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Hotspot Spatial Patterns Using SNNP-VIIRS for Fire Potential Monitoring

Hotspot Spatial Patterns Using SNNP-VIIRS for Fire Potential Monitoring Hindawi International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2023, Article ID 3121862, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3121862 Research Article Hotspot Spatial Patterns Using SNNP-VIIRS for Fire Potential Monitoring 1 2 3 Rosalina Kumalawati , Astinana Yuliarti , Syamani D. Ali , 4 5 6 5 Karnanto Hendra Murliawan , Rijanta Rijanta , Ari Susanti , and Erlis Saputra Department of Geography, Lambung Mangkurat University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jl. H. Hassan Basry, Banjarmasin, Indonesia Department of Communication Studies, Lambung Mangkurat University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jl. H. Hassan Basry, Banjarmasin, Indonesia Lambung Mangkurat University, Faculty of Forestry, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Banjarbaru, Indonesia Ministry of Agrarian & Spatial Plan/National Land Agency, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Geography, Jl. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Forestry, Jl. Agro no.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Correspondence should be addressed to Rosalina Kumalawati; rosalina.kumalawati@ulm.ac.id Received 11 February 2022; Revised 3 June 2022; Accepted 5 April 2023; Published 24 April 2023 Academic Editor: Nikolaos D. Hasanagas Copyright © 2023 Rosalina Kumalawati et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Te province of East Kalimantan is ofcially designated as the State Capital because the area has the least risk of disaster, even though it cannot be separated from disasters such as forest and land fres. Tis study aims to determine the spatial pattern of hotspots using SNPP-VIIRS for monitoring potential fres. Te research used the descriptive-analytic method to identify the research area and collect secondary data. Secondary data is spatial and nonspatial data consisting of hotspot data from the recording of the SNPP -VIIRS image, including frequency and distribution of hotspots. Te data usage from 2012–2021 using SNPP-VIIRS morning and evening recordings. Te study results show that the spatial pattern of potential hotspots in the capital city of a new country is quite varied. Te spatial pattern of hotspots shows that Kutai Kartanegara Regency as one of the locations for the new State Capital, has the highest number of hotspots, namely 38,970 with the highest accuracy in East Kalimantan Province, namely, 1,616 (low), 36,253 (nominal), and 1,101 (high). Te potential for fre disasters in Kutai Kartanegara Regency as an IKN location is high, so planning is urgently needed for future fre prevention, mitigation, and prevention strategies. Te spatial pattern of hotspots is known, so it can be used to monitor potential fres and minimize fre occurrences. ecosystem damage leading to loss of biodiversity, and land 1. Introduction degradation [2, 13–15]. Te intensity of land and forest fres increases every year, Disasters occur in developed and developing countries, including fre disasters. Fire disasters have occurred in especially during the dry season and when an el-Nino occurs Indonesia since 1980, occur almost every year, and have [16]. Forests are an essential component of various eco- become a national and international disaster [1–3]. Tis system services [17, 18], such as for fauna and vegetation disaster not only threatens life but also damages buildings conservation [19] which increases signifcantly when the [4] and local people’s livelihoods [5, 6]. Forest and land fres atmosphere changes and carbon dioxide concentrations have a detrimental impact on the environment [7–9], social increase. Namely to reduce greenhouse emissions [20–24], and economic [7, 9, 10], health [9, 11], transportation [12], and it also reduces carbon sequestration, biodiversity 2 International Journal of Forestry Research Te province of East Kalimantan is designated as the conservation, supply water, and protection against soil erosion [25]. Forests are crucial for human welfare and capital city of the State because the area has the least disaster risk, even though it is one of the provinces that cannot be environmental health [26]. Seeing this, forests must always be protected from disasters, including fres. separated from disasters such as forest and land fres [45]. Fires in Indonesia are recurring events and contribute to Fires can be detected from the number of hotspots in each the potential impacts of climate change [27–29]. Te pos- area [54]. Fire incidents are identifed through the presence sible efects of climate change [30] from fres are numerous. and intensity of hotspots [33, 48, 55]. Hotspot data for each Fires in Indonesia, including Kalimantan, have received area can be obtained from recording optical remote sensing international attention because they cause haze problems for images [56] and radar sensors [57]. Remote sensing imagery is an appropriate and accessible neighboring countries [31–34], increase greenhouse gas emissions and CO2 concentrations, and raise the earth’s geospatial technology for monitoring fres [58]. Fires usually occur in huge areas, so the use of geospatial technology, in surface temperature. Te greenhouse gas that signifcantly impacts the environment is carbon dioxide (CO2) [35]. this case, remote sensing imagery, is the most appropriate choice to deal with fres [59]. Te remote sensing image used Te increase in temperature causes the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which impacts global in this research is the SNPP-VIIRS image which is then ecology and climate [36, 37]. Global climate change causes mapped for monitoring and developing strategies [60] for prolonged drought, one of the triggering factors for land and dealing with disasters. SNPP-VIIRS is currently used for forest fres [38]. Burning forests and lands results in adverse regional and global hotspot detection, with a focus on efects such as loss of biodiversity, unpredictable climatic hotspot detection [61–64]. Existing hotspots don’t always conditions, and destruction of terrestrial biodiversity eco- appear as fres. Hotspots with a high level of confdence have a high potential to become fres [65–68]. Te hotspots systems [39, 40]. Fires often occur in peat areas because peat when dry conditions reduce groundwater, making it more distribution in East Kalimantan is relatively high, especially in IKN locations (see Table 1). easily burned. Indonesia is one of the developing countries with the It is feared that the distribution of hotspots is relatively high; it is feared that it will accelerate deforestation and land world’s largest peatland [41]. Peatlands in Indonesia are spread over Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua [42]. In 2015, degradation, coupled with the relocation of IKN locations in the existing peatlands experienced fres and were damaged the area. Te rapid movement of deforestation and degra- so that they decreased, including in East Kalimantan dation will contribute to environmental damage, namely Province. Peat fres occur below the surface [43] and are greenhouse gas emissions, loss of biodiversity, damage to difcult to extinguish. Subsurface peat fres will produce peatlands, and a decrease in the quality of life of the world’s prolonged periods of smoke. Time to clear forest areas in people. It is necessary to conduct a particular study on fre disasters for better development plans and monitoring of peat ecosystems combined with fre results in uncontrolled fres [44]. Peatland fres in the long term will cause envi- potential fres in the future of the new capital city. Based on the above background, it is necessary to conduct a study ronmental degradation and cause environmental degrada- tion. Te most signifcant cause of environmental entitled “Spatial Patterns of Hotspots using SNPP-VIIRS for degradation is massive deforestation on peatlands. Monitoring Potential Fires.” In 2018, Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI) reported that East Kalimantan Province contributed the highest levels of de- 2. Experimental forestation and forest degradation. Te deforestation and forest degradation rate doubled from 89 ha/year in 2017 to 2.1. Material. Globally [69], fre is a national and in- 157 ha/year in 2018. Te ofcial announcement of moving the ternational disaster. Te impact of haze fres reaches capital city to East Kalimantan in 2019 added to the com- Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei Darussalam, requiring plexity of issues related to deforestation [45]. Many factors serious attention [70–72]. Forest and land fres are a severe afect both physical and human forest fres in East Kalimantan problem and have a signifcant impact on the ecosystem [46–49]. Physical factors include fuel, land topography, hy- environment [52, 73]. Te largest fres also occurred in drology, weather, and climate. Human factors are related to Indonesia in 2015 due to El Nino [44, 74, 75]. Fires in land management practices [48] and people’s ignorance of Indonesia in 2015 mostly occurred in Kalimantan and clearing land by burning for land preparation [50]. Sumatra. Fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan occur almost Moving the location of the national capital will result in every year, with large areas and long durations [76]. Fires the conversion of land functions. Most of the existing land occur due to natural and human factors [9, 77, 78]. will be converted into agricultural, industrial, and residential Land fres after 2015 decreased from 2016 to 2018. Based areas. Tis land conversion creates new problems for the on data released by Global Forest Watch, deforestation in Environment and humans, one of which is land fres. As Indonesia signifcantly decreased in 2017 and 2018. After a result of land fres, it can also cause various other issues 2018, deforestation increased again until 2019. Increased that result in losses such as social, economic, and human deforestation, followed by increased land degradation, health being disrupted because the smog causes respiratory caused long-term environmental problems. It is feared that problems, environmental pollution, and ecosystem damage deforestation and degradation will continue to grow as the [12, 51–53], transportation system disturbances, conficts National Capital City in DKI Jakarta will be moved to East between neighboring countries, and others. Kalimantan Province. Te reason for moving the state International Journal of Forestry Research 3 Table 1: Number of hotspots recorded using SNPP-VIIRS in East hotspots distribution. Te study took the observation time of Kalimantan in 2012–2021. hotspot distribution from 2012 to 2021 using SNPP VIIRS. SNPP VIIRS recorded morning and evening [85, 86]. Re- No. District/cities Total search variables can be seen in Table 2. 1 Samarinda 737 Te spatial pattern of hotspots is seen from the intensity 2 Balikpapan 499 and distribution of fre occurrences in each region. Te 3 Kutai Kartanegara 38.970 power and distribution of fres were carried out using 4 Paser 24.439 a hotspot data approach [33, 48]. Te hotspot data used is 5 Berau 20.215 6 Kutai timur 33.310 a hotspot with a confdence level of 30% [55, 87]. Hotspot 7 Bontang 1.204 data 30% belongs to the nominal to the high class, which 8 Kutai barat 20.415 shows a relatively high predictive rate of fre events in the 9 Penajam Paser Utara 4.086 feld and requires precautions that require vigilance 10 Mahakam Ulu 4.314 [54, 88–89] (see Table 3). Total 148.189 Te analytical method used is spatio-temporal analysis to show the distribution of fre characteristics that occur, both spatially (space) and temporally (time) [33, 49, 55]. Te data capital to East Kalimantan Province is the decline in envi- processing and analysis technique is based on the Geo- ronmental carrying capacity and capacity in DKI Jakarta, graphic Information System, namely ArcGIS 10.1 software. marked by trafc congestion, pollution, a lowering of Te analysis is divided into two stages of modeling, namely groundwater levels, and the emergence of various disasters the scoring and overlay models. Te scoring model is the [79]. It is feared that the relocation of the location of the stage of scoring and weighting on raster data, in which there national capital will also be followed by the emergence of is a mathematical operation process according to the pa- various types of disasters, including fres. rameters. Te overlay stage is combining the two layers to Fire disasters often occur in the dry season [15]. Apart create a new output feature class that contains information from the dry season, fres are also caused by deforestation in from both inputs [90]. Density analysis of fre events was peat ecosystems. Fires can be detected by the number of carried out [49, 91]. Tis is done to identify potential fres in hotspots in each area. Not always existing hotspots can cause each research area so that potential fres can be identifed, fres. Hotspot data is taken from the remote sensing satellite which can then be monitored for fres. recording SNPP-VIIRS. Hotspot data obtained from SNPP- VIIRS provides information on the hotspot location and the 3. Result and Discussion fre incident location. Te point of occurrence of fres refects fre events that are separate from each other and describes Forest and peatland fres to overcome them by knowing the fre events that are still ongoing and cannot be extinguished. distribution of hotspots, making laws for those who burn Te frequency of fres increases every year, so more in-depth land intentionally will be imprisoned, building canals/res- research is needed to determine the spatial pattern of hot- ervoirs, and constructing boreholes [92]. A hotspot is an area spots using SNPP-VIIRS (see Figure 1). that has a higher temperature than its surroundings, has the Te spatial pattern of hotspots can be identifed using potential to cause fres, and can be detected by satellite geospatial technology at various scales [80]. Geospatial [66, 76]. Te satellite used to detect hotspots in this study is analysis related to the spatial design of hotspots can fnd out SNPP-VIIRS. which areas have a high potential for fres so as to prevent Te location of IKN is East Kalimantan Province, one of future fres [81]. Te spatial pattern of hotspots is known so the provinces with forest and land fres that ranks third in that future fre prevention, mitigation, and prevention Indonesia [93]. Seeing this, it is essential to conduct this strategies can be planned [82–84]. Seeing this, it is imper- research so that the planning and implementation of disaster ative to research the spatial pattern of hotspots, especially in management in the new IKN locations can be more efective. the capital city of a new country. Tis research on spatial Te research was conducted by taking hotspot data from patterns of hotspots is carried out to support the smooth 2012 to 2021. Te existing hotspot data processing results development planning for the location of the national capital obtained the distribution and distribution of hotspots in East and prepare communities in IKN locations to be resilient to Kalimantan in each district. Te distribution of hotspots in disasters. East Kalimantan fuctuate every year. After 2015 had ex- perienced a decline, in 2019 there was an increase again in 2.2. Method. Te research location includes the location of each region. Te results of hotspot processing in 2012–2021 the New State Capital in the Province of East Kalimantan. show that Kutai Kartanegara Regency, as the new IKN lo- East Kalimantan Province is one of the provinces with the cation, has the highest number of hotspots, namely 38,970 potential for forest and land fres to occur almost every year. (see Tables 4 and 5). Tis study uses descriptive-analytical methods to identify Te rate of fre occurrence or the number of hotspots is research areas and collect secondary data. Secondary data identifed using the fre density value. Fire density can be were obtained from government agencies in the form of seen from the level of confdence, namely low, medium and spatial and nonspatial data consisting of hotspot data from high confdence levels. Te higher the hotspot density and the recording of SNPP-VIIRS imagery, frequency, and confdence level, the greater the potential fre threat [48, 55]. 4 International Journal of Forestry Research Hotspot Spatial Pattern Disaster Monitoring Using SNPP VIIRS Fire Potential Location of the New National Capital Hotspot Spatial Pattern Using SNPP-VIIRS for Monitoring Potential Future Fires at National Capital Locations Figure 1: Hotspot spatial pattern using SNPP-VIIRS for monitoring fre potential. Table 2: Variable research. Nos Variables Indicators Data collection (a) Hotspot, (1) Hotspot spatial pattern (b) Spatial pattern Secondary data, mapping, and feld observation (c) SNPP-VIIRS (2) Fire potential Disaster monitoring Secondary data, mapping, and feld observation Table 3: Hotspot confdence level classifcation. Confdence levels Classes Action 0%≤ C< 30% Low Important to note 30%≤ C< 80% Nominal Alert 80%≤ C< 100% High Immediate response Source: [54]. Table 4: Distribution of hotspots in East Kalimantan Province in 2012–2021. Years Nos. District/city 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 1 Samarinda 45 24 121 206 108 20 55 120 37 1 2 Balikpapan 28 46 90 210 32 21 21 37 14 — 3 Kutai Kartanegara 3.269 2.328 6.704 13.624 4.170 794 2.160 4.933 935 53 4 Paser 1.665 836 5.083 11.155 554 355 968 3.094 690 39 5 Berau 1.996 1.394 3.467 6.437 639 593 1.324 3.518 842 5 6 Kutai timur 2.265 1.896 3.165 10.779 5.171 942 2.248 4.597 2.160 87 7 Bontang 113 87 181 329 237 78 69 68 42 — 8 Kutai barat 1.848 1.359 3.707 9.264 371 333 945 2.102 473 13 9 Penajam Paser Utara 307 173 602 2.601 139 38 81 112 32 1 10 Mahakam Ulu 456 438 525 1.075 309 210 418 486 397 — Total 11.992 8.581 23.645 55.680 11.730 3.384 8.289 19.067 5.622 199 Te greater the potential danger of fre in an area, the greater locations that will become a new IKN location and has the environmental damage. Te high number of hotspots in a high potential for fre disasters. Spatial analysis can the research area is located in the new IKN location, namely, determine fre density and the area burned repeatedly in Kutai Kartanegara Regency. [94]. Spatial analysis helps determine priority areas in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency has the highest number of handling forest and land fres [95]. Seeing the high po- hotspots with the highest accuracy in East Kalimantan tential for fre disasters in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, it is Province, namely, 1,616 (low), 36,253 (nominal), and urgently needed to plan for future fre prevention, miti- 1,101 (high) (see Table 5). Te results of processing the gation, and prevention strategies [82–84] (see Figure 2). In spatial pattern of hotspots can be seen as the potential for addition, it is also necessary to carry out regular moni- fres in each existing area. Te potential for fres from the toring and early warning quickly so that larger negative results of spatial pattern processing using spatial analysis impacts can be minimized, including loss of life, property, indicates that Kutai Kartanegara Regency is one of the and environmental damage [96]. International Journal of Forestry Research 5 Table 5: Hotspot confdence level in East Kalimantan Province 2012–2021. Total No. District/city Total Low Nominal High 1 Samarinda 737 17 715 5 2 Balikpapan 499 7 489 3 3 Kutai Kartanegara 38.970 1.616 36.253 1.101 4 Paser 24.439 1.180 22.609 650 5 Berau 20.215 803 18.883 529 6 Kutai timur 33.310 1.191 31.440 679 7 Bontang 1.204 32 1.155 17 8 Kutai barat 20.415 931 18.922 562 9 Penajam Paser Utara 4.086 165 3.804 117 10 Mahakam Ulu 4.314 199 3.940 175 Total 148.189 6.141 138.210 3.838 Figure 2: Map of potential hotspot distribution in East Kalimantan Province. 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments (a) Kutai Kartanegara Regency as the new IKN location Tis project is fnancially supported by the Research Pro- has the highest number of hotspots, namely, 38,970 gram with contract number 362/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021 on (b) Kutai Kartanegara Regency has the highest number South Asian-Europe Joint Funding and Cooperation Indonesia-Te Netherlands. of hotspots with the highest accuracy in East Kali- mantan Province, namely 1,616 (Low), 36,253 (Nominal), and 1,101 (High) References (c) Te potential for fre disasters in Kutai Kartanegara [1] K. Budiningsih, “Implementasi kebijakan pengendalian Regency as an IKN location is high, so planning is kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan,” urgently needed for future fre prevention, mitiga- Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, vol. 14, no. 2, tion, and prevention strategies. pp. 165–186, 2017. [2] D. Dirhamsyah, D. B. Utama, N. Widyaningrum, and I. D. K. 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Hotspot Spatial Patterns Using SNNP-VIIRS for Fire Potential Monitoring

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Hindawi International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2023, Article ID 3121862, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3121862 Research Article Hotspot Spatial Patterns Using SNNP-VIIRS for Fire Potential Monitoring 1 2 3 Rosalina Kumalawati , Astinana Yuliarti , Syamani D. Ali , 4 5 6 5 Karnanto Hendra Murliawan , Rijanta Rijanta , Ari Susanti , and Erlis Saputra Department of Geography, Lambung Mangkurat University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jl. H. Hassan Basry, Banjarmasin, Indonesia Department of Communication Studies, Lambung Mangkurat University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jl. H. Hassan Basry, Banjarmasin, Indonesia Lambung Mangkurat University, Faculty of Forestry, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Banjarbaru, Indonesia Ministry of Agrarian & Spatial Plan/National Land Agency, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Geography, Jl. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Forestry, Jl. Agro no.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Correspondence should be addressed to Rosalina Kumalawati; rosalina.kumalawati@ulm.ac.id Received 11 February 2022; Revised 3 June 2022; Accepted 5 April 2023; Published 24 April 2023 Academic Editor: Nikolaos D. Hasanagas Copyright © 2023 Rosalina Kumalawati et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Te province of East Kalimantan is ofcially designated as the State Capital because the area has the least risk of disaster, even though it cannot be separated from disasters such as forest and land fres. Tis study aims to determine the spatial pattern of hotspots using SNPP-VIIRS for monitoring potential fres. Te research used the descriptive-analytic method to identify the research area and collect secondary data. Secondary data is spatial and nonspatial data consisting of hotspot data from the recording of the SNPP -VIIRS image, including frequency and distribution of hotspots. Te data usage from 2012–2021 using SNPP-VIIRS morning and evening recordings. Te study results show that the spatial pattern of potential hotspots in the capital city of a new country is quite varied. Te spatial pattern of hotspots shows that Kutai Kartanegara Regency as one of the locations for the new State Capital, has the highest number of hotspots, namely 38,970 with the highest accuracy in East Kalimantan Province, namely, 1,616 (low), 36,253 (nominal), and 1,101 (high). Te potential for fre disasters in Kutai Kartanegara Regency as an IKN location is high, so planning is urgently needed for future fre prevention, mitigation, and prevention strategies. Te spatial pattern of hotspots is known, so it can be used to monitor potential fres and minimize fre occurrences. ecosystem damage leading to loss of biodiversity, and land 1. Introduction degradation [2, 13–15]. Te intensity of land and forest fres increases every year, Disasters occur in developed and developing countries, including fre disasters. Fire disasters have occurred in especially during the dry season and when an el-Nino occurs Indonesia since 1980, occur almost every year, and have [16]. Forests are an essential component of various eco- become a national and international disaster [1–3]. Tis system services [17, 18], such as for fauna and vegetation disaster not only threatens life but also damages buildings conservation [19] which increases signifcantly when the [4] and local people’s livelihoods [5, 6]. Forest and land fres atmosphere changes and carbon dioxide concentrations have a detrimental impact on the environment [7–9], social increase. Namely to reduce greenhouse emissions [20–24], and economic [7, 9, 10], health [9, 11], transportation [12], and it also reduces carbon sequestration, biodiversity 2 International Journal of Forestry Research Te province of East Kalimantan is designated as the conservation, supply water, and protection against soil erosion [25]. Forests are crucial for human welfare and capital city of the State because the area has the least disaster risk, even though it is one of the provinces that cannot be environmental health [26]. Seeing this, forests must always be protected from disasters, including fres. separated from disasters such as forest and land fres [45]. Fires in Indonesia are recurring events and contribute to Fires can be detected from the number of hotspots in each the potential impacts of climate change [27–29]. Te pos- area [54]. Fire incidents are identifed through the presence sible efects of climate change [30] from fres are numerous. and intensity of hotspots [33, 48, 55]. Hotspot data for each Fires in Indonesia, including Kalimantan, have received area can be obtained from recording optical remote sensing international attention because they cause haze problems for images [56] and radar sensors [57]. Remote sensing imagery is an appropriate and accessible neighboring countries [31–34], increase greenhouse gas emissions and CO2 concentrations, and raise the earth’s geospatial technology for monitoring fres [58]. Fires usually occur in huge areas, so the use of geospatial technology, in surface temperature. Te greenhouse gas that signifcantly impacts the environment is carbon dioxide (CO2) [35]. this case, remote sensing imagery, is the most appropriate choice to deal with fres [59]. Te remote sensing image used Te increase in temperature causes the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which impacts global in this research is the SNPP-VIIRS image which is then ecology and climate [36, 37]. Global climate change causes mapped for monitoring and developing strategies [60] for prolonged drought, one of the triggering factors for land and dealing with disasters. SNPP-VIIRS is currently used for forest fres [38]. Burning forests and lands results in adverse regional and global hotspot detection, with a focus on efects such as loss of biodiversity, unpredictable climatic hotspot detection [61–64]. Existing hotspots don’t always conditions, and destruction of terrestrial biodiversity eco- appear as fres. Hotspots with a high level of confdence have a high potential to become fres [65–68]. Te hotspots systems [39, 40]. Fires often occur in peat areas because peat when dry conditions reduce groundwater, making it more distribution in East Kalimantan is relatively high, especially in IKN locations (see Table 1). easily burned. Indonesia is one of the developing countries with the It is feared that the distribution of hotspots is relatively high; it is feared that it will accelerate deforestation and land world’s largest peatland [41]. Peatlands in Indonesia are spread over Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua [42]. In 2015, degradation, coupled with the relocation of IKN locations in the existing peatlands experienced fres and were damaged the area. Te rapid movement of deforestation and degra- so that they decreased, including in East Kalimantan dation will contribute to environmental damage, namely Province. Peat fres occur below the surface [43] and are greenhouse gas emissions, loss of biodiversity, damage to difcult to extinguish. Subsurface peat fres will produce peatlands, and a decrease in the quality of life of the world’s prolonged periods of smoke. Time to clear forest areas in people. It is necessary to conduct a particular study on fre disasters for better development plans and monitoring of peat ecosystems combined with fre results in uncontrolled fres [44]. Peatland fres in the long term will cause envi- potential fres in the future of the new capital city. Based on the above background, it is necessary to conduct a study ronmental degradation and cause environmental degrada- tion. Te most signifcant cause of environmental entitled “Spatial Patterns of Hotspots using SNPP-VIIRS for degradation is massive deforestation on peatlands. Monitoring Potential Fires.” In 2018, Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI) reported that East Kalimantan Province contributed the highest levels of de- 2. Experimental forestation and forest degradation. Te deforestation and forest degradation rate doubled from 89 ha/year in 2017 to 2.1. Material. Globally [69], fre is a national and in- 157 ha/year in 2018. Te ofcial announcement of moving the ternational disaster. Te impact of haze fres reaches capital city to East Kalimantan in 2019 added to the com- Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei Darussalam, requiring plexity of issues related to deforestation [45]. Many factors serious attention [70–72]. Forest and land fres are a severe afect both physical and human forest fres in East Kalimantan problem and have a signifcant impact on the ecosystem [46–49]. Physical factors include fuel, land topography, hy- environment [52, 73]. Te largest fres also occurred in drology, weather, and climate. Human factors are related to Indonesia in 2015 due to El Nino [44, 74, 75]. Fires in land management practices [48] and people’s ignorance of Indonesia in 2015 mostly occurred in Kalimantan and clearing land by burning for land preparation [50]. Sumatra. Fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan occur almost Moving the location of the national capital will result in every year, with large areas and long durations [76]. Fires the conversion of land functions. Most of the existing land occur due to natural and human factors [9, 77, 78]. will be converted into agricultural, industrial, and residential Land fres after 2015 decreased from 2016 to 2018. Based areas. Tis land conversion creates new problems for the on data released by Global Forest Watch, deforestation in Environment and humans, one of which is land fres. As Indonesia signifcantly decreased in 2017 and 2018. After a result of land fres, it can also cause various other issues 2018, deforestation increased again until 2019. Increased that result in losses such as social, economic, and human deforestation, followed by increased land degradation, health being disrupted because the smog causes respiratory caused long-term environmental problems. It is feared that problems, environmental pollution, and ecosystem damage deforestation and degradation will continue to grow as the [12, 51–53], transportation system disturbances, conficts National Capital City in DKI Jakarta will be moved to East between neighboring countries, and others. Kalimantan Province. Te reason for moving the state International Journal of Forestry Research 3 Table 1: Number of hotspots recorded using SNPP-VIIRS in East hotspots distribution. Te study took the observation time of Kalimantan in 2012–2021. hotspot distribution from 2012 to 2021 using SNPP VIIRS. SNPP VIIRS recorded morning and evening [85, 86]. Re- No. District/cities Total search variables can be seen in Table 2. 1 Samarinda 737 Te spatial pattern of hotspots is seen from the intensity 2 Balikpapan 499 and distribution of fre occurrences in each region. Te 3 Kutai Kartanegara 38.970 power and distribution of fres were carried out using 4 Paser 24.439 a hotspot data approach [33, 48]. Te hotspot data used is 5 Berau 20.215 6 Kutai timur 33.310 a hotspot with a confdence level of 30% [55, 87]. Hotspot 7 Bontang 1.204 data 30% belongs to the nominal to the high class, which 8 Kutai barat 20.415 shows a relatively high predictive rate of fre events in the 9 Penajam Paser Utara 4.086 feld and requires precautions that require vigilance 10 Mahakam Ulu 4.314 [54, 88–89] (see Table 3). Total 148.189 Te analytical method used is spatio-temporal analysis to show the distribution of fre characteristics that occur, both spatially (space) and temporally (time) [33, 49, 55]. Te data capital to East Kalimantan Province is the decline in envi- processing and analysis technique is based on the Geo- ronmental carrying capacity and capacity in DKI Jakarta, graphic Information System, namely ArcGIS 10.1 software. marked by trafc congestion, pollution, a lowering of Te analysis is divided into two stages of modeling, namely groundwater levels, and the emergence of various disasters the scoring and overlay models. Te scoring model is the [79]. It is feared that the relocation of the location of the stage of scoring and weighting on raster data, in which there national capital will also be followed by the emergence of is a mathematical operation process according to the pa- various types of disasters, including fres. rameters. Te overlay stage is combining the two layers to Fire disasters often occur in the dry season [15]. Apart create a new output feature class that contains information from the dry season, fres are also caused by deforestation in from both inputs [90]. Density analysis of fre events was peat ecosystems. Fires can be detected by the number of carried out [49, 91]. Tis is done to identify potential fres in hotspots in each area. Not always existing hotspots can cause each research area so that potential fres can be identifed, fres. Hotspot data is taken from the remote sensing satellite which can then be monitored for fres. recording SNPP-VIIRS. Hotspot data obtained from SNPP- VIIRS provides information on the hotspot location and the 3. Result and Discussion fre incident location. Te point of occurrence of fres refects fre events that are separate from each other and describes Forest and peatland fres to overcome them by knowing the fre events that are still ongoing and cannot be extinguished. distribution of hotspots, making laws for those who burn Te frequency of fres increases every year, so more in-depth land intentionally will be imprisoned, building canals/res- research is needed to determine the spatial pattern of hot- ervoirs, and constructing boreholes [92]. A hotspot is an area spots using SNPP-VIIRS (see Figure 1). that has a higher temperature than its surroundings, has the Te spatial pattern of hotspots can be identifed using potential to cause fres, and can be detected by satellite geospatial technology at various scales [80]. Geospatial [66, 76]. Te satellite used to detect hotspots in this study is analysis related to the spatial design of hotspots can fnd out SNPP-VIIRS. which areas have a high potential for fres so as to prevent Te location of IKN is East Kalimantan Province, one of future fres [81]. Te spatial pattern of hotspots is known so the provinces with forest and land fres that ranks third in that future fre prevention, mitigation, and prevention Indonesia [93]. Seeing this, it is essential to conduct this strategies can be planned [82–84]. Seeing this, it is imper- research so that the planning and implementation of disaster ative to research the spatial pattern of hotspots, especially in management in the new IKN locations can be more efective. the capital city of a new country. Tis research on spatial Te research was conducted by taking hotspot data from patterns of hotspots is carried out to support the smooth 2012 to 2021. Te existing hotspot data processing results development planning for the location of the national capital obtained the distribution and distribution of hotspots in East and prepare communities in IKN locations to be resilient to Kalimantan in each district. Te distribution of hotspots in disasters. East Kalimantan fuctuate every year. After 2015 had ex- perienced a decline, in 2019 there was an increase again in 2.2. Method. Te research location includes the location of each region. Te results of hotspot processing in 2012–2021 the New State Capital in the Province of East Kalimantan. show that Kutai Kartanegara Regency, as the new IKN lo- East Kalimantan Province is one of the provinces with the cation, has the highest number of hotspots, namely 38,970 potential for forest and land fres to occur almost every year. (see Tables 4 and 5). Tis study uses descriptive-analytical methods to identify Te rate of fre occurrence or the number of hotspots is research areas and collect secondary data. Secondary data identifed using the fre density value. Fire density can be were obtained from government agencies in the form of seen from the level of confdence, namely low, medium and spatial and nonspatial data consisting of hotspot data from high confdence levels. Te higher the hotspot density and the recording of SNPP-VIIRS imagery, frequency, and confdence level, the greater the potential fre threat [48, 55]. 4 International Journal of Forestry Research Hotspot Spatial Pattern Disaster Monitoring Using SNPP VIIRS Fire Potential Location of the New National Capital Hotspot Spatial Pattern Using SNPP-VIIRS for Monitoring Potential Future Fires at National Capital Locations Figure 1: Hotspot spatial pattern using SNPP-VIIRS for monitoring fre potential. Table 2: Variable research. Nos Variables Indicators Data collection (a) Hotspot, (1) Hotspot spatial pattern (b) Spatial pattern Secondary data, mapping, and feld observation (c) SNPP-VIIRS (2) Fire potential Disaster monitoring Secondary data, mapping, and feld observation Table 3: Hotspot confdence level classifcation. Confdence levels Classes Action 0%≤ C< 30% Low Important to note 30%≤ C< 80% Nominal Alert 80%≤ C< 100% High Immediate response Source: [54]. Table 4: Distribution of hotspots in East Kalimantan Province in 2012–2021. Years Nos. District/city 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 1 Samarinda 45 24 121 206 108 20 55 120 37 1 2 Balikpapan 28 46 90 210 32 21 21 37 14 — 3 Kutai Kartanegara 3.269 2.328 6.704 13.624 4.170 794 2.160 4.933 935 53 4 Paser 1.665 836 5.083 11.155 554 355 968 3.094 690 39 5 Berau 1.996 1.394 3.467 6.437 639 593 1.324 3.518 842 5 6 Kutai timur 2.265 1.896 3.165 10.779 5.171 942 2.248 4.597 2.160 87 7 Bontang 113 87 181 329 237 78 69 68 42 — 8 Kutai barat 1.848 1.359 3.707 9.264 371 333 945 2.102 473 13 9 Penajam Paser Utara 307 173 602 2.601 139 38 81 112 32 1 10 Mahakam Ulu 456 438 525 1.075 309 210 418 486 397 — Total 11.992 8.581 23.645 55.680 11.730 3.384 8.289 19.067 5.622 199 Te greater the potential danger of fre in an area, the greater locations that will become a new IKN location and has the environmental damage. Te high number of hotspots in a high potential for fre disasters. Spatial analysis can the research area is located in the new IKN location, namely, determine fre density and the area burned repeatedly in Kutai Kartanegara Regency. [94]. Spatial analysis helps determine priority areas in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency has the highest number of handling forest and land fres [95]. Seeing the high po- hotspots with the highest accuracy in East Kalimantan tential for fre disasters in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, it is Province, namely, 1,616 (low), 36,253 (nominal), and urgently needed to plan for future fre prevention, miti- 1,101 (high) (see Table 5). Te results of processing the gation, and prevention strategies [82–84] (see Figure 2). In spatial pattern of hotspots can be seen as the potential for addition, it is also necessary to carry out regular moni- fres in each existing area. Te potential for fres from the toring and early warning quickly so that larger negative results of spatial pattern processing using spatial analysis impacts can be minimized, including loss of life, property, indicates that Kutai Kartanegara Regency is one of the and environmental damage [96]. International Journal of Forestry Research 5 Table 5: Hotspot confdence level in East Kalimantan Province 2012–2021. Total No. District/city Total Low Nominal High 1 Samarinda 737 17 715 5 2 Balikpapan 499 7 489 3 3 Kutai Kartanegara 38.970 1.616 36.253 1.101 4 Paser 24.439 1.180 22.609 650 5 Berau 20.215 803 18.883 529 6 Kutai timur 33.310 1.191 31.440 679 7 Bontang 1.204 32 1.155 17 8 Kutai barat 20.415 931 18.922 562 9 Penajam Paser Utara 4.086 165 3.804 117 10 Mahakam Ulu 4.314 199 3.940 175 Total 148.189 6.141 138.210 3.838 Figure 2: Map of potential hotspot distribution in East Kalimantan Province. 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments (a) Kutai Kartanegara Regency as the new IKN location Tis project is fnancially supported by the Research Pro- has the highest number of hotspots, namely, 38,970 gram with contract number 362/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021 on (b) Kutai Kartanegara Regency has the highest number South Asian-Europe Joint Funding and Cooperation Indonesia-Te Netherlands. of hotspots with the highest accuracy in East Kali- mantan Province, namely 1,616 (Low), 36,253 (Nominal), and 1,101 (High) References (c) Te potential for fre disasters in Kutai Kartanegara [1] K. Budiningsih, “Implementasi kebijakan pengendalian Regency as an IKN location is high, so planning is kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan,” urgently needed for future fre prevention, mitiga- Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, vol. 14, no. 2, tion, and prevention strategies. pp. 165–186, 2017. [2] D. Dirhamsyah, D. B. Utama, N. Widyaningrum, and I. D. K. 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Journal

International Journal of Forestry Research – Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: Apr 24, 2023

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