Electron microscopy of oxyborates. I. Defect structures in the minerals pinakiolite, ludwigite, orthopinakiolite and takeuchiite
Abstract
Crystals of the minerals pinakiolite (Mg,Mn)1.77-(Mn,Al,Fe)1.11BO5, ludwigite (Mg,Fe)2Fe3+BO5, orthopinakiolite (Mg,Mn)1.85(Mn3+,Fe3+)BO5 and takeuchiite (Mg,Mn)1.97Mn3+0.78Fe3+0.19BO5 have been investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Calculated and experimental images have been matched to ensure a proper interpretation. All the minerals except ludwigite show structural defects which give insight into structural relations in the pinakiolite family. It is shown that they can be described as chemical twinnings of pinakiolite. The most common defects can be described as missing twin operations.