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Almost Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Volterra Difference Equations with Unbounded Delay

Almost Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Volterra Difference Equations with Unbounded Delay Axioms 2015, 4, 345-364; doi:10.3390/axioms4030345 OPEN ACCESS axioms ISSN 2075-1680 www.mdpi.com/journal/axioms Article Almost Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Volterra Difference Equations with Unbounded Delay 1; 1 2 Yoshihiro Hamaya *, Tomomi Itokazu and Kaori Saito Department of Information Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; E-Mail: happydolphin leap sky@docomo.ne.jp Department of Industrial Information, Iwate Prefectural University, Miyako College, 1-5-1 Kanan, Miyako, Iwate 027-0039, Japan; E-Mail: saito k@iwatepu.ac.jp * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hamaya@mis.ous.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-86-256-9647. Academic Editor: Constantin Corduneanu Received: 27 June 2015 / Accepted: 18 August 2015 / Published: 24 August 2015 Abstract: In order to obtain the conditions for the existence of periodic and almost periodic solutions of Volterra difference equations, x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; s=1 x(n + s); x(n)), we consider certain stability properties, which are referred to as (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and (K, )-uniformly asymptotic stability. Moreover, we discuss the relationship between the -separation condition and the uniformly-asymptotic stability property in the  sense. Keywords: almost periodic solutions; Volterra difference equations; (K, )-relatively weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable; -separation conditions AMS (MOS) 2000 Subject classifications: 39A10, 39A11 1. Introduction For ordinary and functional differential equations, the existence of almost periodic solutions of almost periodic systems has been studied by many authors. One of the most popular methods is to assume certain stability properties [1–8]. Song and Tian [9] showed the existence of periodic and almost periodic solutions for nonlinear Volterra difference equations by means of the (K, )-stability condition. Axioms 2015, 4 346 Their results were extended to discrete Volterra equations by Hamaya [3]. For the existence theorem of almost periodic solutions in ordinary differential equations, Sell [10] introduced a new stability concept referred to as the weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability. This stability property is weaker than the uniformly-asymptotic stability (cf. [8]). The existence of almost periodic solutions of ordinary difference equation by using globally quasi-uniformly asymptotic stability has been recently studied [11]. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and uniformly-asymptotic stability of periodic and almost periodic Volterra difference equations. We also show that for periodic Volterra difference equations, (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and (K, )-uniformly-asymptotic stability are equivalent. Moreover, we obtain the conditions for the existence of almost periodic solutions of Volterra difference equations by using this (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotically-stable in the hull. The relationship between our weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and globally quasi-uniformly-asymptotic stability described in [11] is very complicated; however, the definition of our stability is clearer and simpler than that in [11]. In the next section, as an application, we show the existence of almost periodic solutions for a Ricker-type Volterra difference equation with infinite delay by using the technique of an invariant set and luxury Lyapunov functionals. For the finite delay case, Xu [12] showed sufficient conditions for determining the invariant and attracting sets and the globally uniformly-asymptotic stability of Volterra difference equations, as well as providing useful examples to illustrate the results obtained above. Finally, we consider the relationship between the -separation condition and (K, )-uniformly-asymptotic stability property. It can be seen that the results of our theorem hold for the integrodifferential equations described in [3–5]. m + Let R denote Euclidean m-space; Z is the set of integers; Z is the set of nonnegative integers; and j  j will denote the Euclidean norm in R : For any interval I  Z, we denote by BS(I ) the set of all bounded functions mapping I into R and setjj = supfj(s)j : s 2 Ig: Now, for any function x : (1; a) ! R and n < a, define a function x : Z = fsjs 2 Z, 1 < s  0g ! R by x (s) = x(n + s) for s 2 Z : Let BS be a real linear space of functions mapping Z into R with sup-norm: BS = fj  : Z ! R with jj = sup j(s)j < 1g s2Z m m We introduce an almost periodic function f (n; x) : Z D ! R ; where D is an open set in R : Definition 1. f (n; x) is said to be almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 D, if for any  > 0 and any compact set K in D, there exists a positive integer L (; K ), such that any interval of length L (; K ) contains an integer  for which: jf (n + ; x) f (n; x)j for all n 2 Z and all x 2 K . Such a number  in the above inequality is called an -translation number of f (n; x): In order to formulate a property of almost periodic functions (this is equivalent to Definition 1), we discuss the concept of the normality of almost periodic functions. Namely, let f (n; x) be almost periodic Axioms 2015, 4 347 0 0 in n uniformly for x 2 D. Then, for any sequence fh g  Z, there exist a subsequence fh g of fh g k k and a function g(n; x), such that: f (n + h ; x) ! g(n; x) (1) uniformly on ZK as k ! 1, where K is a compact set in D. There are many properties of the discrete almost periodic functions [13], which are corresponding properties of the continuous almost periodic functions f (t; x) 2 C (R  D; R ) [2,8]. We shall denote by T (f ) the function space consisting of all translates of f , that is f 2 T (f ), where: f (n; x) = f (n + ; x);  2 Z (2) Let H (f ) denote the uniform closure of T (f ) in the sense of (2). H (f ) is called the hull of f: In particular, we denote by (f ) the set of all limit functions g 2 H (f ), such that for some sequencefn g, n ! 1 as k ! 1 and f (n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z S for any compact subset S in R . k k By (1), if f : Z D ! R is almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 D, so is a function in (f ). The following concept of asymptotic almost periodicity was introduced by Frechet in the case of continuous functions (cf. [2,8]). Definition 2. u(n) is said to be asymptotically almost periodic if it is a sum of an almost periodic function p(n) and a function q(n) defined on I = [a;1)  Z = fl 2 Zj 0  l < +1g, which tends to zero as n ! 1, that is, u(n) = p(n) + q(n) u(n) is asymptotically almost periodic if and only if for any sequence fn g, such that n ! 1 as k k k ! 1, there exists a subsequencefn g for which u(n + n ) converges uniformly on a  n < 1. k k j j 2. Preliminaries We consider a system of Volterra difference equations: x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (3) s=1 m m m m m where f : Z R ! R is continuous in the second variable x 2 R and F : Z Z R  R is m m continuous for x 2 R and y 2 R . We impose the following assumptions on Equation (3): (H1) f (n; x) and F (n; s; x; y) are !-periodic functions, such that there is an ! > 0, such that f (n + !; x) = f (n; x) for all n 2 Z, x 2 R and F (n + !; s; x; y) = F (n; s; x; y) for all n 2 Z, s 2 Z , m m x 2 R and y 2 R . (H2) f (n; x) is almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 R , and F (n; s; x; y) is almost periodic in n uniformly for (s; x; y) 2 K , that is for any  > 0 and any compact set K , there exists an integer L = L (; K ) > 0, such that any interval of length L contains a  for which: Axioms 2015, 4 348 jF (n + ; s; x; y) F (n; s; x; y)j for all n 2 Z and all (s; x; y) 2 K . (H3) For any  > 0 and any r > 0, there exists an S = S(; r) > 0, such that: jF (n; s; x(n + s); x(n))j s=1 for all n 2 Z, wheneverjx()j  r for all   n. (H4) Equation (3) has a bounded unique solution u(n) defined on Z , which passes through (0; u ), that is sup ju(n)j < 1 and u 2 BS: n0 Now, we introduce -stability properties with respect to the compact set K . m 0 Let K be the compact set in R , such that u(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, where u(n) =  (n) for n  0. For any ; 2 BS, we set: (; ) =  (; )=[2 (1 +  (; ))] j j j=1 where: (; ) = sup j(s) (s)j js0 Clearly, ( ; ) ! 0 as n ! 1 if and only if  (s) ! (s) uniformly on any compact subset of Z n n as n ! 1: We denote by (BS; ) the space of bounded functions  : Z ! R with . In what follows, we need the following 10 definitions of stability. Definition 3. The bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is said to be: (i) (K, )-uniformly stable (in short, (K, )-US) if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < (), then (x ; u ) <  for all n  n , where x(n) is a solution of (3) through 0 n n n n 0 0 0 (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. In the case above where () depends on the initial 0 n time n  0, this only gives the definition of the (K, )-stable of u(n) (in short, (K, )-S). (ii) (K, )-equi-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-EAS) if it is (K, )-S and for any  > 0, there exists a  (n ) > 0 and a T (n ; ) > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) <  (n ), then (x ; u ) <  for 0 0 0 0 n n 0 0 n n 0 0 all n  n + T (n ; ), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for 0 0 0 n all s  0. (iii) (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-WUAS) if it is (K, )-US and there exists a  > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) <  , then (x ; u ) ! 0 as n ! 1, where x(n) 0 0 n n 0 n n 0 0 is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. 0 n (iv) (K, )-uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-UAS) if it is (K, )-US and is (K, )-quasi-uniformly-asymptotically stable, that is, if the  and the T in the above (iii) are independent of n : for any  > 0 there exists a  > 0 and a T () > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) <  , 0 0 0 n n 0 0 0 then (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that n n 0 0 x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. 0 Axioms 2015, 4 349 (v) (K, )-globally equi-asymptotically-stable (in short, (K, )-GEAS) if it is (K, )-S and for any > 0 and any > 0, there exists a T (n ; ; ) > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < , then 0 0 n n 0 0 (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (n ; ; ), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that n n 0 0 0 x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. (vi) (K, )-globally weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-GWUAS) if it is (K, )-US and (x ; u ) ! 0 as n ! 1, where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = n n 0 n (s) 2 K for all s  0. (vii) (K, )-globally uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-GUAS) if it is (K, )-US and is (K, )-globally quasi-uniformly-asymptotically stable, that is, if the T in the above (vi) are independent of n : for any  > 0 and > 0, there exists a T (; ) > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < , 0 0 n n 0 0 then (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (; ), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that n n 0 0 x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. (viii) (K, )-totally stable (in short, (K, )-TS) if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0 and such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < () and h 2 BS([n ;1)), which satisfies jhj < (), then (x ; u ) < 0 n n 0 [n ;1) n n 0 0 0 for all n  n , where x(n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) + h(n) s=1 through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. In the case where h(n)  0, this gives the 0 n definition of the (K, )-US of u(n). (ix) (K, )-attracting in (f; F ) (cf. [12], in short, (K, )-A in (f; F )), if there exists a  > 0, such that if n  0 and any (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), (x ; v ) <  , then (x ; v ) ! 0 as n ! 1, where 0 n n 0 n n 0 0 x(n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (4) s=1 through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. 0 n (x) (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable in (f; F ) (in short, (K, )-WUAS in (f; F )), if it is (K, )-US in (f; F ), that is if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that if n  0 and any (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), (x ; v ) < (), then (x ; v ) <  for all n  n , where x(n) is a solution of n n n n 0 0 0 (4) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0 and (K, )-A in (f; F ). 0 n When we restrict the solutions x to the ones in K , i.e., x(n) 2 K for all n  n , then we can say that u(n) is (K, )-relatively weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable in (f; F ) (i.e., (K, )-RWUAS in (f; F ), and so on). For (iii) and (iv) in Definition 3, (K, )-WUAS is weaker than (K, )-UAS, as shown in Example 3.1 in [8]. 3. Stability of Bounded Solutions in Periodic and Almost Periodic Systems Theorem 1. Under the Assumptions (H3) and (H4), if the bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-WUAS, then it is (K, )-EAS. Axioms 2015, 4 350 Proof. Since solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-US, u(n) is (K, )-S. Suppose that there is no such T in (ii) of Definition 3. Then, there exist some  > 0; n  0 and sequences fx g;fn g, such that 0 k (u ; x )   ; n ! 1 as k ! 1 and: n 0 k 0 n (u ; x )   (5) k n k k + where x (n) is a solution of Equation (3) through (n ; x ). On any interval [n ; n + l], l 2 Z , 0 0 0 k k the sequence fx (n)g is uniformly bounded, since x (s) ! x (s) uniformly on any compact set in n 0 fs 2 Z j 1 < s  n g as k ! 1 if necessary taking a subsequence of fx g, and hence, we can find a solution x(n) through (n ; x ) of (3) defined for all n  n by Assumptions (H3) and (H4), 0 n 0 k k where (x ; u )   . Moreover, there exists a subsequence of fx (n)g, such that fx (n)g tends to n n 0 0 0 x(n) as j ! 1 through (n ; x ) uniformly on any compact interval. Since, for every solution fx(n)g, 0 n (u ; x ) ! 0 as n ! 1, we have at some n  n : n n 1 0 (u ; x ) < () (6) n n 1 1 k k where () is the one for (K, )-US in (i) of Definition 3. Denoting by fx (n)g through (n ; x ) the subsequence again, if k is sufficiently large, we have: (x ; x ) < () (7) n 1 From (7) and (6), it follows that (u ; x ) < (). Therefore, by the (K, )-US of u(n), we have: 1 n (x ; u ) < for all n  n , which contradicts (5). This proves the theorem. For the periodic system, we have the following theorem. Theorem 2. Under Assumptions (H1), (H3) and (H4), if the bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-WUAS, then it is (K, )-UAS. Proof. Since u(n) is (K, )-US, there exists a  > 0, such that n is a positive integer and (x ; u )   implies (u ; x ) < for all n  n , where  is the one in (iii) of Definition 3. n n n n 0 0 0 0 0 Suppose that for this  , solution u(n) is not (K, )-UAS. Then, for some  > 0, there exist sequences fk g;fx g andf g, such that k ! 1,  ! 1 as j ! 1, where k is a positive integer, and: j k j k j j j k 0 (u ; x ) < (8) k ! k ! and: (u ; x )   (9) k !+ j k k !+ j k where x (n) is a solution of (3) through (k ; x ). Clearly, by (H4), u(n) is a bounded solution of (3) j! k ! passing through (k !; u ), and hence, there is a subsequencefm g offk g and u , such that m ! 1 j k ! j j n j j 0 Axioms 2015, 4 351 monotonically as j ! 1 and u ! u as j ! 1. Then, there exists an integer p > 0, such that if m ! n j 0 j  p, we have (u ; u ) < . Thus, for any j  p, we have: m ! n j 0 (u ; u ) < (10) m ! m ! j p From (8) with k = m and (10), it follows that: j j (x ; u ) < m ! 0 m ! p By Theorem 1, there exists a T (m !; ) > 0, such that: (x ; u ) < n n for all n  m ! + T (m !; ) and where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (m !; u ) and: p p p m ! (x ~ ; u ) < n n for all n  m ! +T (m !; ) and where x ~(n) is a solution of (3) through (m !; x ). This implies that: p p p m ! (x ~ ; x ) < (11) n n for all n  m ! + T (m !; ). Since ! is the period and m ; m are integers, it follows from (11) that p p j p for any j  p: (x ; u ) < (x ~ ; x ) + (x ~ ; u ) < n n n n n n for all n  m ! + T (m !; ). This contradicts (9), because T (m !; ) depends only on . This j p p 4 4 completes the proof. The following lemma is needed for the proofs of Theorems 3, 5 and 8. Lemma 1. When (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), v(n) is a solution defined on Z of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) s=1 and v(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z. Proof. Since (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), there exists a sequencefn g, n ! 1 as k ! 1, such that: k k f (n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z K for any compact set K  R : F (n + n ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) uniformly on Z Z  K  K for any compact subset Z in Z and: u(n + n ) ! v(n) k Axioms 2015, 4 352 k k uniformly on any compact subset in Z as k ! 1. Set u (n) = u(n + n ). Then, u (n) is a solution defined for n  n of: x(n + 1) = f (n + n ; x(n)) + F (n + n ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (12) k k s=1 k k k through (0; u ), u (s) 2 K , s  0. There exists an r > 0, such that ju (n)j  r and jv(n)j  r n n k k for all n 2 Z, k  1. Then, by Assumption (H3), for this r and any  > 0, there exists an integer S = S(; r) > 0, such that: S S X X k k jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n))j   and jG(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=1 s=1 Then, we have: 0 0 X X k k j F (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=1 s=1 S S X X k k jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n))j + jG(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=1 s=1 k k + jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=S k k 2 + jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=S Since F (n; s; x; y) and G(n; s; x; y) are continuous for x; y and u (s) converges to v(s) on discrete intervalfs 2 Z j,S  s  0g as k ! 1, there exists an integer k () > 0, such that: k k jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=S when k  k (). Thus, we have: 0 0 X X k k F (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) ! G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n)) s=1 s=1 as k ! 1, because u (n) ! v(n) uniformly on any compact set in Z. Therefore, by letting k ! 1 in (12), v(n) is a solution of (4) on Z and G 2 (F ). For the almost periodic System (3), we have the following theorem. Theorem 3. Under the above Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if the zero solution u(n)  0 of Equation (3) is (K, )-WUAS, then it is (K, )-UAS. Proof. Since the zero solution is (K, )-US, there exists a ( ) > 0, such that (x ; 0)  ( ) 0 n 0 implies (x ; 0) <  for all n  n  0, where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; x ) and  is the n 0 0 0 n 0 0 Axioms 2015, 4 353 number given in (iii) of Definition 3. Let  > 0 be given. We shall now show that there exists a number T () > 0, such that x (s) 2 K , s  0, (x ; 0)  ( ), and for any n  0, there exists an n , n n 0 0 1 0 0 n  n  n + T (), such that (x ; 0) < (), where () is the one for the (K, )-US of u(n)  0. 0 1 0 n Then, clearly it will follow that (x ; 0) <  for n  n + T (), which shows that the zero solution is n 0 (K, )-UAS. Suppose that there is no T (). Then, for each integer k  1, there exist a function x (s) 2 K , s  0 k k k and an n  0, such that (x ; 0)  ( ) and (x ; 0)  () for all n  n  n + k, where x (n) is k 0 k k n n k k k k a solution of (3) through (n ; x ). Letting y (n) = x (n + n ), y (n) is a solution of: k k x(n + 1) = f (n + n ; x(n)) + F (n + n ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) k k s=1 k k k k through (0; x ), x (s) 2 K , s  0 and (y ; 0)  () on 0  n  k. Since (x ; 0)  ( ), n n n n k k k k m (y ; 0)   , f (n; x) is almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 R and F (n; s; x; y) is almost periodic m m in n uniformly for (s; x; y) 2 K for any compact set K  Z  R  R , there exist an initial function x , functions g(n; x), G(n; s; x; y), z(n) and a subsequencefk g offkg, such that: n j x (s) ! x (s) n 0 uniformly on any compact interval in Z , f (n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z K for any compact set: K = fx 2 R jjxj   g F (n + n ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) uniformly on any compact set on: Z  K  K and: y (n) ! z(n) uniformly on any compact interval in Z as j ! 1. By Lemma 1, z(n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) s=1 which is defined on n 2 Z , x (s) 2 K for s  0 and passes through (0; x ). For fixed n  0, there is a 0 0 j sufficiently large, so that: k k j j (y ; 0) (y ; z )  (z ; 0) n n n n Axioms 2015, 4 354 k k () j j Since (y ; 0)  () and (y ; z ) < for large j, we have: n n () (z ; 0) > for all n  0 (13) Moreover, clearly: (z ; 0)   for all n  0 (14) n 0 Since (g; G) is in (f; F ), (f; F ) is in (g; G) and, hence, there exists a sequence f g, such that ! 1 as k ! 1 and g(n + ; x) ! f (n; x) uniformly for n 2 Z and x 2 K and G(n + ; s; x; y) ! k k k k k F (n; s; x; y) uniformly for n 2 Z and (s; x; y) 2 K as k ! 1. If we set v (n) = z(n +  ), v (n) is a solution through (0; z ) of: x(n + 1) = g(n +  ; x(n)) + G(n +  ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) k k s=1 Since (z ; 0)   for all n  0, fv (n)g is uniformly bounded. Hence, there exists a subsequence n 0 f g off g, such that: k k g(n +  ; x) ! f (n; x) uniformly for n 2 Z and x 2 K , G(n +  ; s; x; y) ! F (n; s; x; y) : uniformly for n 2 Z, s 2 Z , x 2 Kandy 2 K and: v (n) ! w(n) on any compact interval in Z as j ! 1. Here, we can see that w(n) is a solution of (3), by Lemma 1. For fixed n  0, there exists a j so large that: () () () k k j j (w ; 0)  (v ; 0) (v ; w )  = (15) n n n n 2 4 4 j () because  > 0 for j sufficiently large and (v ; 0) = (z ; 0)  by (13). Moreover, by (14), k n n+ j k we have (w ; 0)   . However, this implies that (w ; 0) ! 0 as n ! 1; this contradicts (15). This 0 0 n proves the theorem. The following corollary can be proven by the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 1. Corollary 1. Under Assumptions (H3) and (H4), if the bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-GWUAS, then it is (K, )-GEAS. Theorem 4. Assume Conditions (H1), (H3) and (H4). If the solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-GWUAS, then the solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-GUAS. Axioms 2015, 4 355 Proof. Since we have a bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) by (H4), let B > 0 be such that ju(n)j  B for all n  0 andju (s)j  B for all s  0. Then, we can take (u ; 0)  B=(1 +B) =: B 0 n for all n  0 and (u ; 0)  B for all s  0 from the definition of . Since ju(n)j  B and u(n) is (K, )-GEAS by Corollary 1, we can show that the solution of (3) is (K, )-equi-bounded. Therefore, for any > 0 and n  0, we can find a ( ) > 0, such that if n  0 and (x ; u )  , then 0 0 n n 0 0 (x ; u ) < ( ) for all n  n . n n 0 By the assumption of (K, )-GWUAS, u(n) is (K, )-US, and hence, it is sufficient to show that for any  > 0 and > 0, there exists a T (; ) > 0, such that if (x ; u )  , then: n n 0 0 (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (; ) n n 0 To do this, given > 0, if 0  n < ! and (x ; u )  2B + , then: 0 n n 0 0 (x ; u ) < (2B + ) ! ! By (K, )-GEAS, there exists a T (!; ; ) > 0, such that if (x ; u ) < (2B + ), then 1 ! ! (x ; u ) < for all n  ! + T (!; ; ). n n 1 2 2 Now, consider a solution x(n) of (3), such that (x ; u )  and k!  n < (k + 1)!, where n n 0 0 0 k = 0; 1; 2; . Since System (3) is periodic in n of period ! by (H1), we have: x(n) = x(n k!); n  n (16) and x (s) = x (s) 2 K for all s  0. Moreover, u(n + k!) also is a solution of (3), such that n n k! 0 0 k k u (s) = u (s) 2 K for all s  0, which we shall denote by v(n) = u(n + k!) := u (n) through k! (0; u ). Then, we have: (v ; u )  2B (< (2B + )) ! ! and hence, we have: (v ; u ) < for all n  ! + T (!; ; ) (17) n n 1 2 2 Since (x ; u )  and u(n ) = v(n k!) through (0; u ), it follows from (16) that: n n 0 0 0 0 n (x ; v ) n k! n k! 0 0 which implies that (x ; u )  2B + , because (v ; u )  2B . Therefore, we n k! n k! n k! n k! 0 0 0 0 have: (x ; u ) < (18) nk! nk! for all n  (k + 1)! + T (!; ; ) since 0  n k! < !. From (17), it follows that: 1 0 (v ; u ) < (19) nk! nk! for all n  (k + 1)! + T (!; ; ). Thus, by (18) and (19): (x ; v ) < nk! nk! Axioms 2015, 4 356 for all n  (k + 1)! + T (!; ; ), which implies that: (x ; u ) < n n for all n  n + T (; ), where T (; ) = ! + T (!; ; ), because n  k!. Thus, we see that the 0 1 0 solution u(n) is (K, )-UAS. For the ordinary differential equation, it is well known that an example in ([8], pp. 81) is of a scalar almost periodic equation, such that the zero solution is GWUAS, but is not GUAS. We say that Equation (3) is regular, if the solutions of every limiting Equation (4) of (3) are unique for the initial value problem. Theorem 5. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if Equation (3) is regular and the unique solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RWUAS in (f; F ), then the solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RTS. Proof. Suppose that u(n) is not (K, )-RTS. Then, there exists a small  > 0, 0 < 1=k <  <  , where  is the number for (K, )-A in (f; F ) of (ix) in Definition 3, and sequences fs g  Z , 0 k k k m m fr g; r > 0, fh g and f g, such that  : (1; s ] ! R and h : [s ; +1) ! R are bounded k k k k k k functions satisfyingjh (n)j < 1=k for n  s and: k k k k (u ; x ) < ; (u ; x ) < ; n 2 [s ; s + r 1) s n k k k k s n and (u ; x ) = ; (20) s +r k k s +r k k for sufficient large k, where x (n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) + h (n); n  s k k s=1 k k passing through (s ;  ), such that x 2 K for all n  s and k  1, where k k K is the compact set, such that K = N ( ; K ) for some  > 0; here, N ( ; K ) 0 0 0 denotes the closure of the  -neighborhood N ( ; K ) of K , and we let this K 0 0 denote K again. Since K is a compact set of R , it follows that for k  1; k k fx (s + r + n)g and fx (s + n)g are uniformly bounded for all s and n  1. We first consider k k k k the case where fr g ; r ! 1 as k ! 1. Taking a subsequence if necessary, we may assume from k k1 k (H2) and the properties of almost periodic functions in () that there exists a (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), such that f (n + s + r ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z  K , F (n + s + r ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) k k k k +  k + uniformly on Z K , x (n +s +r ) ! z(n) uniformly on Z and u(n +s +r ) ! v(n) uniformly k k k k + + m on Z , as k ! 1, where z; v : Z ! R are some bounded functions. Since: k k x (n + s + r + 1) = f (n + s + r ; x (n + s + r )) k k k k k k k k + F (n + s + r ; s; x (n + s + r + s); x (n + s + r )) k k k k k k s=1 + h (n + s + r ) k k k Axioms 2015, 4 357 such that x (s) 2 K for all s  0, passing to the limit as k ! 1, by Lemma 1, we conclude that z(n), for n  0, is the solution of the following equation of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)); n 2 Z (21) s=1 Similarly, v(n) for n  0 is also a solution of (21). By (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), x ! z and s +r k k u ! v in BS as k ! 1. It follows from (20) that we have: s +r 0 k k (v ; z ) = lim (u ; x ) =  <  (22) 0 0 s +r 0 k k s +r k k k!1 Notice that v(n), for n  0, is a solution of (21) passing through (0; v ), and v(n) is RWUAS of limiting Equation (21) by (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ) and the similar result of Lemma 3 in [4]. Then, we obtain (v ; z ) ! 0 as n ! 1. This is a contradiction to (22). Thus, the sequence fr g must be n n k bounded. We can assume that, taking a subsequence if necessary, 0 < r ! r < 1 as k ! 1. k 0 Moreover, we may assume that x (s + n) ! z ~(n) and u(s + n) ! v ~(n) for each n 2 Z, and k k k + k k f (n + s ;  ) ! g ~(n; ) uniformly on Z  K , F (n + s ; s;  ;  ) ! G(n; s; ; ) uniformly on k k +  k Z  K , for (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ). Since u ! v ~ and x ! z ~ = (s) in BS as k ! 1, we have: s 0 0 k s (v ~ ; z ~ ) = lim (u ; x ) = 0 0 0 s k s k!1 by (20), and hence, we have v ~  z ~ , that is v ~(s) = z ~(s) for all s 2 (1; 0]. Moreover, v ~(n) and z ~(n) 0 0 satisfy the same equation of: x(n + 1) = g ~(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) s=1 The uniqueness of the solutions for the initial value problems implies that v ~(n)  z ~(n) for n 2 Z , and hence, we have (v ~ ; z ~ ) = 0. On the other hand, and again from (20), we have: r r 0 0 (v ~ ; z ~ ) = lim (u ; x ) = r r s +r 0 0 s +r k k k k k!1 This is a contradiction. This shows that u(n) is (K, )-RTS. We have the following existence theorem of an almost periodic solution for Equation (3). Theorem 6. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if Equation (3) is regular and the unique solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RWUAS in (f; F ), then Equation (3) has an almost periodic solution. Proof. From Theorem 5, the unique solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RTS. Thus, by Theorem 1 and 2 in [14], we have an almost periodic solution. 4. Applications in a Prey-Predator Model We consider the existence of an almost periodic solution of a system with a strictly positive component of Volterra difference equation: > x (n + 1) = x (n) expfb (n) a (n)x (n) c (n) K (n s)x (s)g 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 s=1 (E) x (n + 1) = x (n) expfb (n) a (n)x (n) + c (n) K (n s)x (s)g 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 s=1 Axioms 2015, 4 358 which describes a model for the dynamics of a prey-predator discrete system in mathematical ecology. We can regard Equation (3) as the following functional difference equation with axiomatic phase space B and (K, ) topology (cf. [14]): x(n + 1) = h(n; x ); n 2 Z (23) + m where h : Z B ! R . Then, we also hold Theorems 1, 3, 5 and 6 for (23), and we can treat System (E) as an application of Equation (3). In (E), setting a (n) and b (n) are R-valued i i bounded almost periodic function in Z, a = inf a (n); A = sup a (n); b = inf b (n); i n2Z i i i i n2Z i n2Z + + B = sup b (n); c = inf c (n) and C = sup c (n) (i = 1; 2), and K : Z ! R (i = 1; 2) i i i n2Z i i i i n2Z n2Z denote delay kernels, such that: 1 1 X X K (s)  0; K (s) = 1 and sK (s) < 1(i = 1; 2) i i i s=0 s=0 We set: = expfB 1g=a ; = expfb + C 1g=a ; 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 = minfexpfb A C g(b C )=A ; fb C g=A g 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 and : = minfexpfB A + c g(B + c )=A ; fB + c g=A g 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 (cf. [4], and 4 Applications in population dynamic systems in [11]). We now make the following assumptions: (i) a > 0, b > 0 (i = 1; 2) and c > 0, c  0, i i 1 2 (ii) b > C and B < c ; 1 2 2 2 1 1 (iii) there exists a positive constant m, such that: a > C + m (i = 1; 2) i i Then, we have 0 < < for each i = 1; 2. If u(n) = (u (n); u (n)) is a solution of (E) through i i 1 2 (0; ), such that  (s)  (i = 1; 2) for all s  0, then we have  u (n)  (i = 1; 2) for all i i i i i n  0. Let K be the closed bounded set in R , such that: K = f(x ; x ) 2 R ;  x  for each i = 1; 2g 1 2 i i i Then, K is invariant for System (E), that is we can see that for any n 2 Z and any ', such that '(s) 2 K , s  0, every solution of (E) through (n ; ') remains in K for all n  n . Hence, K is 0 0 invariant for its limiting equations. Now, we shall see that the existence of a strictly positive almost periodic solution of (E) can be obtained under Conditions (i), (ii) and (iii). For System (E), we first introduce the change of variables: u (n) = expfv (n)g; x (n) = expfy (n)g; i = 1; 2 i i i i Axioms 2015, 4 359 Then, System (E) can be written as: > y (n + 1) y (n) = b (n) a (n) expfy (n)g c (n) K (n s) expfy (s)g 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 s=1 (E ) y (n + 1) y (n) = b (n) a (n) expfy (n)g + c (n) K (n s) expfy (s)g 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 s=1 We now consider the Lyapunov functional: 2 1 n1 X X X V (v(n); y(n)) = fjv (n) y (n)j + K (s) c (s + l)j expfv (l)g expfy (l)gjg i i i i i i i=1 s=0 l=ns where y(n) and v(n) are solutions of (E ), which remains in K . Calculating the differences, we have: V (v(n); y(n))  mD jv (n) y (n)j i i i=1 where set D = maxfexpf g; expf gg, and let x (n) be solutions of (E), such that x (n)  for 1 2 i i i n  n (i = 1; 2). Thus, jv (n) y (n)j ! 0 as n ! 1, and hence, (v ; y ) ! 0 as n ! 1. 0 i i n n i=1 Thus, we have that v(n) is (K, )-A in of (E ). Moreover, by using this Lyapunov functional, we can show that v(n) is (K, )-RUS in of (E ), that is (K, )-RWUAS in of (E ). Thus, from Theorem 5, 0 0 v(n) is (K, )-RTS, because K is invariant. By the equivalence between (E) and (E ), the solution u(n) of (E) is (K, )-RWUAS in , and hence, it is (K, )-RTS. Therefore, it follows from Theorem 6 that System (E) has an almost periodic solution p(n), such that  p (n)  ; (i = 1; 2), for all n 2 Z. i i i 5. Stability Property and Separation Condition In order to discuss the conditions for the existence of an almost periodic solution in a Volterra integrodifferential equation with infinite delay, we discussed the relationship between the total stability with respect to a certain metric  and the separation condition with respect to  (cf. [5]). In this final section, we discuss a new approach of a relationship between the -separation condition and (K, )-uniformly-asymptotic stability property in a metric  sense for a nonlinear Volterra difference equation with infinite delay. m 0 Let K be a compact set in R , such that u(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, where u(n) =  (n) for n < 0. If x(n) is a solution, such that x(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, we say that x is in K . Definition 4. We say that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K , if for each (g; G) 2 (f; F ), there exists a (g; G) > 0, such that if x and y are distinct solution of (4) in K , then we have: (x ; y )  (g; G) for all; n 2 Z n n If Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K , then we can choose a positive constant independent of (g; G) for which (x ; y )   for all n 2 Z, where x and y are a distinct solution of n n 0 (4) in K . We call  the -separation constant in K (e.g., [8], pp. 189–190). Definition 5. A solution x(n) of (3) in K is said to be (K, )-relatively totally stable (in short, (K, )-RTS), if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that (x ; y ) <  for all n  n whenever n n 0 Axioms 2015, 4 360 (x ; y ) < () at some n 2 Z and h 2 BS([n ;1)), which satisfies jhj < (), for n  n . n n 0 0 [n ;1) 0 0 0 0 Here, y(n) is a solution through (n ; y ) of: 0 n x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) + h(n) s=1 such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for n  n . In the case where h(n)  0, this gives the n 0 definition of the (K, )-relatively uniform stability of x(n) (in short, (K, )-RUS). The following Proposition 1 can be proven by the same argument as in the proof for integrodifferential equations by Hamaya and Yoshizawa [5]. Proposition 1. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K , then for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution x of (4) in K is (K, )-RTS. Moreover, we can choose the number () in Definition 5, so that () depends only on  and is independent of (g; G) and solutions. Theorem 7. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), suppose that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K . If w(n) is a solution of (3), such that w(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, then w(n) is almost periodic. Proof. By Proposition 1, solution w(n) of (3) is (K, )-RTS, because (f; F ) 2 (f; F ). Then, w(n) is asymptotically almost periodic on [0;1) by Theorem 1 in [14]. Thus, it has the decomposition w(n) = p(n) + q(n), where p(n) is almost periodic in n, q(n) is bounded function and q(n) ! 0 as n ! 1. Since w(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, p(n) is a solution of (3) in K . If w(n ) 6= p(n ) at some n , we 1 1 1 have two distinct solutions of (3) in K . Thus, we have (w ; p )   > 0 for all n 2 Z, where  is the n n 0 0 -separation constant. However, w(n) p(n) ! 0 as n ! 1, and hence, (w ; p ) ! 0 as n ! 1. n n This contradiction shows w(n)  p(n) for all n 2 Z. Definition 6. A solution x(n) of (3) in K is said to be (K, )-relatively uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-RUAS), if it is (K, )-RUS and if there exists a  > 0 and for any  > 0 there exists a T () > 0, such that if (x ; y ) <  at some n 2 Z, then (x ; y ) <  for all n  n + T (), where n n 0 0 n n 0 0 0 y(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; y ), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for all 0 n n 0 0 n  n . We show that the -separation condition will be characterized in terms of (K, ) uniformly-asymptotic stability of solutions in K of limiting equations. For ordinary differential equations, this kind of problem has been discussed by Nakajima [15]. Theorem 8. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K if and only if for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution x of (4) in K is (K, )-RUAS with common triple ( ; (); T ()). Proof. We suppose that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K . Then, it follows from Proposition 1 that for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ) and any Axioms 2015, 4 361 solution x(n) of (4) in K , if (x ; y ) < () at some n 2 Z, then (x ; y ) <  for all n  n , where n n 0 n n 0 0 0 y(n) is a solution of (4), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for n  n . Now, let  be n 0 0 a positive constant, such that  < ( =2), where  is the -separation constant. For this  , we shall 0 0 0 0 show that for any  > 0, there exists a T () > 0, such that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ) and any solution x(n) of (4) in K , (x ; y ) <  for all n  n +T (), whenever (x ; y ) <  at some n 2 Z, where n n 0 n n 0 0 0 0 y(n) is a solution of (4), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for all n  n . n 0 k k Suppose not. Then, there exist an ; 0 <  <  =2 and sequences f(g ; G )g;fx g;fy g;fs g and 0 k k k fn g, such that (g ; G ) 2 (f; F ); x (n) is a solution in K of: k k k x(n + 1) = g (n; x(n)) + G (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (24) k k s=1 and that n  s + k, k k k k (x ; y ) <  < ( =2) (25) 0 0 s s k k and: k k (x ; y ) n n k k k k k where y (n) is a solution of (24), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y (n) 2 K for all n  s . k k Since (25) implies (x ; y ) <  =2 for all n  s , we have: 0 k n n k k (x ; y )   =2 (26) n n k k k k k k k If we set w (n) = x (n + n ) and z (n) = y (n + n ), then w (n) is a solution in K of: k k x(n + 1) = g (n + n ; x(n)) + G (n + n ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (27) k k k k s=1 k k and z (n) is defined for n  k and is a solution of (27), such that z (s) 2 K for all s  0 and z (n) 2 K for all n  k. Since (g (n + n ; x); G (n + n ; s; x; y)) 2 (f; F ), taking a k k k k subsequence if necessary, we can assume that w (n) ! w(n) uniformly on any compact interval in Z, z (n) ! z(n) uniformly on any compact interval in Z, g (n + n ; x) ! h(n; x) uniformly on k k Z K and G(n + n ; s; x; y) ! H (n; s; x; y) uniformly on Z S  K  K for any compact set S in (1; 0] as k ! 1, where (h; H ) 2 (f; F ). Then, by the similar argument as in the proof of Lemma 1 (cf. Lemma 5 in [5]), w(n) and z(n) are solutions in K of: x(n + 1) = h(n; x(n)) + H (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (28) s=1 On the other hand, we have: k k k k (w ; z ) = lim (w ; z ) = lim (x ; y ) 0 0 0 0 n n k k k!1 k!1 Thus, it follows from (26) that: (w ; z )   =2 (29) 0 0 0 Axioms 2015, 4 362 Since w(n) and z(n) are distinct solutions of (28) in K , (29) contradicts the -separation condition. This shows that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution x of (4) in K is (K, )-RUAS with a common triple ( ; (); T ()). Now, we assume that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution of (4) in K is (K, )-RUAS with a common triple ( ; (); T ()). First of all, we shall see that any two distinct solutions x(n) and y(n) in K of a limiting equation of (3) satisfy: lim inf (x ; y )   (30) n n 0 n!1 Suppose not. Then, for some (g; G) 2 (f; F ), there exist two distinct solutions x(n) and y(n) of (4) in K that satisfy: lim inf (x ; y ) <  (31) n n 0 n!1 Since x(n) 6 y(n), we have jx(n ) y(n )j =  > 0 at some n 2 Z. Thus, we have (x ; y ) 0 0 0 n n 0 0 =2(1 + ). By (31), there exists an n 2 Z, such that (x ; y ) <  and n < n T (=4(1 + )), 1 n n 0 1 0 1 1 where T () is the number for (K, )-RUAS. Since x(n) is (K, )-RUAS, we have (x ; y ) < =4(1+), n n 0 0 which contradicts (x ; y )  =2(1 + ). Thus, we have (30). n n 0 0 For any solution x(n) in K , there exists a positive constant c, such that jx(n)j  c for all n 2 Z. Denote by O (x ) the set of the closure of positive orbit of x, that is, O (x ) := fx jn 2 Z g such that j(s)j  c for s 2 (1; 0]. Then, O (x ) is compact in (BS; ). Thus, there is a finite number of coverings, which consist of m balls with a diameter of  =4. We shall see that the number of 0 0 (j) distinct solutions of (4) in K is at most m . Suppose that there are m + 1 distinct solutions x (n) (j = 0 0 1; 2; ; m + 1). By (30), there exists an n 2 Z, such that: 0 2 (i) (j) (x ; x )   =2 for i 6= j (32) n n 2 2 (j) (i) (j) Since x ; j = 1; 2; ; m + 1 are in O (x ), some two of these, say x ; x ; (i 6= j), are in one n n n 2 0 2 2 (i) (j) ball, and hence, (x ; x ) <  =4, which contradicts (32). Therefore the number of solutions of (4) in n n 0 2 2 K is m  m . Thus, we have the set of solutions of (4) in K : (1) (2) (m) fx (n); x (n); ; x (n)g and (i) (j) lim inf (x ; x )   for i 6= j: (33) n n n!1 Consider a sequence fn g, such that n ! 1, g(n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z  K k k k and G(n + n ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) uniformly on Z  S  K  K for any compact set S in (j) (1; 0] as k ! 1. Since the sequences fx (n + n )g; 1  j  m, are uniformly bounded, there (j) exists a subsequence of fn g, which will be denoted by fn g again, and functions y (n), such that k k (j) (j) (j) x (n + n ) ! y (n), uniformly on any compact interval in Z as k ! 1. Clearly, y (n) is the solution of (4) in K . Since we have: (i) (j) (i) (j) (y ; y ) = lim (x ; x ) for n 2 Z n n n+n n+n k k k!1 Axioms 2015, 4 363 it follows from (33) that: (i) (j) (y ; y )   for all n 2 Z and i 6= j (34) n n (1) (2) (m) Since we have (34), distinct solutions of (4) in K are y (n); y (n); ; y (n). This shows that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K with the -separation constant  . Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude to the referees and the editors for their many helpful comments. Author Contributions Yoshihiro Hamaya contributes theorems, others and their proofs to our article, Tomomi Itokazu was a M. Sc. student of first author and also “4. Applications in a Prey-Predator Model” in our paper is the summary of her M. Sc. article and Kaori Saito is a PhD. student of first author and she contributes the proofreading of English and others for our paper. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Elaydi, S. An Introduction to Difference Equations Third Edition; Springer: Berilin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005. 2. Fink, A.M. Almost Periodic Differential Equations; Lecture Notes in Mathematics 377; Springer-Verlag: Berilin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1974. 3. Hamaya, Y. Periodic solutions of nonlinear integrodifferential equations. Tohoku Math. J. 1989, 41, 105–116. 4. Hamaya, Y. Total stability property in limiting equations of integrodifferential equation. Funkc. Ekvacioj 1990, 33, 345–362. 5. Hamaya, Y.; Yoshizawa, T. Almost periodic solutions in an integrodifferential equation. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 1990, 114A, 151–159. 6. Hino,Y.; Murakami, S.; Naito, T. Functional Differential Equations with Infinite Delay; Lecture Notes in Mathematics; Springer-Verlag: Berilin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1991; Volume 1473. 7. Kato, J.; Martynyuk, A.A.; Shestakov, A.A. Stability of Motion of Nonautonomous Systems (Method of Limiting Equations); Gordon and Breach Publishers: Abingdon, UK, 1996. 8. Yoshizawa, T. Stability Theory and the Existence of Periodic Solutions and Almost Periodic Solutions; Applied Mathematical Sciences 14; Springer-Verlag: Berilin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1975. 9. Song, Y.; Tian, H. Periodic and almost periodic solutions of nonlinear Volterra difference equations with unbounded delay. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 2007, 205, 859–870. 10. Sell, G.R. Periodic solutions and asymptotic stability. J. Differ. Equ. 1966, 2, 143–157. Axioms 2015, 4 364 11. Xia, Y.; Cheng, S.S. Quasi-uniformly asymptotic stability and existence of almost periodic solutions of difference equations with applications in population dynamic systems. J. Differ. Equ. Appl. 2008, 14, 59–81. 12. Xu, D. Invariant and attracting sets of Volterra difference equations with delays. Comput. Math. Appl. 2003, 45, 1311–1317. 13. Corduneanu, C. Almost periodic discrete processes. Libertas Math. 1982, 2, 159–169. 14. Hamaya, Y. Existence of an almost periodic solution in a difference equation with infinite delay. J. Differ. Equ. Appl. 2003, 9, 227–237. 15. Nakajima, F. Separation conditions and stability properties in almost periodic systems. Tohoku Math. J. 1974, 26, 305–314. c 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Axioms Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Almost Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Volterra Difference Equations with Unbounded Delay

Hamaya, Yoshihiro; Itokazu, Tomomi; Saito, Kaori
Axioms , Volume 4 (3) – Aug 24, 2015
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Axioms 2015, 4, 345-364; doi:10.3390/axioms4030345 OPEN ACCESS axioms ISSN 2075-1680 www.mdpi.com/journal/axioms Article Almost Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Volterra Difference Equations with Unbounded Delay 1; 1 2 Yoshihiro Hamaya *, Tomomi Itokazu and Kaori Saito Department of Information Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; E-Mail: happydolphin leap sky@docomo.ne.jp Department of Industrial Information, Iwate Prefectural University, Miyako College, 1-5-1 Kanan, Miyako, Iwate 027-0039, Japan; E-Mail: saito k@iwatepu.ac.jp * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hamaya@mis.ous.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-86-256-9647. Academic Editor: Constantin Corduneanu Received: 27 June 2015 / Accepted: 18 August 2015 / Published: 24 August 2015 Abstract: In order to obtain the conditions for the existence of periodic and almost periodic solutions of Volterra difference equations, x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; s=1 x(n + s); x(n)), we consider certain stability properties, which are referred to as (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and (K, )-uniformly asymptotic stability. Moreover, we discuss the relationship between the -separation condition and the uniformly-asymptotic stability property in the  sense. Keywords: almost periodic solutions; Volterra difference equations; (K, )-relatively weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable; -separation conditions AMS (MOS) 2000 Subject classifications: 39A10, 39A11 1. Introduction For ordinary and functional differential equations, the existence of almost periodic solutions of almost periodic systems has been studied by many authors. One of the most popular methods is to assume certain stability properties [1–8]. Song and Tian [9] showed the existence of periodic and almost periodic solutions for nonlinear Volterra difference equations by means of the (K, )-stability condition. Axioms 2015, 4 346 Their results were extended to discrete Volterra equations by Hamaya [3]. For the existence theorem of almost periodic solutions in ordinary differential equations, Sell [10] introduced a new stability concept referred to as the weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability. This stability property is weaker than the uniformly-asymptotic stability (cf. [8]). The existence of almost periodic solutions of ordinary difference equation by using globally quasi-uniformly asymptotic stability has been recently studied [11]. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and uniformly-asymptotic stability of periodic and almost periodic Volterra difference equations. We also show that for periodic Volterra difference equations, (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and (K, )-uniformly-asymptotic stability are equivalent. Moreover, we obtain the conditions for the existence of almost periodic solutions of Volterra difference equations by using this (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotically-stable in the hull. The relationship between our weakly uniformly-asymptotic stability and globally quasi-uniformly-asymptotic stability described in [11] is very complicated; however, the definition of our stability is clearer and simpler than that in [11]. In the next section, as an application, we show the existence of almost periodic solutions for a Ricker-type Volterra difference equation with infinite delay by using the technique of an invariant set and luxury Lyapunov functionals. For the finite delay case, Xu [12] showed sufficient conditions for determining the invariant and attracting sets and the globally uniformly-asymptotic stability of Volterra difference equations, as well as providing useful examples to illustrate the results obtained above. Finally, we consider the relationship between the -separation condition and (K, )-uniformly-asymptotic stability property. It can be seen that the results of our theorem hold for the integrodifferential equations described in [3–5]. m + Let R denote Euclidean m-space; Z is the set of integers; Z is the set of nonnegative integers; and j  j will denote the Euclidean norm in R : For any interval I  Z, we denote by BS(I ) the set of all bounded functions mapping I into R and setjj = supfj(s)j : s 2 Ig: Now, for any function x : (1; a) ! R and n < a, define a function x : Z = fsjs 2 Z, 1 < s  0g ! R by x (s) = x(n + s) for s 2 Z : Let BS be a real linear space of functions mapping Z into R with sup-norm: BS = fj  : Z ! R with jj = sup j(s)j < 1g s2Z m m We introduce an almost periodic function f (n; x) : Z D ! R ; where D is an open set in R : Definition 1. f (n; x) is said to be almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 D, if for any  > 0 and any compact set K in D, there exists a positive integer L (; K ), such that any interval of length L (; K ) contains an integer  for which: jf (n + ; x) f (n; x)j for all n 2 Z and all x 2 K . Such a number  in the above inequality is called an -translation number of f (n; x): In order to formulate a property of almost periodic functions (this is equivalent to Definition 1), we discuss the concept of the normality of almost periodic functions. Namely, let f (n; x) be almost periodic Axioms 2015, 4 347 0 0 in n uniformly for x 2 D. Then, for any sequence fh g  Z, there exist a subsequence fh g of fh g k k and a function g(n; x), such that: f (n + h ; x) ! g(n; x) (1) uniformly on ZK as k ! 1, where K is a compact set in D. There are many properties of the discrete almost periodic functions [13], which are corresponding properties of the continuous almost periodic functions f (t; x) 2 C (R  D; R ) [2,8]. We shall denote by T (f ) the function space consisting of all translates of f , that is f 2 T (f ), where: f (n; x) = f (n + ; x);  2 Z (2) Let H (f ) denote the uniform closure of T (f ) in the sense of (2). H (f ) is called the hull of f: In particular, we denote by (f ) the set of all limit functions g 2 H (f ), such that for some sequencefn g, n ! 1 as k ! 1 and f (n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z S for any compact subset S in R . k k By (1), if f : Z D ! R is almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 D, so is a function in (f ). The following concept of asymptotic almost periodicity was introduced by Frechet in the case of continuous functions (cf. [2,8]). Definition 2. u(n) is said to be asymptotically almost periodic if it is a sum of an almost periodic function p(n) and a function q(n) defined on I = [a;1)  Z = fl 2 Zj 0  l < +1g, which tends to zero as n ! 1, that is, u(n) = p(n) + q(n) u(n) is asymptotically almost periodic if and only if for any sequence fn g, such that n ! 1 as k k k ! 1, there exists a subsequencefn g for which u(n + n ) converges uniformly on a  n < 1. k k j j 2. Preliminaries We consider a system of Volterra difference equations: x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (3) s=1 m m m m m where f : Z R ! R is continuous in the second variable x 2 R and F : Z Z R  R is m m continuous for x 2 R and y 2 R . We impose the following assumptions on Equation (3): (H1) f (n; x) and F (n; s; x; y) are !-periodic functions, such that there is an ! > 0, such that f (n + !; x) = f (n; x) for all n 2 Z, x 2 R and F (n + !; s; x; y) = F (n; s; x; y) for all n 2 Z, s 2 Z , m m x 2 R and y 2 R . (H2) f (n; x) is almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 R , and F (n; s; x; y) is almost periodic in n uniformly for (s; x; y) 2 K , that is for any  > 0 and any compact set K , there exists an integer L = L (; K ) > 0, such that any interval of length L contains a  for which: Axioms 2015, 4 348 jF (n + ; s; x; y) F (n; s; x; y)j for all n 2 Z and all (s; x; y) 2 K . (H3) For any  > 0 and any r > 0, there exists an S = S(; r) > 0, such that: jF (n; s; x(n + s); x(n))j s=1 for all n 2 Z, wheneverjx()j  r for all   n. (H4) Equation (3) has a bounded unique solution u(n) defined on Z , which passes through (0; u ), that is sup ju(n)j < 1 and u 2 BS: n0 Now, we introduce -stability properties with respect to the compact set K . m 0 Let K be the compact set in R , such that u(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, where u(n) =  (n) for n  0. For any ; 2 BS, we set: (; ) =  (; )=[2 (1 +  (; ))] j j j=1 where: (; ) = sup j(s) (s)j js0 Clearly, ( ; ) ! 0 as n ! 1 if and only if  (s) ! (s) uniformly on any compact subset of Z n n as n ! 1: We denote by (BS; ) the space of bounded functions  : Z ! R with . In what follows, we need the following 10 definitions of stability. Definition 3. The bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is said to be: (i) (K, )-uniformly stable (in short, (K, )-US) if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < (), then (x ; u ) <  for all n  n , where x(n) is a solution of (3) through 0 n n n n 0 0 0 (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. In the case above where () depends on the initial 0 n time n  0, this only gives the definition of the (K, )-stable of u(n) (in short, (K, )-S). (ii) (K, )-equi-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-EAS) if it is (K, )-S and for any  > 0, there exists a  (n ) > 0 and a T (n ; ) > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) <  (n ), then (x ; u ) <  for 0 0 0 0 n n 0 0 n n 0 0 all n  n + T (n ; ), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for 0 0 0 n all s  0. (iii) (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-WUAS) if it is (K, )-US and there exists a  > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) <  , then (x ; u ) ! 0 as n ! 1, where x(n) 0 0 n n 0 n n 0 0 is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. 0 n (iv) (K, )-uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-UAS) if it is (K, )-US and is (K, )-quasi-uniformly-asymptotically stable, that is, if the  and the T in the above (iii) are independent of n : for any  > 0 there exists a  > 0 and a T () > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) <  , 0 0 0 n n 0 0 0 then (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that n n 0 0 x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. 0 Axioms 2015, 4 349 (v) (K, )-globally equi-asymptotically-stable (in short, (K, )-GEAS) if it is (K, )-S and for any > 0 and any > 0, there exists a T (n ; ; ) > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < , then 0 0 n n 0 0 (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (n ; ; ), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that n n 0 0 0 x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. (vi) (K, )-globally weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-GWUAS) if it is (K, )-US and (x ; u ) ! 0 as n ! 1, where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = n n 0 n (s) 2 K for all s  0. (vii) (K, )-globally uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-GUAS) if it is (K, )-US and is (K, )-globally quasi-uniformly-asymptotically stable, that is, if the T in the above (vi) are independent of n : for any  > 0 and > 0, there exists a T (; ) > 0, such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < , 0 0 n n 0 0 then (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (; ), where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; ), such that n n 0 0 x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. (viii) (K, )-totally stable (in short, (K, )-TS) if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0 and such that if n  0, (x ; u ) < () and h 2 BS([n ;1)), which satisfies jhj < (), then (x ; u ) < 0 n n 0 [n ;1) n n 0 0 0 for all n  n , where x(n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) + h(n) s=1 through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. In the case where h(n)  0, this gives the 0 n definition of the (K, )-US of u(n). (ix) (K, )-attracting in (f; F ) (cf. [12], in short, (K, )-A in (f; F )), if there exists a  > 0, such that if n  0 and any (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), (x ; v ) <  , then (x ; v ) ! 0 as n ! 1, where 0 n n 0 n n 0 0 x(n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (4) s=1 through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0. 0 n (x) (K, )-weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable in (f; F ) (in short, (K, )-WUAS in (f; F )), if it is (K, )-US in (f; F ), that is if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that if n  0 and any (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), (x ; v ) < (), then (x ; v ) <  for all n  n , where x(n) is a solution of n n n n 0 0 0 (4) through (n ; ), such that x (s) = (s) 2 K for all s  0 and (K, )-A in (f; F ). 0 n When we restrict the solutions x to the ones in K , i.e., x(n) 2 K for all n  n , then we can say that u(n) is (K, )-relatively weakly uniformly-asymptotically stable in (f; F ) (i.e., (K, )-RWUAS in (f; F ), and so on). For (iii) and (iv) in Definition 3, (K, )-WUAS is weaker than (K, )-UAS, as shown in Example 3.1 in [8]. 3. Stability of Bounded Solutions in Periodic and Almost Periodic Systems Theorem 1. Under the Assumptions (H3) and (H4), if the bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-WUAS, then it is (K, )-EAS. Axioms 2015, 4 350 Proof. Since solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-US, u(n) is (K, )-S. Suppose that there is no such T in (ii) of Definition 3. Then, there exist some  > 0; n  0 and sequences fx g;fn g, such that 0 k (u ; x )   ; n ! 1 as k ! 1 and: n 0 k 0 n (u ; x )   (5) k n k k + where x (n) is a solution of Equation (3) through (n ; x ). On any interval [n ; n + l], l 2 Z , 0 0 0 k k the sequence fx (n)g is uniformly bounded, since x (s) ! x (s) uniformly on any compact set in n 0 fs 2 Z j 1 < s  n g as k ! 1 if necessary taking a subsequence of fx g, and hence, we can find a solution x(n) through (n ; x ) of (3) defined for all n  n by Assumptions (H3) and (H4), 0 n 0 k k where (x ; u )   . Moreover, there exists a subsequence of fx (n)g, such that fx (n)g tends to n n 0 0 0 x(n) as j ! 1 through (n ; x ) uniformly on any compact interval. Since, for every solution fx(n)g, 0 n (u ; x ) ! 0 as n ! 1, we have at some n  n : n n 1 0 (u ; x ) < () (6) n n 1 1 k k where () is the one for (K, )-US in (i) of Definition 3. Denoting by fx (n)g through (n ; x ) the subsequence again, if k is sufficiently large, we have: (x ; x ) < () (7) n 1 From (7) and (6), it follows that (u ; x ) < (). Therefore, by the (K, )-US of u(n), we have: 1 n (x ; u ) < for all n  n , which contradicts (5). This proves the theorem. For the periodic system, we have the following theorem. Theorem 2. Under Assumptions (H1), (H3) and (H4), if the bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-WUAS, then it is (K, )-UAS. Proof. Since u(n) is (K, )-US, there exists a  > 0, such that n is a positive integer and (x ; u )   implies (u ; x ) < for all n  n , where  is the one in (iii) of Definition 3. n n n n 0 0 0 0 0 Suppose that for this  , solution u(n) is not (K, )-UAS. Then, for some  > 0, there exist sequences fk g;fx g andf g, such that k ! 1,  ! 1 as j ! 1, where k is a positive integer, and: j k j k j j j k 0 (u ; x ) < (8) k ! k ! and: (u ; x )   (9) k !+ j k k !+ j k where x (n) is a solution of (3) through (k ; x ). Clearly, by (H4), u(n) is a bounded solution of (3) j! k ! passing through (k !; u ), and hence, there is a subsequencefm g offk g and u , such that m ! 1 j k ! j j n j j 0 Axioms 2015, 4 351 monotonically as j ! 1 and u ! u as j ! 1. Then, there exists an integer p > 0, such that if m ! n j 0 j  p, we have (u ; u ) < . Thus, for any j  p, we have: m ! n j 0 (u ; u ) < (10) m ! m ! j p From (8) with k = m and (10), it follows that: j j (x ; u ) < m ! 0 m ! p By Theorem 1, there exists a T (m !; ) > 0, such that: (x ; u ) < n n for all n  m ! + T (m !; ) and where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (m !; u ) and: p p p m ! (x ~ ; u ) < n n for all n  m ! +T (m !; ) and where x ~(n) is a solution of (3) through (m !; x ). This implies that: p p p m ! (x ~ ; x ) < (11) n n for all n  m ! + T (m !; ). Since ! is the period and m ; m are integers, it follows from (11) that p p j p for any j  p: (x ; u ) < (x ~ ; x ) + (x ~ ; u ) < n n n n n n for all n  m ! + T (m !; ). This contradicts (9), because T (m !; ) depends only on . This j p p 4 4 completes the proof. The following lemma is needed for the proofs of Theorems 3, 5 and 8. Lemma 1. When (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), v(n) is a solution defined on Z of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) s=1 and v(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z. Proof. Since (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), there exists a sequencefn g, n ! 1 as k ! 1, such that: k k f (n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z K for any compact set K  R : F (n + n ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) uniformly on Z Z  K  K for any compact subset Z in Z and: u(n + n ) ! v(n) k Axioms 2015, 4 352 k k uniformly on any compact subset in Z as k ! 1. Set u (n) = u(n + n ). Then, u (n) is a solution defined for n  n of: x(n + 1) = f (n + n ; x(n)) + F (n + n ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (12) k k s=1 k k k through (0; u ), u (s) 2 K , s  0. There exists an r > 0, such that ju (n)j  r and jv(n)j  r n n k k for all n 2 Z, k  1. Then, by Assumption (H3), for this r and any  > 0, there exists an integer S = S(; r) > 0, such that: S S X X k k jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n))j   and jG(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=1 s=1 Then, we have: 0 0 X X k k j F (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=1 s=1 S S X X k k jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n))j + jG(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=1 s=1 k k + jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=S k k 2 + jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=S Since F (n; s; x; y) and G(n; s; x; y) are continuous for x; y and u (s) converges to v(s) on discrete intervalfs 2 Z j,S  s  0g as k ! 1, there exists an integer k () > 0, such that: k k jF (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n))j s=S when k  k (). Thus, we have: 0 0 X X k k F (n; s; u (n + s); u (n)) ! G(n; s; v(n + s); v(n)) s=1 s=1 as k ! 1, because u (n) ! v(n) uniformly on any compact set in Z. Therefore, by letting k ! 1 in (12), v(n) is a solution of (4) on Z and G 2 (F ). For the almost periodic System (3), we have the following theorem. Theorem 3. Under the above Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if the zero solution u(n)  0 of Equation (3) is (K, )-WUAS, then it is (K, )-UAS. Proof. Since the zero solution is (K, )-US, there exists a ( ) > 0, such that (x ; 0)  ( ) 0 n 0 implies (x ; 0) <  for all n  n  0, where x(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; x ) and  is the n 0 0 0 n 0 0 Axioms 2015, 4 353 number given in (iii) of Definition 3. Let  > 0 be given. We shall now show that there exists a number T () > 0, such that x (s) 2 K , s  0, (x ; 0)  ( ), and for any n  0, there exists an n , n n 0 0 1 0 0 n  n  n + T (), such that (x ; 0) < (), where () is the one for the (K, )-US of u(n)  0. 0 1 0 n Then, clearly it will follow that (x ; 0) <  for n  n + T (), which shows that the zero solution is n 0 (K, )-UAS. Suppose that there is no T (). Then, for each integer k  1, there exist a function x (s) 2 K , s  0 k k k and an n  0, such that (x ; 0)  ( ) and (x ; 0)  () for all n  n  n + k, where x (n) is k 0 k k n n k k k k a solution of (3) through (n ; x ). Letting y (n) = x (n + n ), y (n) is a solution of: k k x(n + 1) = f (n + n ; x(n)) + F (n + n ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) k k s=1 k k k k through (0; x ), x (s) 2 K , s  0 and (y ; 0)  () on 0  n  k. Since (x ; 0)  ( ), n n n n k k k k m (y ; 0)   , f (n; x) is almost periodic in n uniformly for x 2 R and F (n; s; x; y) is almost periodic m m in n uniformly for (s; x; y) 2 K for any compact set K  Z  R  R , there exist an initial function x , functions g(n; x), G(n; s; x; y), z(n) and a subsequencefk g offkg, such that: n j x (s) ! x (s) n 0 uniformly on any compact interval in Z , f (n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z K for any compact set: K = fx 2 R jjxj   g F (n + n ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) uniformly on any compact set on: Z  K  K and: y (n) ! z(n) uniformly on any compact interval in Z as j ! 1. By Lemma 1, z(n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) s=1 which is defined on n 2 Z , x (s) 2 K for s  0 and passes through (0; x ). For fixed n  0, there is a 0 0 j sufficiently large, so that: k k j j (y ; 0) (y ; z )  (z ; 0) n n n n Axioms 2015, 4 354 k k () j j Since (y ; 0)  () and (y ; z ) < for large j, we have: n n () (z ; 0) > for all n  0 (13) Moreover, clearly: (z ; 0)   for all n  0 (14) n 0 Since (g; G) is in (f; F ), (f; F ) is in (g; G) and, hence, there exists a sequence f g, such that ! 1 as k ! 1 and g(n + ; x) ! f (n; x) uniformly for n 2 Z and x 2 K and G(n + ; s; x; y) ! k k k k k F (n; s; x; y) uniformly for n 2 Z and (s; x; y) 2 K as k ! 1. If we set v (n) = z(n +  ), v (n) is a solution through (0; z ) of: x(n + 1) = g(n +  ; x(n)) + G(n +  ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) k k s=1 Since (z ; 0)   for all n  0, fv (n)g is uniformly bounded. Hence, there exists a subsequence n 0 f g off g, such that: k k g(n +  ; x) ! f (n; x) uniformly for n 2 Z and x 2 K , G(n +  ; s; x; y) ! F (n; s; x; y) : uniformly for n 2 Z, s 2 Z , x 2 Kandy 2 K and: v (n) ! w(n) on any compact interval in Z as j ! 1. Here, we can see that w(n) is a solution of (3), by Lemma 1. For fixed n  0, there exists a j so large that: () () () k k j j (w ; 0)  (v ; 0) (v ; w )  = (15) n n n n 2 4 4 j () because  > 0 for j sufficiently large and (v ; 0) = (z ; 0)  by (13). Moreover, by (14), k n n+ j k we have (w ; 0)   . However, this implies that (w ; 0) ! 0 as n ! 1; this contradicts (15). This 0 0 n proves the theorem. The following corollary can be proven by the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 1. Corollary 1. Under Assumptions (H3) and (H4), if the bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-GWUAS, then it is (K, )-GEAS. Theorem 4. Assume Conditions (H1), (H3) and (H4). If the solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-GWUAS, then the solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-GUAS. Axioms 2015, 4 355 Proof. Since we have a bounded solution u(n) of Equation (3) by (H4), let B > 0 be such that ju(n)j  B for all n  0 andju (s)j  B for all s  0. Then, we can take (u ; 0)  B=(1 +B) =: B 0 n for all n  0 and (u ; 0)  B for all s  0 from the definition of . Since ju(n)j  B and u(n) is (K, )-GEAS by Corollary 1, we can show that the solution of (3) is (K, )-equi-bounded. Therefore, for any > 0 and n  0, we can find a ( ) > 0, such that if n  0 and (x ; u )  , then 0 0 n n 0 0 (x ; u ) < ( ) for all n  n . n n 0 By the assumption of (K, )-GWUAS, u(n) is (K, )-US, and hence, it is sufficient to show that for any  > 0 and > 0, there exists a T (; ) > 0, such that if (x ; u )  , then: n n 0 0 (x ; u ) <  for all n  n + T (; ) n n 0 To do this, given > 0, if 0  n < ! and (x ; u )  2B + , then: 0 n n 0 0 (x ; u ) < (2B + ) ! ! By (K, )-GEAS, there exists a T (!; ; ) > 0, such that if (x ; u ) < (2B + ), then 1 ! ! (x ; u ) < for all n  ! + T (!; ; ). n n 1 2 2 Now, consider a solution x(n) of (3), such that (x ; u )  and k!  n < (k + 1)!, where n n 0 0 0 k = 0; 1; 2; . Since System (3) is periodic in n of period ! by (H1), we have: x(n) = x(n k!); n  n (16) and x (s) = x (s) 2 K for all s  0. Moreover, u(n + k!) also is a solution of (3), such that n n k! 0 0 k k u (s) = u (s) 2 K for all s  0, which we shall denote by v(n) = u(n + k!) := u (n) through k! (0; u ). Then, we have: (v ; u )  2B (< (2B + )) ! ! and hence, we have: (v ; u ) < for all n  ! + T (!; ; ) (17) n n 1 2 2 Since (x ; u )  and u(n ) = v(n k!) through (0; u ), it follows from (16) that: n n 0 0 0 0 n (x ; v ) n k! n k! 0 0 which implies that (x ; u )  2B + , because (v ; u )  2B . Therefore, we n k! n k! n k! n k! 0 0 0 0 have: (x ; u ) < (18) nk! nk! for all n  (k + 1)! + T (!; ; ) since 0  n k! < !. From (17), it follows that: 1 0 (v ; u ) < (19) nk! nk! for all n  (k + 1)! + T (!; ; ). Thus, by (18) and (19): (x ; v ) < nk! nk! Axioms 2015, 4 356 for all n  (k + 1)! + T (!; ; ), which implies that: (x ; u ) < n n for all n  n + T (; ), where T (; ) = ! + T (!; ; ), because n  k!. Thus, we see that the 0 1 0 solution u(n) is (K, )-UAS. For the ordinary differential equation, it is well known that an example in ([8], pp. 81) is of a scalar almost periodic equation, such that the zero solution is GWUAS, but is not GUAS. We say that Equation (3) is regular, if the solutions of every limiting Equation (4) of (3) are unique for the initial value problem. Theorem 5. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if Equation (3) is regular and the unique solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RWUAS in (f; F ), then the solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RTS. Proof. Suppose that u(n) is not (K, )-RTS. Then, there exists a small  > 0, 0 < 1=k <  <  , where  is the number for (K, )-A in (f; F ) of (ix) in Definition 3, and sequences fs g  Z , 0 k k k m m fr g; r > 0, fh g and f g, such that  : (1; s ] ! R and h : [s ; +1) ! R are bounded k k k k k k functions satisfyingjh (n)j < 1=k for n  s and: k k k k (u ; x ) < ; (u ; x ) < ; n 2 [s ; s + r 1) s n k k k k s n and (u ; x ) = ; (20) s +r k k s +r k k for sufficient large k, where x (n) is a solution of: x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) + h (n); n  s k k s=1 k k passing through (s ;  ), such that x 2 K for all n  s and k  1, where k k K is the compact set, such that K = N ( ; K ) for some  > 0; here, N ( ; K ) 0 0 0 denotes the closure of the  -neighborhood N ( ; K ) of K , and we let this K 0 0 denote K again. Since K is a compact set of R , it follows that for k  1; k k fx (s + r + n)g and fx (s + n)g are uniformly bounded for all s and n  1. We first consider k k k k the case where fr g ; r ! 1 as k ! 1. Taking a subsequence if necessary, we may assume from k k1 k (H2) and the properties of almost periodic functions in () that there exists a (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), such that f (n + s + r ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z  K , F (n + s + r ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) k k k k +  k + uniformly on Z K , x (n +s +r ) ! z(n) uniformly on Z and u(n +s +r ) ! v(n) uniformly k k k k + + m on Z , as k ! 1, where z; v : Z ! R are some bounded functions. Since: k k x (n + s + r + 1) = f (n + s + r ; x (n + s + r )) k k k k k k k k + F (n + s + r ; s; x (n + s + r + s); x (n + s + r )) k k k k k k s=1 + h (n + s + r ) k k k Axioms 2015, 4 357 such that x (s) 2 K for all s  0, passing to the limit as k ! 1, by Lemma 1, we conclude that z(n), for n  0, is the solution of the following equation of: x(n + 1) = g(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)); n 2 Z (21) s=1 Similarly, v(n) for n  0 is also a solution of (21). By (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ), x ! z and s +r k k u ! v in BS as k ! 1. It follows from (20) that we have: s +r 0 k k (v ; z ) = lim (u ; x ) =  <  (22) 0 0 s +r 0 k k s +r k k k!1 Notice that v(n), for n  0, is a solution of (21) passing through (0; v ), and v(n) is RWUAS of limiting Equation (21) by (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ) and the similar result of Lemma 3 in [4]. Then, we obtain (v ; z ) ! 0 as n ! 1. This is a contradiction to (22). Thus, the sequence fr g must be n n k bounded. We can assume that, taking a subsequence if necessary, 0 < r ! r < 1 as k ! 1. k 0 Moreover, we may assume that x (s + n) ! z ~(n) and u(s + n) ! v ~(n) for each n 2 Z, and k k k + k k f (n + s ;  ) ! g ~(n; ) uniformly on Z  K , F (n + s ; s;  ;  ) ! G(n; s; ; ) uniformly on k k +  k Z  K , for (v; g; G) 2 (u; f; F ). Since u ! v ~ and x ! z ~ = (s) in BS as k ! 1, we have: s 0 0 k s (v ~ ; z ~ ) = lim (u ; x ) = 0 0 0 s k s k!1 by (20), and hence, we have v ~  z ~ , that is v ~(s) = z ~(s) for all s 2 (1; 0]. Moreover, v ~(n) and z ~(n) 0 0 satisfy the same equation of: x(n + 1) = g ~(n; x(n)) + G(n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) s=1 The uniqueness of the solutions for the initial value problems implies that v ~(n)  z ~(n) for n 2 Z , and hence, we have (v ~ ; z ~ ) = 0. On the other hand, and again from (20), we have: r r 0 0 (v ~ ; z ~ ) = lim (u ; x ) = r r s +r 0 0 s +r k k k k k!1 This is a contradiction. This shows that u(n) is (K, )-RTS. We have the following existence theorem of an almost periodic solution for Equation (3). Theorem 6. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if Equation (3) is regular and the unique solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RWUAS in (f; F ), then Equation (3) has an almost periodic solution. Proof. From Theorem 5, the unique solution u(n) of Equation (3) is (K, )-RTS. Thus, by Theorem 1 and 2 in [14], we have an almost periodic solution. 4. Applications in a Prey-Predator Model We consider the existence of an almost periodic solution of a system with a strictly positive component of Volterra difference equation: > x (n + 1) = x (n) expfb (n) a (n)x (n) c (n) K (n s)x (s)g 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 s=1 (E) x (n + 1) = x (n) expfb (n) a (n)x (n) + c (n) K (n s)x (s)g 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 s=1 Axioms 2015, 4 358 which describes a model for the dynamics of a prey-predator discrete system in mathematical ecology. We can regard Equation (3) as the following functional difference equation with axiomatic phase space B and (K, ) topology (cf. [14]): x(n + 1) = h(n; x ); n 2 Z (23) + m where h : Z B ! R . Then, we also hold Theorems 1, 3, 5 and 6 for (23), and we can treat System (E) as an application of Equation (3). In (E), setting a (n) and b (n) are R-valued i i bounded almost periodic function in Z, a = inf a (n); A = sup a (n); b = inf b (n); i n2Z i i i i n2Z i n2Z + + B = sup b (n); c = inf c (n) and C = sup c (n) (i = 1; 2), and K : Z ! R (i = 1; 2) i i i n2Z i i i i n2Z n2Z denote delay kernels, such that: 1 1 X X K (s)  0; K (s) = 1 and sK (s) < 1(i = 1; 2) i i i s=0 s=0 We set: = expfB 1g=a ; = expfb + C 1g=a ; 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 = minfexpfb A C g(b C )=A ; fb C g=A g 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 and : = minfexpfB A + c g(B + c )=A ; fB + c g=A g 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 (cf. [4], and 4 Applications in population dynamic systems in [11]). We now make the following assumptions: (i) a > 0, b > 0 (i = 1; 2) and c > 0, c  0, i i 1 2 (ii) b > C and B < c ; 1 2 2 2 1 1 (iii) there exists a positive constant m, such that: a > C + m (i = 1; 2) i i Then, we have 0 < < for each i = 1; 2. If u(n) = (u (n); u (n)) is a solution of (E) through i i 1 2 (0; ), such that  (s)  (i = 1; 2) for all s  0, then we have  u (n)  (i = 1; 2) for all i i i i i n  0. Let K be the closed bounded set in R , such that: K = f(x ; x ) 2 R ;  x  for each i = 1; 2g 1 2 i i i Then, K is invariant for System (E), that is we can see that for any n 2 Z and any ', such that '(s) 2 K , s  0, every solution of (E) through (n ; ') remains in K for all n  n . Hence, K is 0 0 invariant for its limiting equations. Now, we shall see that the existence of a strictly positive almost periodic solution of (E) can be obtained under Conditions (i), (ii) and (iii). For System (E), we first introduce the change of variables: u (n) = expfv (n)g; x (n) = expfy (n)g; i = 1; 2 i i i i Axioms 2015, 4 359 Then, System (E) can be written as: > y (n + 1) y (n) = b (n) a (n) expfy (n)g c (n) K (n s) expfy (s)g 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 s=1 (E ) y (n + 1) y (n) = b (n) a (n) expfy (n)g + c (n) K (n s) expfy (s)g 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 s=1 We now consider the Lyapunov functional: 2 1 n1 X X X V (v(n); y(n)) = fjv (n) y (n)j + K (s) c (s + l)j expfv (l)g expfy (l)gjg i i i i i i i=1 s=0 l=ns where y(n) and v(n) are solutions of (E ), which remains in K . Calculating the differences, we have: V (v(n); y(n))  mD jv (n) y (n)j i i i=1 where set D = maxfexpf g; expf gg, and let x (n) be solutions of (E), such that x (n)  for 1 2 i i i n  n (i = 1; 2). Thus, jv (n) y (n)j ! 0 as n ! 1, and hence, (v ; y ) ! 0 as n ! 1. 0 i i n n i=1 Thus, we have that v(n) is (K, )-A in of (E ). Moreover, by using this Lyapunov functional, we can show that v(n) is (K, )-RUS in of (E ), that is (K, )-RWUAS in of (E ). Thus, from Theorem 5, 0 0 v(n) is (K, )-RTS, because K is invariant. By the equivalence between (E) and (E ), the solution u(n) of (E) is (K, )-RWUAS in , and hence, it is (K, )-RTS. Therefore, it follows from Theorem 6 that System (E) has an almost periodic solution p(n), such that  p (n)  ; (i = 1; 2), for all n 2 Z. i i i 5. Stability Property and Separation Condition In order to discuss the conditions for the existence of an almost periodic solution in a Volterra integrodifferential equation with infinite delay, we discussed the relationship between the total stability with respect to a certain metric  and the separation condition with respect to  (cf. [5]). In this final section, we discuss a new approach of a relationship between the -separation condition and (K, )-uniformly-asymptotic stability property in a metric  sense for a nonlinear Volterra difference equation with infinite delay. m 0 Let K be a compact set in R , such that u(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, where u(n) =  (n) for n < 0. If x(n) is a solution, such that x(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, we say that x is in K . Definition 4. We say that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K , if for each (g; G) 2 (f; F ), there exists a (g; G) > 0, such that if x and y are distinct solution of (4) in K , then we have: (x ; y )  (g; G) for all; n 2 Z n n If Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K , then we can choose a positive constant independent of (g; G) for which (x ; y )   for all n 2 Z, where x and y are a distinct solution of n n 0 (4) in K . We call  the -separation constant in K (e.g., [8], pp. 189–190). Definition 5. A solution x(n) of (3) in K is said to be (K, )-relatively totally stable (in short, (K, )-RTS), if for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that (x ; y ) <  for all n  n whenever n n 0 Axioms 2015, 4 360 (x ; y ) < () at some n 2 Z and h 2 BS([n ;1)), which satisfies jhj < (), for n  n . n n 0 0 [n ;1) 0 0 0 0 Here, y(n) is a solution through (n ; y ) of: 0 n x(n + 1) = f (n; x(n)) + F (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) + h(n) s=1 such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for n  n . In the case where h(n)  0, this gives the n 0 definition of the (K, )-relatively uniform stability of x(n) (in short, (K, )-RUS). The following Proposition 1 can be proven by the same argument as in the proof for integrodifferential equations by Hamaya and Yoshizawa [5]. Proposition 1. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), if Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K , then for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution x of (4) in K is (K, )-RTS. Moreover, we can choose the number () in Definition 5, so that () depends only on  and is independent of (g; G) and solutions. Theorem 7. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), suppose that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K . If w(n) is a solution of (3), such that w(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, then w(n) is almost periodic. Proof. By Proposition 1, solution w(n) of (3) is (K, )-RTS, because (f; F ) 2 (f; F ). Then, w(n) is asymptotically almost periodic on [0;1) by Theorem 1 in [14]. Thus, it has the decomposition w(n) = p(n) + q(n), where p(n) is almost periodic in n, q(n) is bounded function and q(n) ! 0 as n ! 1. Since w(n) 2 K for all n 2 Z, p(n) is a solution of (3) in K . If w(n ) 6= p(n ) at some n , we 1 1 1 have two distinct solutions of (3) in K . Thus, we have (w ; p )   > 0 for all n 2 Z, where  is the n n 0 0 -separation constant. However, w(n) p(n) ! 0 as n ! 1, and hence, (w ; p ) ! 0 as n ! 1. n n This contradiction shows w(n)  p(n) for all n 2 Z. Definition 6. A solution x(n) of (3) in K is said to be (K, )-relatively uniformly-asymptotically stable (in short, (K, )-RUAS), if it is (K, )-RUS and if there exists a  > 0 and for any  > 0 there exists a T () > 0, such that if (x ; y ) <  at some n 2 Z, then (x ; y ) <  for all n  n + T (), where n n 0 0 n n 0 0 0 y(n) is a solution of (3) through (n ; y ), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for all 0 n n 0 0 n  n . We show that the -separation condition will be characterized in terms of (K, ) uniformly-asymptotic stability of solutions in K of limiting equations. For ordinary differential equations, this kind of problem has been discussed by Nakajima [15]. Theorem 8. Under Assumptions (H2), (H3) and (H4), Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K if and only if for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution x of (4) in K is (K, )-RUAS with common triple ( ; (); T ()). Proof. We suppose that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K . Then, it follows from Proposition 1 that for any  > 0, there exists a () > 0, such that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ) and any Axioms 2015, 4 361 solution x(n) of (4) in K , if (x ; y ) < () at some n 2 Z, then (x ; y ) <  for all n  n , where n n 0 n n 0 0 0 y(n) is a solution of (4), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for n  n . Now, let  be n 0 0 a positive constant, such that  < ( =2), where  is the -separation constant. For this  , we shall 0 0 0 0 show that for any  > 0, there exists a T () > 0, such that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ) and any solution x(n) of (4) in K , (x ; y ) <  for all n  n +T (), whenever (x ; y ) <  at some n 2 Z, where n n 0 n n 0 0 0 0 y(n) is a solution of (4), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y(n) 2 K for all n  n . n 0 k k Suppose not. Then, there exist an ; 0 <  <  =2 and sequences f(g ; G )g;fx g;fy g;fs g and 0 k k k fn g, such that (g ; G ) 2 (f; F ); x (n) is a solution in K of: k k k x(n + 1) = g (n; x(n)) + G (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (24) k k s=1 and that n  s + k, k k k k (x ; y ) <  < ( =2) (25) 0 0 s s k k and: k k (x ; y ) n n k k k k k where y (n) is a solution of (24), such that y (s) 2 K for all s  0 and y (n) 2 K for all n  s . k k Since (25) implies (x ; y ) <  =2 for all n  s , we have: 0 k n n k k (x ; y )   =2 (26) n n k k k k k k k If we set w (n) = x (n + n ) and z (n) = y (n + n ), then w (n) is a solution in K of: k k x(n + 1) = g (n + n ; x(n)) + G (n + n ; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (27) k k k k s=1 k k and z (n) is defined for n  k and is a solution of (27), such that z (s) 2 K for all s  0 and z (n) 2 K for all n  k. Since (g (n + n ; x); G (n + n ; s; x; y)) 2 (f; F ), taking a k k k k subsequence if necessary, we can assume that w (n) ! w(n) uniformly on any compact interval in Z, z (n) ! z(n) uniformly on any compact interval in Z, g (n + n ; x) ! h(n; x) uniformly on k k Z K and G(n + n ; s; x; y) ! H (n; s; x; y) uniformly on Z S  K  K for any compact set S in (1; 0] as k ! 1, where (h; H ) 2 (f; F ). Then, by the similar argument as in the proof of Lemma 1 (cf. Lemma 5 in [5]), w(n) and z(n) are solutions in K of: x(n + 1) = h(n; x(n)) + H (n; s; x(n + s); x(n)) (28) s=1 On the other hand, we have: k k k k (w ; z ) = lim (w ; z ) = lim (x ; y ) 0 0 0 0 n n k k k!1 k!1 Thus, it follows from (26) that: (w ; z )   =2 (29) 0 0 0 Axioms 2015, 4 362 Since w(n) and z(n) are distinct solutions of (28) in K , (29) contradicts the -separation condition. This shows that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution x of (4) in K is (K, )-RUAS with a common triple ( ; (); T ()). Now, we assume that for any (g; G) 2 (f; F ), any solution of (4) in K is (K, )-RUAS with a common triple ( ; (); T ()). First of all, we shall see that any two distinct solutions x(n) and y(n) in K of a limiting equation of (3) satisfy: lim inf (x ; y )   (30) n n 0 n!1 Suppose not. Then, for some (g; G) 2 (f; F ), there exist two distinct solutions x(n) and y(n) of (4) in K that satisfy: lim inf (x ; y ) <  (31) n n 0 n!1 Since x(n) 6 y(n), we have jx(n ) y(n )j =  > 0 at some n 2 Z. Thus, we have (x ; y ) 0 0 0 n n 0 0 =2(1 + ). By (31), there exists an n 2 Z, such that (x ; y ) <  and n < n T (=4(1 + )), 1 n n 0 1 0 1 1 where T () is the number for (K, )-RUAS. Since x(n) is (K, )-RUAS, we have (x ; y ) < =4(1+), n n 0 0 which contradicts (x ; y )  =2(1 + ). Thus, we have (30). n n 0 0 For any solution x(n) in K , there exists a positive constant c, such that jx(n)j  c for all n 2 Z. Denote by O (x ) the set of the closure of positive orbit of x, that is, O (x ) := fx jn 2 Z g such that j(s)j  c for s 2 (1; 0]. Then, O (x ) is compact in (BS; ). Thus, there is a finite number of coverings, which consist of m balls with a diameter of  =4. We shall see that the number of 0 0 (j) distinct solutions of (4) in K is at most m . Suppose that there are m + 1 distinct solutions x (n) (j = 0 0 1; 2; ; m + 1). By (30), there exists an n 2 Z, such that: 0 2 (i) (j) (x ; x )   =2 for i 6= j (32) n n 2 2 (j) (i) (j) Since x ; j = 1; 2; ; m + 1 are in O (x ), some two of these, say x ; x ; (i 6= j), are in one n n n 2 0 2 2 (i) (j) ball, and hence, (x ; x ) <  =4, which contradicts (32). Therefore the number of solutions of (4) in n n 0 2 2 K is m  m . Thus, we have the set of solutions of (4) in K : (1) (2) (m) fx (n); x (n); ; x (n)g and (i) (j) lim inf (x ; x )   for i 6= j: (33) n n n!1 Consider a sequence fn g, such that n ! 1, g(n + n ; x) ! g(n; x) uniformly on Z  K k k k and G(n + n ; s; x; y) ! G(n; s; x; y) uniformly on Z  S  K  K for any compact set S in (j) (1; 0] as k ! 1. Since the sequences fx (n + n )g; 1  j  m, are uniformly bounded, there (j) exists a subsequence of fn g, which will be denoted by fn g again, and functions y (n), such that k k (j) (j) (j) x (n + n ) ! y (n), uniformly on any compact interval in Z as k ! 1. Clearly, y (n) is the solution of (4) in K . Since we have: (i) (j) (i) (j) (y ; y ) = lim (x ; x ) for n 2 Z n n n+n n+n k k k!1 Axioms 2015, 4 363 it follows from (33) that: (i) (j) (y ; y )   for all n 2 Z and i 6= j (34) n n (1) (2) (m) Since we have (34), distinct solutions of (4) in K are y (n); y (n); ; y (n). This shows that Equation (3) satisfies the -separation condition in K with the -separation constant  . Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude to the referees and the editors for their many helpful comments. Author Contributions Yoshihiro Hamaya contributes theorems, others and their proofs to our article, Tomomi Itokazu was a M. Sc. student of first author and also “4. Applications in a Prey-Predator Model” in our paper is the summary of her M. Sc. article and Kaori Saito is a PhD. student of first author and she contributes the proofreading of English and others for our paper. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Elaydi, S. An Introduction to Difference Equations Third Edition; Springer: Berilin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005. 2. Fink, A.M. Almost Periodic Differential Equations; Lecture Notes in Mathematics 377; Springer-Verlag: Berilin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1974. 3. Hamaya, Y. 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J. 1974, 26, 305–314. c 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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