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- Publisher
- Hindawi Publishing Corporation
- ISSN
- 2090-8865
- eISSN
- 2090-8873
- DOI
- 10.1155/2023/6443610
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Hindawi Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry Volume 2023, Article ID 6443610, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6443610 Review Article Bibliometrics Analysis of Research Progress of Electrochemical Detection of Tetracycline Antibiotics 1 2,3,4 5 1 Dihua Wu , Hassan Karimi-Maleh , Xiaozhu Liu , and Li Fu College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu 610056, China Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan 94771-67335, Iran Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa Department of Cardiology, Te Second Afliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China Correspondence should be addressed to Li Fu; fuli@hdu.edu.cn Received 16 July 2022; Revised 27 September 2022; Accepted 7 October 2022; Published 18 February 2023 Academic Editor: Jaroon Jakmunee Copyright © 2023 Dihua Wu et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum class of antibiotics. Te use of excessive doses of tetracycline antibiotics can result in their residues in food, posing varying degrees of risk to human health. Terefore, the establishment of a rapid and sensitive feld detection method for tetracycline residues is of great practical importance to improve the safety of food-derived animal foods. Electrochemical analysis techniques are widely used in the feld of pollutant detection because of the simple detection principle, easy operation of the instrument, and low cost of analysis. In this review, we summarize the electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics by bibliometrics. Unlike the previously published reviews, this article reviews and analyzes the devel- opment of this topic. Te contributions of diferent countries and diferent institutions were analyzed. Keyword analysis was used to explain the development of diferent research directions. Te results of the analysis revealed that developments and innovations in materials science can enhance the performance of electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Among them, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are the most used nanomaterials. Aptamer sensing strategies are the most favored methodologies in electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. food chain and may cause allergic reactions or make our 1. Introduction body resistant to the drugs. Tetracycline antibiotics are Tetracycline antibiotics are a broad-spectrum class of an- widely used in various felds because of their broad anti- tibacterial substances isolated from the actinomycete bacterial spectrum and low cost. Because of the antibacterial Streptomyces aureofaciens. Te tetracyclines have been used properties of the antibiotics themselves, the ecological en- vironment is seriously afected by tetracycline antibiotics [3]. for a long time, but they are still widely used today [1]. Tetracycline is used in the livestock and poultry industry to When tetracycline is used in humans or animals, the drug is treat diseases such as intestinal infections. Making meat excreted as a prodrug or metabolite with the metabolism, from livestock and poultry before the end of the rest period and most of it enters the soil and water bodies. Under the can result in tetracycline residues. Residues of tetracycline action of various environmental factors, it can produce are now being found in meat and dairy products, including transfer, transformation or enrichment in plants and ani- milk, honey and eggs [2]. When we consume these products mals [4]. Whether in its original form or metabolites, the daily, the residual antibiotics enter our body through the drug remains active during the migration process and can 2 Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry cause severe efects on microorganisms, aquatic organisms tool for global analysis in various scientifc felds [19–24]. and insects. Only a small percentage of tetracycline is left in Tis article hopes to analyze the collaborative networks and directions of investigation on this topic. the animal’s body after use. Te toxicity of consuming this type of food does not manifest in a short period [5]. However, prolonged ingestion of food containing residual 2. Data and Analysis Method antibiotics can lead to various organ lesions due to accu- mulation efects. For example, tetracycline antibiotics can Two bibliometrics software have been used in this systematic bind to calcium in the bones and have an inhibitory efect on literature review. Te frst is CiteSpace, developed by Dr. the growth of human bones and teeth. Tetracycline taken Chaomei Chen, a professor at the Drexel University School orally by pregnant women in late pregnancy can also be of Information Science and Technology [25–28]. CiteSpace deposited in the fetal dental tissues and afect the devel- 6.1R2 was used to calculate and analyze all documents. opment of fetal milk teeth and permanent teeth. Terefore, COOC is another emerging bibliometrics software [29]. long-term consumption of tetracycline can seriously afect COOC12.6 was used to analysis of country contribution and human health [6]. keywords co-occurrence. We used the core collection on So far, the detection methods of tetracycline include Web of Science as a database to assure the integrity and microbiological method, immunoassay, thin-layer chro- academic quality of the studied material. “Tetracycline matography, high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical sensor” or “tetracycline electrochemical (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, spec- detection” or “tetracycline electrochemical determination” troscopic analysis, and electrochemical method [7]. Dif- has been used as a “Topic.” Te retrieval period was in- ferent detection methods have diferent advantages and defnite, and the date of retrieval was June, 2022. 232 articles disadvantages, and their sensitivity and detection limits are (including 5 early access) were retrieved (review and pro- also diferent. Among them, the microbiological method is ceeding paper were not included in this survey). currently recognized and widely used to determine the classical method of tetracycline antibiotic residues. Tis 3. Developments in the Research Field method is used to detect tetracycline antibiotics under mature conditions and with high accuracy. However, this 3.1. Literature Development Trends. Te number of papers assay is difcult to achieve the strong specifcity and high published is an important indicator used to measure whether accuracy required for the assay due to the lack of anti-in- a topic is widely attracting the attention of scholars. Figure 1 terference ability [8]. At the same time, the method is shows the annual and cumulative publications on electro- complicated and time-consuming for the pre-treatment of chemical detection of tetracycline from 1995 to 2021. As can the sample. HPLC has the advantages of high efciency, be seen, there were only sporadic reports on this topic before rapidity, sensitivity and high detection rate, especially for the 2004. Te earliest paper was published in 1995. Novakne- simultaneous detection of multiple substances. Terefore, pekli et al. [30] reported the preparation of doxycycline HPLC is widely used in food hygiene departments to detect antibiotic sensors using a potential sensing strategy. In 1996, antibiotic residues in animal food [9]. Tanase et al. [31] investigated the electrochemical reduction In recent years, electrochemical analysis techniques have of tetracycline at a mercury drop electrode using alternating been used for the purpose of efcient long-term online current polarography. Tey found that the reduction waves monitoring of environmental pollutants [10–15]. Moreover, of tetracycline are very complex and that the electrolyte’s the simple principle of electrochemical detection, easy op- concentration and pH signifcantly afect the assay results. In eration of the instrument and low cost of analysis and testing 1998, Tanase et al. [32] not only investigated minocycline by is widely used in pollutant detection. Tis method is alternating current polarography but further employed characterized by high sensitivity, high accuracy and good voltammetry. Zhou et al. [33] investigated tetracycline, selectivity, and the limit of detection of the measured chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline antibiotics using −12 substance can reach 10 M. Electrochemical analysis capillary zone electrophoresis-rapid cyclic voltammetry in techniques have a series of diferent methodologies, in- 1999. Tis early series of work investigated the electro- cluding polarimetric analysis, molecular imprinting tech- chemical properties of tetracycline antibiotics. Tese results niques and chemically modifed sensors. For now, laid the foundation for later highly sensitive sensing assays researchers are still searching for new, faster and more for tetracycline antibiotics. From 2004–2013, this topic entered a period of steady development. Tis topic has been sensitive methods to detect tetracycline residues, such as immunosensors, enzyme sensors and aptamer sensors. So published every year, with the number of papers ranging far, the electrochemical detection of tetracycline has been from 2–6. Tis topic had its frst growth between 2014–2017. reviewed by several papers [16–18]. Tese reviews introduce Te annual number of papers published in this period was the diferent methodologies and interpret the highlighted more than 10. Te second rapid growth in this topic started work. In this review, we attempt to analyze and review this in 2018 and peaked at 32 papers in 2019. Te annual number topic statistically using a bibliometric approach. Biblio- of papers published in both 2020 and 2021 is 29. As of July metric analysis is a literature and information mining 2022, there have been 27 publications on this topic this year, method based on mathematical statistics. It can refect re- representing another stable publication phase for this topic search trends and hotspots through clustering relationships without a signifcant downward trend. Tis topic is now at of keywords in the literature and has become an important the most active stage in its entire development history. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 3 Accumulated publications 50 45 30 29 29 25 19 18 18 11 10 6 7 6 6 5 34 22 33 3 4 2 2 1 11 1 1 Annual publications 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Year Figure 1: Annual and accumulated publications from 1995 to 2021 searched in the web of science about electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. 3.2. Journals, Cited Journals and Research Subjects. application area for tetracycline assays is food quality Figure 2 shows a tree diagram of the top 9 journals pub- control. lishing the number of electrochemical detection of tetra- To further explore the information that journals provide, cycline antibiotics. As seen from the fgure, the journals that we constructed a co-occurrence network of cited journals published the most papers on this topic all belonged to related to the electrochemical detection of tetracycline an- analytical chemistry, with Sensor and Actuators B-Chemical tibiotics (Figure 3). In this fgure, we have not labelled most of the journals discussed in Figure 2 and Table 1. Te lo- publishing the highest number of papers. Since this topic focuses on detecting tetracycline antibiotics using electro- cation at the centre of the fgure contains the journals mentioned above. However, this co-occurrence fgure chemical techniques, the fgure includes, in addition to traditional analytical chemistry journals, those focusing on provides some additional information. electroanalytical chemistry, including Electroanalysis, (1) In addition to some classic analytical chemistry Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, and Biosensors & journals, the International Journal of Electro- Bioelectronics. Notably, all journals in this fgure are clas- chemical Science and Sensor-Basel also have a high sical journals in analytical chemistry and do not include frequency of appearances on this topic. journals launched in recent years. Tis represents that (2) In the upper centre of the co-occurrence fgure are traditional analytical chemists favour the survey on this two journals with high centrality (purple circles). topic. Tere are Chemistry of Materials and Advanced In addition to the number of papers published by the Functional Materials, representing materials science journal on the topic, the frequency with which the journal cited papers related to the theme is also an important in- is an important infuence on this topic’s development. dicator. Table 1 shows the top 15 cited journals on the electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Most of (3) Te periphery of the co-occurrence fgure contains the journals in Figure 2 are included in Table 1, representing several journals focused on interface research, in- that they not only publish the most papers on this topic but cluding Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, are also most frequently cited in papers on this topic. Applied Surface Science, and Langmuir. Signal Journals related to analytical chemistry, especially electro- changes in electrochemical sensors depend on the analytical chemistry, continue to dominate Table 1. How- interface’s chemical reactions. Terefore, it is im- ever, Table 1 also provides some additional information. Tis portant to investigate the nature of the interface for a topic will also cover the Journal of Chromatography A, sensor assembly. ranked eighth in Table 1, representing the chromatographic (4) Te periphery of the co-occurrence fgure also in- technique to detect tetracycline antibiotics. Based on our cludes a series of journals related to environmental understanding of the feld of electrochemical sensors, science, such as Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, chromatography-related analytical techniques for the sep- Journal of Hazardous Materials, Water Research, etc. aration and detection of tetracycline are often used as a Tis represents the application area of this topic, in comparison to corroborate the performance of the proposed addition to the food presented in Table 1 and the electrochemical sensors. In addition, Food Chemistry and environmental feld. Food Control appear in Table 1 to represent that the main Counts 4 Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry Talanta Electroanalysis Journal of Electroanalytical (10) (6) Chemistry (6) Analytical Chemistry Analytical Methods Microchimica Acta (7) (6) (12) Biosensors & Sensors and Actuators Analytica Chimica Acta Bioelectronics B-Chemical (9) (8) (13) Figure 2: Top 9 journals that published articles on the electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Table 1: Top 15 cited journals on the electrochemical detection of possibility that electrochemical sensing technology has been tetracycline antibiotics. applied to detect tetracycline antibiotics in biological samples. No. Citation Cited journal Te category of the published paper can refect the 1 147 Sensors and actuators B: chemical evolution of the topic. Table 3 shows the evolution of the 2 139 Biosensors and bioelectronics category of the electrochemical detection of tetracycline 3 137 Talanta antibiotics over time. It can be seen that this topic in the early 4 134 Analytica chimica acta days involved mainly the felds of chemistry and biology. 5 119 Analytical chemistry 6 93 Electrochimica acta From 2009 onwards, categories related to materials science 7 92 Journal of electroanalytical chemistry started to play an important role gradually. From 2012 8 90 Journal of chromatography a onwards, categories of application areas related to tetracy- 9 83 Analyst cline antibiotics are also included in the topic. 10 81 Food chemistry 11 81 Electroanalysis 12 79 Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 3.3. Geographic Distribution. Figure 4 shows the top 12 13 68 Microchimica acta countries with the most publications on electrochemical 14 66 Food control detection of tetracycline antibiotics. China contributed the 15 62 Journal of the American chemical society most signifcant number of papers, at 48.65%. Te fact that China has published nearly half of the papers on this topic can be attributed to three reasons. First, China has a large community of scientifc and technical personnel and therefore plays an important role in academic research. Second, electrochemical analysis is a feld with a long history in China. It has a very broad market in China for commercial products. Finally, tetracycline is widely used in China’s farming industry, making the environmental pollution it causes a signifcant challenge. Iran and India also play an essential role in this topic, contributing 12.61% and 5.41% of the papers, respectively. Brazil, USA, France, Tailand and Romania contributed more than 4% of the papers. As seen from the fgure, this theme has attracted much attention in Asia, probably because Asian countries have been using many tetracycline antibiotics. At the same time, the topic has attracted several countries in South America and Europe due to the widespread use of tetra- Figure 3: Co-occurrence network of cited journals for electro- cycline antibiotics worldwide. chemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Figure 5 shows the time-zone view of the geographic distribution for electrochemical detection of tetracycline Table 2 shows which journal was published for the frst antibiotics. Links between countries are established based on time on this topic in 2021 and 2022. As can be seen, a series papers published directly cited in those countries. China was of materials science-related journals appear. A series of not involved at the beginning of this topic. Hungary, materials science-related journals are starting to publish Romania and Canada conducted pre-investigations on this papers on this topic. Tis confrms the above speculation topic before 2000. Starting in 2000, China and Japan joined that materials science innovations signifcantly impact the the survey on this topic. Between 2007 and 2012, a range of countries participated in this topic, including Spain, South performance of electrochemical sensors. In addition, some bio-related journals also appear in Table 2, representing the Korea, Argentina, Iran, India and France. Starting in 2016, a 4.05% 4.05% 4.05% 3.60% 3.60% 2.70% Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 5 Table 2: List of journals has published paper for electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics in the last two years. Year Journals Applied nanoscience; diamond and related materials; environmental pollution; inorganic and nano-metal chemistry; journal of cleaner production; journal of materials science; journal of materials science-materials in electronics; journal of molecular liquids; journal of photochemistry and photobiology a-chemistry; journal of solid state chemistry; Korean journal of chemical engineering; spectrochimica acta part a-molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy Acs applied materials & interfaces; adsorption science & technology; biotechnology and applied biochemistry; chemosensors; 2021 international journal of environmental analytical chemistry; journal of fuorescence; journal of food measurement and characterization; journal of physical chemistry c; journal of sensors; nanomaterials; optical materials; polymer bulletin Table 3: Research categories for electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Year WoS categories 1995 Chemistry, multidisciplinary 1996 Chemistry, analytical 1999 Biochemical research methods 2004 Pharmacology & pharmacy 2007 Electrochemistry; instruments & instrumentation 2008 Biochemistry & molecular biology; chemistry, medicinal; chemistry, organic; Nanoscience & nanotechnology; materials science, multidisciplinary; food science & technology; chemistry, physical; chemistry, applied; physics, atomic, molecular & chemical; agriculture, multidisciplinary 2010 Engineering, chemical; biotechnology & applied microbiology 2011 Physics, applied 2012 Environmental sciences; engineering, environmental; materials science, coatings & flms 2013 Biophysics 2014 Polymer science; engineering, multidisciplinary; mineralogy 2015 Spectroscopy; engineering, electrical & electronic 2017 Multidisciplinary sciences; materials science, biomaterials; energy & fuels; thermodynamics 2018 Materials science, textiles; endocrinology & metabolism; toxicology 2019 Nutrition & dietetics; biology; microbiology 2020 Physics, condensed matter; acoustics 2021 Optics 2022 Chemistry, inorganic & nuclear; green & sustainable science & technology China 48.65% 2.25% Turkey 12.61% Japan Iran South Korea Figure 5: Time-zone view of geographic distribution for electro- Spain chemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics (Te year of the node in the graph is the time when a paper on this topic was frst re- Romania trieved by a particular category in WOS. Te size of a node is India Thailand proportional to the number of connections between this paper and Brazil USA France other nodes). Figure 4: Pie chart of papers related to electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics contributed by diferent countries. Although many countries are involved in this topic, it does not form a very complex network of cooperation. Figure 6 shows the institutional cooperation network for this series of additional countries began to participate in this topic, including Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Vietnam. topic. It can be seen that this topic has formed 2 main collaborative networks so far. Te frst collaborative network Tis trend is directly correlated with the two increases in the number of papers published in Figure 1. is led primarily by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and 5.41% 4.95% 4.05% 6 Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry Table 4: List of top 20 keywords for electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. No. Freq Centrality Keyword 1 61 0.36 Antibiotics 2 57 0.14 Residue 3 40 0.05 Tetracycline 4 39 0.09 Sensor 5 32 0.12 Milk 6 31 0.04 Nanoparticle 7 29 0.14 Electrode 8 26 0.03 Liquid chromatography 9 25 0.16 Oxytetracycline 10 23 0.21 Electrochemical detection 11 23 0.10 Biosensor 12 22 0.04 Gold nanoparticle Figure 6: Institution cooperation network for electrochemical 13 22 0.03 Electrochemical aptasensor detection of tetracycline antibiotics. 14 21 0.07 Electrochemical sensor 15 19 0.03 Aptasensor 16 18 0.18 Performance liquid chromatography includes a range of Chinese universities and research in- 17 17 0.08 Degradation stitutions. In addition, Pakistani universities are involved in 18 13 0.05 Fabrication this collaborative network, including Te Government 19 12 0.05 Water College University, Lahore and COMSATS University 20 12 0.07 Carbon nanotube Islamabad. Te second collaborative network is led by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, and Research Institute of Sciences and New people unknowingly drink them to accumulate low doses of Technology. Tis collaborative network is composed of antibiotics [37]. Te benefcial bacteria in the human in- Iranian research institutions and universities. Tis shows testine will be afected by the ingested antibiotics, giving that the pattern of collaboration on this topic is domestic and room for the growth of pathogenic bacteria and causing local does not result in extensive international collaboration. Tis or even systemic infections in the body. In addition, water may be because tetracycline contamination and the strate- also appears in Table 4, representing the importance of gies to cope with it are diferent in each country, making it tetracycline detection in water bodies. Te primary sources difcult to conduct investigations based on the same of tetracycline antibiotics in the environment include in- purpose. dustrial efuents, farming antibiotics, and medical antibi- otics [38]. Nanoparticle and gold nanoparticle are ranked 6th and 4. Keyword Analysis and Evolution of the Field 12th respectively in Table 4, representing that nanomaterials Te most efective way to understand the direction of in- signifcantly infuence this topic. In the last section of the journal analysis, we found a series of material science vestigating concerns in a topic is the analysis of keywords. Table 3 lists the top 15 keywords in this topic. Since this topic journals appearing on this topic, representing the synthesis and application of new materials that can improve the is about the electrochemical detection of tetracycline, the most frequent keyword is related to antibiotics and elec- performance of electrochemical sensors [39]. Among them, trochemistry. In addition, some other keywords provide metallic nanomaterials, especially noble metal nano- information on the diferent research directions on this materials, are most widely used in analytical assays. For topic. For example, milk is ranked 5th in Table 4 with a total example, nano gold and nano platinum have good bio- of 32 occurrences, representing that it is the most frequently compatibility and can maintain the activity of enzymes [40]. used real sample for detecting tetracycline. Te quality of Carbon nanotubes also appear in Table 4, representing that it is also widely used as a material for electrochemical sensor milk is extremely important, but the reality is that cows are susceptible to mammary gland disease, which can signif- preparation in this topic. Carbon nanotubes are seamless tube-like, quasi-one-dimensional carbon materials with cantly decline some milk quality [34]. To avoid this quality risk, some dairy farmers inject their cows or add antibiotics nanoscale diameters formed from convoluted graphene to their feed to prevent them from contracting diseases [35]. sheets. Te carbon atoms in the tubes are mainly bonded by Tetracycline is widely overused because of its good anti- sp hybridization to form hexagonal lattice-like graphene bacterial efect and low price. Cows are usually treated with sheets. Carbon nanotubes can be classifed into single-walled intramuscular or intravenous injections [36]. After circu- carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon lation, the antibiotics end up in the udder, which can quickly nanotubes (MWCNTs), depending on the number of carbon end up in the milk. In other cases, injections are also given atom layers. Carbon nanotubes are widely used in electro- directly into the cow’s lesion, a method that is more likely to chemistry because of their large specifc surface area and low produce antibiotic residues in the milk. If cow’s milk or dairy resistivity and are considered excellent materials for products containing antibiotic residues reach the market, nanodevices and interconnect devices [41]. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 7 Figure 7: Grouping of keywords for electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Table 5: Knowledge clusters information of electrochemical detection of tetracycline antibiotics (g-index: k � 20; pruning method: pathfnder + pruning sliced networks + pruning). Cluster Size Silhouette Keywords References ID Nanoparticle; electrode; electrochemical sensor; fabrication; 0 51 0.828 [45–69] water; carbon nanotube; antibiotic residue; Gold nanoparticle; electrochemical aptasensor; aptamer; 1 44 0.740 [49, 50, 70–84] composite; amplifcation 2 40 0.926 Acid; adsorption; extraction; reduced graphene oxide [56, 61, 85–97] 3 31 0.925 Sensor; liquid chromatography; biosensor; performance [50, 53, 72, 89, 98–106] Oxytetracycline; probe; chlortetracycline; fuorescence 4 29 0.818 [76, 107–114] detection 5 25 0.967 Degradation; assay; amperometric detection; waste water [59, 75, 115–122] Milk; capillary electrophoresis; separation; glassy carbon 6 24 0.820 [33, 54, 70, 73, 107, 123–130] electrode; 7 24 0.851 Antibiotics; residue; tetracycline; DNA aptamer; [32, 51, 52, 71, 87, 88, 99, 111, 124, 131–151] 8 21 0.939 Ascorbic acid; electrochemical immunosensor; [133, 152, 153] Performance liquid chromatography; solid phase extraction; 9 20 0.880 [108, 110, 131, 154–159] nanocomposite; mass spectrometry; 10 18 0.952 Electrochemical detection; modifed electrode; [64, 140, 160–163] 11 16 0.853 Electrochemical determination; flm; sample; quantum dot; [46, 51, 136, 138, 164–167] 12 12 0.976 Aptasensor; sensitive detection; ultrasensitive detection; [168–175] Another important keyword in Table 4 is aptasensor. Te such as functionalized groups like sulfhydryl, amino, and aptamer is a class of single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNA, hydroxyl groups. Teir application with nanomaterials such RNA and modifed RNA) that can be synthesized by ex- as nanogold can be combined into Au-S bond, Au-NH ponentially enriched ligand phylogenetic techniques bond, etc., which facilitates the efective immobilization of (SELEX). It possesses the afnity to bind specifcally to the aptamers [44]. Terefore, aptasensor is a detection method corresponding target molecule [42]. Te specifc binding of that combines highly sensitive sensor technology with the aptamer to the corresponding target molecule is based on aptamer and target detector specifc response, which has the the diversity of single-stranded nucleic acid structures and advantages of both high selectivity of aptamer analysis and their spatial conformations. Compared to common chemical high sensitivity of the electrochemical analysis. antibodies, aptamers have an advantage in specifcity and Cluster analysis can further understand the diferent selectivity. In addition, the aptamer is synthesized in vitro directions of investigation in this topic. Figure 7 shows that and a shorter cycle, unlike antibody preparation which takes 13 clusters were formed after clustering the keywords. On at least fve or six months [43]. At the same time, the aptamer the whole, many clusters have overlapping areas between is chemically stable, such as a certain degree of thermal them, indicating that their contents have more similarities complexation, and easy to preserve. More importantly, with each other. Table 5 describes the clusters and their ID, various groups can be modifed on the aptamer as needed, size (number of papers), silhouette, and respective keywords. 8 Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry (3) Current electrochemical sensors still rely on sam- 5. Conclusion and Perspectives pling a sample. How to achieve instant detection is also a future challenge. Nowadays, the main detection techniques for tetracycline antibiotics are HPLC, HPLC/MS, UV and fuorescence methods. Although the detection limits of these methods can Data Availability meet the experimental requirements, the equipment costs No data were used to support this study. are expensive, the sample analysis methods are complicated, and the real-time monitoring of pollutants cannot be Conflicts of Interest achieved. Terefore, it is necessary to develop simple, in- expensive, fast and efcient electrochemical sensors with Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest. high accuracy. Tis review provides a bibliometrically based review of the development of electrochemical detection of Authors’ Contributions tetracycline antibiotics from 1995–2022. Te statistical analysis led to the following conclusions: Conceptualization, L. F. and H. K.; methodology, L. F. and X. L.; software, X. L. and D. W.; validation, D. W.; formal (1) Studies on electrochemical detection of tetracycline analysis, D. W. and X. L.; writing—original draft prepara- antibiotics have been reported since 1995 but did not tion, D. W. and X. L.; writing—review and editing, L. F. and receive much attention immediately. Papers on this D. W.; supervision, L. F. and H. K.; project administration, topic started to receive gradual attention in 2004 and L. F. All authors have read and agreed to the published entered a period of rapid growth in 2014. version of the manuscript. (2) Te investigation of this topic has attracted many scholars from Asia and South America. Among Acknowledgments them, China, Iran and India have contributed a large number of papers on this topic. However, this topic Tis work was fnancially supported by Zhejiang Province has not resulted in extensive international Natural Science Foundation of China (LQ20B060002). collaboration. (3) Papers on this topic are mainly published in classical References analytical chemistry, especially in journals related to [1] F. Nguyen, A. L. Starosta, S. Arenz, D. Sohmen, A. Donh ¨ ofer, ¨ electrochemistry. Materials science-related journals and D. N. Wilson, “Tetracycline antibiotics and resistance have also started to publish papers on this topic in mechanisms,” Biological Chemistry, vol. 395, no. 5, recent years. Developments and innovations in pp. 559–575, 2014. materials science can enhance the performance of [2] H. Oka, Y. Ito, and H. Matsumoto, “Chromatographic electrochemical detection. 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Published: Feb 18, 2023