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.63 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.00 (s, 1H, 1611 (C=O), 1501, 1439 (C=C), 1543 CH), 4.17 (q, 2H, CH2), 6.80 (s, 1H, CH) (C=N) 5a 14.66 (CH3), 60.09 (CH2), 88.73 (HC=CH), 33983204 (NH2), 29772931 (CH2, 1.21 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.144.18 (q, 2H, CH2), 4.28 106.95 (HC=CH), 114.98 (CN), 125.00, 300 [M++2] (5.70), 165 CH3), 2205 (CN), 1678 (C=O), 1630, (s, 1H, CH), 4.43 (s, 1H, CH), 7.247.56 (m, 5H, 127.34, 128.52, 136.00, 150.00, 146.32, 161.31 (100.0) 77 [C6H5]+ (25.80) C6H5), 7.93 (s, 2H, NH2) 1496 (C=C) (thiophene 4C, C6H5), 166.65 (C=O) 5b 14.66 (CH3), 60.07 (CH2), 88.72 (HC=CH), 33973204 (NH2), 29792859 (CH2, 1.10 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.134.17 (q, 2H, CH2), 7.00 106.95 (HC=CH), 114.98 (CN), 128.49, CH3), 2205 (CN), 1677 (C=O), 1634, (s, 1H, CH), 7.25 (s, 1H, CH), 7.327.44 (m, 4H, 129.21, 130.43, 131.07, 132.00, 136.00, 146.30, 147.00, 148.00, 161.30 (thiophene 4C, C6H5), C6H4), 7.93 (s, 2H, NH2) 1495 (C=C) 166.65 (C=O) 335 [M++2] (8.20), 334 [M++1] (13.40), 333 [M+] (11.3), 332 [M+-1] (10.30), 331 [M+-2] (7.20), 125 (100.00), 76 [C6H4]+ (23.70) 5c 1.211.26 (t, 3H, CH3), 2.10 (s, 3H, CH3), 33993204 (NH2), 29312840 (CH2, 4.134.20 (q, 2H, CH2), 6.80 (s, 1H, CH), 6.93 2CH3), 2204 (CN), 1677 (C=O), 1632, (s, 1H, CH), 6.987.91 (m, 4H, C6H4), 7.93 (s, 1502 (C=C) 2H, NH2) 114.20 (CH3 ester), 55.02 (OCH3), 60.07 (CH2), 88.72 (HC=CH), 106.95 (HC=CH), 329 [M++1] (5.40), 328 [M+] 113.88 (CN), 114.98, 122.00, 128.79, 129.55, (32.40), 165 (100.00) 132.00, 133.00, 146.30, 147.00, 158.00, 161.30 (thiophene 4C, C6H5), 166.65 (C=O) 314 [M+] (1.04), 165 (100.00), 76 [C6H4]+ (5.92) 33173204 (OH, NH2), 2935 (CH2, 1.171.19 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.134.20 (q, 2H, CH2), CH3), 2204 (CN), 1676 (C=O), 1624, 6.10 (s, 1H, CH), 6.71 (s, 1H, CH), 6.737.01 (m, 4H, C6H4), 7.94 (s, 2H, NH2), 9.49 (s, 1H, OH) 1497 (C=C) 14.22 (CH3), 59.79 (CH2), 115.00 (CN), 34123301 (OH, 2NH2), 29792937 1.161.18 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.184.23 (q, 2H, CH2), 278 [M++1] (58.30], 277 122.00, 125.00, 134.00, 136.00, 144.00, (CH2, CH3), 2205 (CN), 1664 (C=O), 7.10 (s, 2H, NH2), 7.89 (s, 1H, CH benzene 147.39, 161.96, 164.68 (thiophene 4C, C6H5), [M+] (41.70), 59 (100.00) 1583, 1449 (C=C) ring), 9.10 (s, 2H, NH2), 14.23 (s, 1H, OH) 166.66 (C=O) 8a 34163208 (NH, NH2), 31433057 1.10 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.20 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.10 (q, 2H, (CH aromatic), 29612812 (CH2, CH2), 7.077.52 (m, 5H, C6H5), 7.55 (s, 2H, 2CH3), 1669, 1613 (2C=O), 1558, 1493 NH2), 10.26 (s, 1H, NH) (C=C) 8.55 (CH3), 26.65 (CH3), 45.62 (CH2), 115.87, 119.20, 119.30, 123.84, 128.84, 128.94, 138.33, 304 [M+] (0.17], 93 144.00, 151.00, 155.00 (thiophene 4C, C6H4), (100.00), 76 [C6H4]+ (6.39) 160.94, 161.00 (2C=O) R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. 8b 34053206 (NH, NH2), 31343037 8.61 (CH3), 20.39 (CH3), 26.59 (CH3), 45.73 1.06 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.151.20 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.91 (s, (CH aromatic), 29602922 (CH2, (CH2), 115.91, 119.22, 129.22, 132.85, 135.82 318 [M+] (11.60), 317 [M+-1] 3H, CH3), 4.154.18 (q, 2H, CH2), 7.127.48 (m, 3CH3), 1662, 1615 (2C=O), 1549, 1452 (thiophene 4C, C6H4), 160.40, 160.66 (9.80), 86 (100.00) 4H, C6H4), 7.90 (s, 2H, NH2), 10.18 (s, 1H, NH) (C=C) (2C=O) 333 [M+ -1] (11.40), 332 [M+-2] (9.10), 108 (100.00) 420 [M++2] (0.80), 419 [M+ +1] (0.80), 93 (100.00), 77 [C6H5]+ (49.20) 1.231.26 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.154.17 (q, 2H, CH2), 4.40 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.077.55 (m, 6H, C6H5, CH benzene ring), 7.90 (s, 2H, NH2), 10.26 (s, 1H, NH) 353 [M++1] (15.70), 93 (100.00), 77 [C6H5]+ (52.90) 400 [M++1] (24.00), 184 (100.00) 346 [M+] (5.60), 93 (100.00), 77 [C6H5]+ (55.60) 1.18-1.21 (t, 3H, CH3), 4.15 (s, 1H, CH), 4.17 (s, 1H, CH), 4.64-4.76 (q, 2H, CH2), 7.128.10 (m, 10H, 2C6H5), 8.29 (s, 2H, NH2), 10.41 (s, 1H, NH) 391 [M+-1] (0.60), 390 [M+-2] (0.60), 156 (100.00), 77 [C6H5]+ (69.50) 8c 1.16 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.181.24 (t, 3H, CH3), 2.17 (s, 3426 (NH, NH2), 3050 (CH aromatic), 2924 (CH2, 3CH3), 1630, 3H, CH3), 4.10 (q, 2H, CH2), 6.897.46 (m, 4H, 1611 (2C=O), 1509, 1480 (C=C) C6H4), 7.53 (s, 2H, NH2), 10.12 (s, 1H, NH) 1.181.21 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.231.26 (t, 3H, CH3), 3427 (2NH), 2977 (3CH2, 3CH3), 1.29 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.15 4.17 (q, 2H, CH2), 4.20 3060 (CH aromatic), 1730, 1740, (s, 2H, CH2), 4.26 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.037.80 (m, 1639, 1610 (4C=O), 1544, 1495 (C=C) 5H, C6H5), 10.13 (s, 1H, NH), 12.10 (s, 1H, NH) 10a 34193207 (NH, NH2), 31443053 (CH aromatic), 29572915 (2CH2, CH3), 2210 (CN), 1667 (C=O), 1616, 1488 (C=C) 10b 1.151.20 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.221.24 (t, 3H, CH3), 34273210 (NH, NH2), 31443103 4.134.15 (q, 2H, CH2), 4.164.17 (q, 2H, CH2), (CH aromatic), 2964 (3CH2, 2CH3), 4.20 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.027.67 (m, 6H, C6H5, CH 1667, 1609 (2C=O), 1556, 1493 (C=C) benzene ring), 7.91 (s, 2H, NH2), 10.27 (s, 1H, NH) 3264 (2NH), 3050 (CH aromatic), 1.08-1.13 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.90 (s, 2976 (CH2, 3CH3), 1730, 1673, 1597 3H, CH3), 4.154.35 (q, 2H, CH2), 7.077.73 (m, (3C=O), 1545, 1493 (C=C) 5H, C6H5), 10.26 (s, 1H, NH), 11.10 (s, 1H, NH) R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. 3441-3321 (NH, NH2), 3050 (CH aromatic), 2931 (CH2, CH3), 1677, 1600 (2C=O), 1538, 1493 (C=C) R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. Table III. IC50 of the newly synthesized compounds against three human tumor and one normal human cell line IC50 (mol L1)a Compd. MCF-7 1a 1b 2 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5a 5b 5c 6 7 8a 8b 8c 9 10a 10b 11 12 DMSO Doxorubicin 40.0 ± 1.8 2.0 ± 1.2 4.6 ± 2.4 13.8 ± 0.6 22.0 ± 0.2 36.7 ± 17.5 20.0 ± 0.6 44.6 ± 12.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.03 ± 0.007 38.0 ± 1.8 23.6 ± 0.4 28.0 ± 4.6 35.4 ± 10.2 38.0 ± 1.8 0.01 ± 0.006 0.01 ± 0.003 30.1 ± 0.6 28.0 ± 0.2 28.7 ± 11.5 7.0 ± 17.5 94.3 ± 6.4 0.0428 ± 0.0082 NCI-H460 44.3 ± 10.8 2.6 ± 1.4 2.9 ± 0.8 16.5 ± 0.8 30.6 ± 1.7 42.2 ± 12.8 22.0 ± 0.4 32.6 ± 8.6 0.1 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.008 44.0 ± 4.5 24.3 ± 0.8 20.0 ± 2.4 24.1 ± 0.8 12.0 ± 0.8 0.03 ± 0.002 0.02 ± 0.001 17.3 ± 1.4 30.6 ± 1.4 22.2 ± 10.8 20.2 ± 12.8 96.4 ± 10.2 0.0940 ± 0.0087 SF-268 20.5 ± 1.1 4.4 ± 0.8 1.8 ± 0.6 16.7 ± 1.6 38.4 ± 0.6 54.0 ± 9.0 31.5 ± 8.0 60.4 ± 14.8 0.3 ± 0.05 0.01 ± 0.004 20.5 ± 1.1 32.0 ± 0.8 33.5 ± 6.0 18.9 ± 6.8 16.5 ± 4.1 0.06 ± 0.005 0.01 ± 0.001 22.3 ± 1.5 38.4 ± 0.6 26.0 ± 8.0 33.0 ± 9.0 98.6 ± 12.2 0.0940 ± 0.0070 WI-38 10.3 ± 2.8 80.3 ± 18.4 40.2 ± 10.2 > 100 30.1 ± 4.6 43.5 ± 8.2 58.2 ± 12.7 12.3 ± 6.1 22.8 ± 8.0 > 100 68.2 ± 12.9 4.2 ± 1.8 36.2 ± 6.9 44.1 ± 6.3 36.6 ± 4.7 > 100 66.5 ± 12.7 60.5 ± 22.6 44.3 ± 10.6 40.7 ± 8.3 70.1 ± 22.3 > 100 > 100 a Drug concentration required to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by 50 % after continuous exposure of 48 h; data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates. R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemistry In the present work, we are demonstrating the synthesis of thiophene derivatives together with their cytotoxic evaluation, in continuation of our interest in the design of bioactive heterocycles (2327). Thus, the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate with elemental sulphur and either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate gave the thiophene derivatives 1a,b, respectively. The structures of the products were based on analytical and spectral data. Thus, the 1 H NMR spectrum of 1a showed a singlet at d1.18 ppm for the CH3 group, a triplet at d1.23 ppm and a quartet at d4.154.18 ppm indicating ethoxy group and a singlet atd 7.93 ppm (D2O exchangeable) equivalent to the NH2 group. The 2-amino group present in compound 1a was capable of acetylation. Thus, compound 1a reacted with acetic anhydride to give the N-acetyl derivative 2. On the other hand, the methyl group, which is in the ortho-position to the cyano group present in compound 1a, showed interesting reactivity towards some reagents. Thus, compound 1a reacted with either benzene-diazonium chloride, 4-chlorobenzene, 4-methoxybenzene or 4-methylbenzene diazonium chloride to give the arylhydrazone derivatives 3a-d, respectively. Next, we studied the reaction of the thiophene derivative 1a with each ethyl orthoformate and malononitrile. The reaction was carried out in a catalytic amount of piperidine to afford the N-methinomalononitrile derivative 4 (Scheme 1). The structure of compound 4 was based on analytical and spectral data. Thus, the 1H NMR spectrum showed a singlet at d1.63 ppm corresponding to the CH3 group, a triplet atd 1.30 ppm equivalent to the ester CH3 group, a quartet at d4.17 ppm for the ester CH2 group and two singlets at d4.00 and d6.80 ppm for the two CH groups. Compound 1a reacted with either benzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde or 4-methoxybenzaldehyde to give the benzal derivatives 5a-c, respectively. Similarly, the reaction of 1a with salicyladehyde gave the o-hydroxybenzal derivative 6. The analytical and spectral data of compounds 5a-c and 6 were consistent with their respective structures. On the other hand, the reaction of 1b with malononitrile gave ethyl 3,6-diamino-5-cyano-4hydroxybenzo[c]thiophen-1-carboxylate 7 (Scheme 2). The analytical and spectral data of the latter product were the tools of its structural elucidation. Thus, the 1H NMR spectrum showed a triplet at d 1.161.18 ppm corresponding to the ester CH3 group, a quartet at d 4.184.23 ppm for the ester CH2 group, a singlet indicating CH benzene ring at d7.89 ppm, two singlets at d 7.10 and 9.10 ppm (D2O exchangeable) indicating the two NH2 groups and a singlet for the OH group atd 14.23 ppm. At the other extreme, ethyl acetoacetate reacted with elemental sulfur and either 2-cyano-N-phenylacetamide, 2-cyano-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide, or N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-cyanoacetamide in the presence of ethanol containing a catalytic amount of triethylamine to give the thiophene derivatives 8a-c. Mass spectra of 8a-c displayed [M+] ion peaks and [M+-1] at m/z 304, 318 and 333, respectively, corresponding to their respective molecular formulae C15H16N2O3S, C16H18N2O3S and C16H18N2O4S. The 2-amino group present in 8a was capable of amide formation; thus, the reaction of 8a with diethylmalonate gave the (3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene derivative 9. On the other hand, the reaction of 8a with either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. Scheme 1 refluxing 1,4-dioxane containing a catalytic amount of triethylamine gave the benzo[c] thiophene derivatives 10a and 10b, respectively. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were the basis of their structure elucidation. The reaction of compound 8a with acetic anhydride gave the N-acetyl derivative 11. Moreover, the reaction of compound 8a with benzaldehyde gave the benzalidene derivative 12 (Scheme 3). The structure of compound 12 was based on analytical and spectral data. Thus, the 1H NMR spectrum showed a triplet for the ester CH3 group d1.181.21 ppm, two singlets atd 4.15 and 4.17 ppm equivalent to the benzal CH, a quartet d4.644.76 ppm for the ester CH2 group, a multiplet at d 7.128.10 ppm for the benzene ring and two singlets at d8.29 and 10.41 ppm for NH2 and NH groups, respectively. Mass spectrum of compound 12 showed m/z 391 [M+-1] and m/z 77 [C6H5]+ for phenyl moiety. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the newly synthesized compounds The tumor cell growth inhibition activities of the newly synthesized thiophene systems (21 compounds in total) were assessed in vitro (28, 29) on three human tumor cell lines, namely, MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer), SF-268 (CNS cancer), and normal fibroblast cells (WI-38), after continuous exposure for 48 h. The results were compared to the anti-proliferative effects of the reference control doxorubicin R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. Scheme 2 (30). All compounds were dissolved in DMSO with the maximum concentration 0.5 % in each assay. The ± SEM means of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. The results from Table III indicate that most of the compounds demonstrated substantial growth inhibitory effects against the human tumor cells at the concentrations tested. The anti-proliferative activity of the test compounds against each of the title tumor cell lines may be arranged in a descending according to the measured concentration required to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by 50 %. It is clear from Table III that compounds 5b, 8c and 9 showed significant activity against the three tumor cell lines tested. The inhibitory effects of other compounds varied, depending on the tested tumor cell, from high to medium or marginal effects. Some compounds had no impact on a specific tumor cell proliferation, but exhibited some specificity to another. Structure activity relationship It is obvious that compounds 5b, 8c and 9 exhibited maximal cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines, with IC50's in the mol L1 range. Comparing the cytotoxicity of thiophene derivatives 1a and 1b, it is clear that the cytotoxicity of 1b is higher than that of 1b. The presence of the ethoxy group is responsible for the higher potency of 1b. Acetylation of R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. Scheme 3 compound 1a gave the N-acetyl derivative 2, for which the cytotoxicity apparently increased. As regards the arylhydrazone derivatives 3a-d, it is clear that the unsubstituted aryl derivatives showed the highest cytotoxicity among the four compounds. On the other R. M. Mohareb et al.: Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives as cytotoxic agents, Acta Pharm. 66 (2016) 5368. hand, the reaction of compound 1a with malononitrile and ethyl orthoformate to give compound 4 resulted in a remarkable decrease of cyctotoxicity. Moreover, it is obvious for the benzalthiophene derivatives 5a-c that compound 5b showed high cytotoxicity due to the presence of the chloro group. The reaction of 1a with either salicylaldehyde or malononitrile gave compound 6 or 7, respectively, which showed a moderate increase in their cytotoxicity. On the other hand, it is clear for the other series of the thiophene amide derivatives 8a, 8b and 8c that the presence of the OCH3 group in compound 8c is responsible for higher cytotoxicity than that of compound 8b, which bears the CH3 group. Moreover, compound 9 revealed higher cytotoxicity than doxorubicin; such high cytotoxicity was attributed to the presence of two ethoxy groups. It is clear from Table III that the thiophene derivatives 10a, 10b and 11 showed moderate cytotoxicity. It is noteworthy that the reaction of compound 8a with benzaldehyde to give benzylidine derivative 12 resulted in remarkable increase in cytotoxicity. Our results showed that, in most cases, the electronegative Cl, OCH3 and OC2H5 hydrophobic groups in the thiophene derivatives might play a very important role in enhancing the cytotoxic effect. It is clear from Table III that compounds 1a, 4 and 6 showed cytotoxicity against the normal cell line WI-38 and low potency against the cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have developed a convenient synthetic approach for novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives. The region selective attack by different reagents on the active center moiety in the thiophene system led to the diversity of the produced systems. Most of the newly synthesized compounds were found to be promising anti-proliferative agents. Results showed that ethyl 5-amino-3-(4-chlorostyryl)-4-cyanothiophene-2-carboxylate (5b), ethyl 5-amino-4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate (8c) and ethyl 5-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)-3-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (9) are the most active compounds against the three tumor cell lines such as MCF-7, NCI-H460 and SF-268. At the same time, they showed low potency against the normal fibroblasts human cell line (WI-38). On the other hand, compounds 1a, 4 and 6, although showing low potency against the cancer cell lines, showed high potency against the normal fibroblasts (WI-38) cell lines. Acknowledgements. R. M. Mohareb thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation for fellowships in Germany for completing this work.
Journal
Acta Pharmaceutica – de Gruyter
Published: Mar 1, 2016