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Electric Field Analysis on the Corona Discharge Phenomenon according to the Variable Air Space between the Ionizer and Ground Current Collector

Electric Field Analysis on the Corona Discharge Phenomenon according to the Variable Air Space... Article Electric Field Analysis on the Corona Discharge Phenomenon according to the Variable Air Space between the Ionizer and Ground Current Collector 1 2 2, Kyung-Hoon Jang , Sang-Won Seo and Dong-Jin Kim * Korea Conformity Laboratories, Material Division Department, Seoul, 08503, Republic of Korea SUNKWANG LTI, Research & Development, Seoul, 06230, Republic of Korea * Correspondence: rnd@i-sk.com Abstract: In this paper, we present the optimized air space of the lightning protection rod (SK- AOR380) with the function of a charge transfer system (CTS). For evaluation of CTS in the laboratory setting, some studies have focused on the modification of the structure and shape of the CTS; the air space is designed (>2 mm) as an empirical design without quantitative data. However, in this paper, we have focused on the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector to control the inception and occurrence position of corona discharge in air insulation. This is because the performance, such as the initial corona discharge inception of CTS, is determined by the air space. The simulation analysis was performed in a narrow, micro-sized air space as a first step, where the air space was reduced to the extent possible for simulation. To evaluate the perfor- mance of SK-AOR380 according to the narrow air space, we considered the numerical analysis method. The fundamental equations consist of Poisson’s equation and the charge continuity equa- tion. Poisson’s equation for electric fields is a fully coupled numerical model based on the charge continuity equations for a positively charged ion, negatively charged ion, and free electron. Fowler–Nordheim electron emission was employed for the boundary condition at the surface of the ionizer conductor. To simulate the corona discharge behavior under standard lightning im- Citation: Jang, K.-H.; Seo, S.-W.; pulse voltage, we used a source of lightning voltage with 1.2/50 based on a double exponen- Kim, D.-J. Electric Field Analysis on tial equation; the corona discharge behaviors (electric field distribution, free electron density, the Corona Discharge Phenomenon positive and negative ion density) were investigated dependent on each time step (0.5, 1 and 1.2 according to the Variable Air Space ) until 3.5 . The results revealed that the characteristics graph of free electron density, posi- between the Ionizer and Ground tive and negative ion density showed similar trends, with lightning impulse voltage increasing Current Collector. Appl. Syst. Innov. with increasing time steps until 1.2 and each density resulted in a decreasing trend from 1.2 2023, 6, 10. https://doi.org/ to 3.5 . The SK-AOR380 is improved with a decreasing air space in terms of electric field 10.3390/asi6010010 distribution, electron, and ion density. In other words, the 0.0005 mm air space created a non- Academic Editor: uniform electric field distribution with a large field enhancement, causing ionization to initiate Emmanuel Karapidakis corona discharge. In addition, in the case of a 0.0005 mm air space, the electric field and electron Received: 18 December 2022 density are increased by 1.3 and 1.9 times, respectively, than that of 0.001 mm. However, there Revised: 9 January 2023 was no longer a significant difference under 0.0005 mm in the simulation results. To improve the Accepted: 10 January 2023 CTS, we suggest the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector should be less Published: 13 January 2023 than 2 mm than that of conventional CTS from our research work. Keywords: numerical analysis; three charge carrier; partial discharge; lightning rod; SK-AOR380; Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Li- corona discharge; discharge behavior; impulse voltage; air space censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and con- ditions of the Creative Commons At- tribution (CC BY) license (https://cre- ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction The main purpose and role of the lightning protection rod is preventing indirect or direct lightning strike near the substation, facility, telecommunication line etc. Recently, Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010010 www.mdpi.com/journal/asi Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 2 of 10 cases of harm caused by lightning strike with high voltage and current flow is increasing with the increasing global average temperature due to global warming. The conventional Franklin rod is for the safe discharge of lightning strikes caused by thunderstorm clouds on a facility and skyscrapers, and it has been the most widely used air terminal. In other words, the basic role of the Franklin rod is inducing lightning strikes as receptors with low impedance paths, and then attracting the lightning stroke and the lightning current flow using a sharp tip to ground the system. The Franklin rod has been validated in many studies conducted around the globe over a span of many decades, from indirect and direct lightning surges. However, the Franklin rod for inducing lightning surges to specific spots is not perfect at preventing facilities from being struck by lightning strike. Even if the Franklin rod induces a high current by lightning strike from the rod tip to ground the system, the high lightning current impulse may still affect the communica- tion facilities, computers, and weak electrical devices of the building. For the above reason, recently, new different kinds of lightning protection rods have been introduced. One is the charge transfer system (CTS) and another is early streamer emission (ESE). Many researchers have suggested that the CTS and ESE lightning rods will have a larger protection area than that of a Franklin lightning rod of similar dimen- sions [1–3]. Recently, some studies have focused on CTS for preventing indirect and direct light- ning strikes [4–6]. They suggest a new type of CTS, consisting of cylindrical CTS, many brushes, and a floating conductor. The floating conductor is located near the brushes. However, studies have only focused on the modification of the structure and shape of the CTS as well as the effectiveness of CTS according to the presence or absence of the floating electrode; the optimized air space between the floating conductor and brushes has not been suggested, in spite of the performance of CTS depending on the air space (air space is > 2 mm, based on empirical study). In addition, currently the CTS is being used without quantitative data about the air space [5,6]. From the view point of the above reason, the scientific aim of our research work is investigating the optimized air space for performance improvement of SK-AOR380 with various previous research as a basis for the work, using the numerical analysis method. The subject of the research was to obtain an optimized air space between the ionizer con- ductor and current collector. To investigate the optimized air space, a simple method is adopted; the air space is reduced with decreasing μm units in terms of electric field dis- tribution and electron density, which is coupled with the charge continuity equation for a positively charged ion, negatively charged ion, and free electron, based on Poisson’s equation. This study extends the existing research in CTS type lightning rods, and these simulation results are expected to bring useful information to decide the optimized air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector. In this paper, Section 2 presents a modeling method and detailed description of the analysis approach for numerical analysis, Section 3 describes the results of simulation work, Section 4 is a discussion, indicating the limitations, practical application, and future directions of research in this field. Section 5 presents the final conclusions of the research. 2. Modeling for Numerical Analysis The behaviors of the free electron ( ), positively charged ion ( ), and negatively charged ion ( ) can be expressed by using the continuity equation. These continuity equations are expressed as [7,8]. , , | | | | + ∙ ( ) = −( ) + ( ) + + (1) (| |) + ∇ ∙ = − − + (2) ∂t Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 3 of 10 (| |) + ∇ ∙ − ∇ = − − − (3) ∂t where , and denote the positively charged ion, negatively charged ion, and free electron, respectively, and I, D, and R are the ionization, dissociation, and recombination (ion-ion and ion-free electron) coefficients, respectively. is the free electron attachment time, , , and denote the mobility of the free electron and positively and nega- tively charged ions. The continuity equation is coupled with Poisson’s equation and employed in air in- sulation. The current density within insulation air is as follows: ( ) (4) − ∙ = + + (5) = + + ⃗ ⃗ where is the relative permittivity of air insulation. and are electric field and cur- rent density within air insulation. To consider the electron emission for the surface of SK-AOR380, the charge gener- ation on the surface of SK-AOR380 is assumed to have been given by a dominant process among candidates of field emission from the SK-AOR380 to insulation air, expressed in equations as follows: 8 √2 ∅ (6) = exp (− ) 8 ℎ∅ ⃗ 3ℎ Where is the emitted current density due to the influence of the applied electric field, h is Planck’s constant, e is the magnitude of electronic charge (1.602 × 10 ), is the local electric field, ∅ = ∅ − is effective barrier height. ∅ is the work function and is the electron affinity of the air insulation, respectively. Note that the effective barrier height of aluminum is 4~5 eV [9]. The following Table 1 describes the significance of various abbreviations and acro- nyms used throughout the paper. Table 1. Abbreviations and acronyms used in this paper. Symbol Meaning , , Positive ion, negative ion and free electron I Ionization term D Dissociation term R Recombination term Electron attachment , , Mobility of positive, negative ion and free electron Electric field Current density Current density by field emission h Planck’s constant e Magnitude of electronic charge ∅ Work function Electron affinity Simulation Model Geometry Figure 1 shows computer-aided numerical model geometry in COMSOL Multiphys- ics. The air space between the ionizer and current collector are 0.0005 mm, 0.001 mm. and 0.0025 mm. The air space is 0.5 mm and an applied voltage of 0.5 kV (standard lightning Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 4 of 10 impulse voltage) is applied until 3.5 . To investigate the optimized air space of SK- AOR380, the air space is reduced with decreasing μm unit as the basic research work. The materials of each part for the simulation model are shown in Table 2. Each material in the simulation model was supplied from the COMSOL Multiphysics library. Figure 1. Computer-aided design representation of the numerical model geometry. Table 2. Each material for simulation model. Modelling Parts Materials Ionizer Aluminum Main body Copper Current collector Copper Insulation material Epoxy resin 3. Numerical Analysis Results Figure 2 shows the result of the numerical model to simulate the electric field in in- sulation air at 0.5 kV. The maximum value of the electric field, according to the air space, was formed at 1.2 , which is similar to the applied standard lightning impulse voltage waveform. The characteristics of the electric field depend on air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector. The results reveal that the electric field strength increases with a decreasing air space. The electric field strength between the ionizer conductor and current collector (0.0005 mm and 0.001 mm air space) are higher than that of the SK- AOR380 tip part by 51% and 17%, respectively. On the other hand, as the air space in- creased by more than 0.0025 mm, the electric field between the ionizer conductor and the current collector decreased, and the electric field at the tip part of the SK-AOR380 light- ning rod was increased. The induced high electric field region due to the charged cloud was formed between the SK-AOR380 ionizer conductor and current collector at 0.0005 mm. In addition, the induced electric field between the ionizer conductor and the current collector was 20.5 kV/m and tip region was 13.5 kV/m, respectively. This means that the Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 5 of 10 corona discharge occurs between the ionizer conductor and current collector, and it could be the starting point of the corona discharge inception. From the above results, the air space is determined by the electric field strength and partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) Figure 3 shows the electron density according to the air space. The trend of electron density is similar to electric field results as a function of time, meaning that the electron density is concentrated where the peak of the electric field is formed. The SK-AOR380 AOR380 between the ionizer conductor and the current collector creates a non-uniform electric field with a large electric field enhancement due to ionization caused by consecu- tive electron avalanches. Figure 2. Electric field as a function of time at 0.5 kV (solid line: air space between ionizer conductor and current collector, dash line: tip part of SK-AOR380 lightning rod). Figure 3. Electron density as a function of time steps. Figure 4 shows negative and positive ion density distribution obtained from Equa- tions (1) and (2) including ionization, dissociation, and recombination. The negative ion density showed a similar trend to positive ion density; the maximum value of negative and positive ion density according to the air space was formed at 1.34 and 1.32 with different free electron densities, respectively. The reason or the time delay is that the free electron mobility ( 1 × 10 ) had a higher mobility than ions ( 1 × 10 ) [10]-[11], and the ion charge carriers with a relatively slow mobility Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 6 of 10 remained in space and then led to the dissociation, recombination, ionization, and electron attachment in this simulation analysis. The slope of negative (∆ ) and positive ion den- sity (∆ ) dramatically decreased non-linearly as a function of time with different free electron density (∆ ) from the peak value to 3.5 , as shown in Figures 3 and 4. This result is influenced by recombination and dissociation terms from Equations (1) and (2). (a) (b) Figure 4. Negative and positive ion density as a function of time steps. Table 3 shows the distribution of the electric field, free electron density, and negative ion density. The electric field between the ionizer conductor and current collector is dis- turbed, the peak value of the electric field is formed at the air space 0.0005 mm, and the free electron and negative ion density increase with increasing time step function at a high electric field point. It might be possible that the optimized air space between the ionizer conductor and the current collector improve the corona discharge inception process, meaning that it could start the corona discharge inception point early, before the lightning strike. In the case of air space 0.0025 mm, the concentration of electric field was formed at tip part of SK-AOR380 with a different air space of 0.0005 mm. In other words, free elec- tron and negative ion density increases with the increasing time step function at the sharp tip part. From above results, we found that the corona discharge inception point is deter- mined by the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector. Table 3. The electric field distribution, free electron density, and negative ion density as a function of time steps. Air Space Time Electric Field [V/m] Electron Density [ / ] Negative Ion Density [ / ] [mm] [ ] 0.0005 mm 0.5 Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 7 of 10 1.0 1.2 Scale bar 0.5 0.001 mm 1.0 1.2 Scale bar 4. Discussion The generated process of the positive and negative ion and free electron is illustrated in Figure 5. In the case of a low external electric field, the bonding energy between the free electron and positively charged ion in air insulation is larger than that of the external elec- tric field. Therefore, many neutral molecules remain in air. However, in high external elec- tric fields, collisions occur between neutral molecules and then free electrons are acceler- ated in the high electric field [12]. The newly generated free electron from the surface of the ionizer conductor and air insulation can play a role as new electron avalanches under a high electric field condition. Some of these secondary electrons will again strike the air insulation, producing tertiary electron [13]. The possibility of early corona discharge caused by the presence of an ionizer conductor was reviewed in the viewpoint of CTS. In the case of a positive strike occurrence, the surface of the current collector is induced with Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 8 of 10 a negative charge, and the ionizer conductor is positively charged. The electric field be- tween the current collector and the ionizer conductor is distorted, caused by the presence of an ionizer conductor and the ionized free electron emitted from sharp tip of the ionizer conductor under high electric field. Thus, it might be possible that the electric field con- centration occurs at the sharp tip of ionizer conductor and it could be the starting point of early corona discharge inception. Some studies have investigated the early corona discharge between the floating con- ductor and conducting brushes in terms of experimental results and computer simulation studies according to the presence or absence of a floating conductor [5,6]. The experi- mental results show that a floating conductor system can generate more electrons than without a floating electrode, and the corona discharge can be controlled using a floating conductor [6]. In our research work, we have focused on the air space over the presence or absence of a floating conductor to control the inception and occurrence position of co- rona discharge. In the 0.0005 mm air space, the electric field and electron density are con- centrated between ionizer conductor and current collector; it could be a starting point of the corona discharge inception. However, when the air space is increased, the electric field concentration and high electron density occurs at the SK-AOR380 tip part. The reason for the inception and occurrence position of the corona discharge according to the air space in the simulation results can possibly be explained by the following empirical factor:  The behavior of the electric field and electron density according to air space is related with the electron mean free path (MFP) If the air space is too far, the generated free electron could not excite another free electron for the electron avalanche between ionizer conductor and current collector. In other words, the first free electron cannot play a role as the seed of the secondary and tertiary electron avalanches. E. V. Oreshkin et al. [14] have reported the dependences of the length of exponential enhancement of the runaway electron avalanche on the electric field strength in air insulation, calculated using the Monte Carlo method. W. Riegler et al. [15] investigated the distance to first ionization under 30 kV/cm, = 1 ; a minimum distance for first ionization is required for several . In this research work, we found the optimized air space using a numerical analysis method while considering relational equations from the above reference papers [14,15]. However, the above discussion is just one possibility reviewed from the simulation results as a basic research work. The corona discharge of a narrow air space is a very com- plicated physical process, affected by many factors. Further work is needed on experiment results for validation from the above research work. In addition, further numerical analy- sis is needed to consider the neighboring grounded objects. This is because the electric field distribution in the close vicinity of the air terminal is certainly affected by the pres- ence of neighboring grounded objects, at least of the of the protected structure itself. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 9 of 10 Figure 5. Schematic of molecular ionization by external high electric field. 5. Conclusions Some studies on the performance of CTS have focused on modification of the struc- ture and shape of the CTS. The air space is designed (>2 mm) as an empirical design with- out quantitative data. This paper focused on the optimized air space between the ionizer conductor and the ground current collector to improve the performance of the initial co- rona discharge inception using an FEA software package. To investigate the optimal air space, it was reduced to the extent possible for simulation to a micro size. The electric field strength between the ionizer conductor and current collector increases with a decreasing air space until 0.0005 mm. The electric field strength of 0.0005 mm air space is increased by 1.3 times that of 0.001 mm. The free electron density is concentrated where the peak of the electric field is formed. In particular, the free electron density of 0.0005 mm air space is increased by 1.9 times that of 0.0001 mm. The negative ion density shows a similar trend with positive ion density; the maximum value of both ion densities are formed at 1.34 , 1.32 with different free electron densities. It might be possible that the free electron mobility (1 × 10 ) has a higher mobility than ions (1 × 10 ). How- ever, a air space of less than 2 mm was no longer a significant difference in our simulation results. Thus, the 0.0005 mm air space creates a non-uniform high electric field with a large electric field enhancement due to ionization caused by consecutive electron avalanches. In addition, it might be possible that the high electric field concentration occurs at 0.0005 mm air space, and this could be the starting point of early corona discharge. The results in this paper have been discussed in terms of the electron mean free path. To improve the CTS, we suggest the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector of less than 2 mm, different from conventional CTS studies. Author Contributions: K-H Jang. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, analysis, and writing. S-W Seo. contributed to validation, formal analysis, data curation, and visualization. D-J Kim. contributed to review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This study was supported by the KETEP (Korea Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning). 20215710100360, development of mobile application product technology using re-manu- factured batteries. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 10 of 10 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Cooray, V. The Similarity of the Action of Franklin and ESE Lightning Rods under Natural Conditions. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060225. 2. Becerra, M. The Early Streamer Emission Principle Does Not Work Under Natural Lightning. In Proceedings of the IX Interna- tional Symposium on Lightning Protection, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 26–30 November 2007. 3. Cooray, V. Non-Conventional Lightning Protection System. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy, 13–17 September 2010. 4. Lee, J.-H. Local Electric Field Analysis for Evaluation of Charge Transfer System using Sequential Sub-window Technique. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2004, 40, 679–682. 5. Baek, M.K.; Chung, Y.K.; Park, I.H. Experiment and Analysis for Effect of Floating Conductor on Electric Discharge Character- istic. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2013, 49, 2323–2326. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2240280. 6. Chung, Y.-K. Effect of the Corona Shield of the OMNI Bipolar Conventional Air Terminals. In Proceedings of the 2016 Interna- tional Conference & Workshop on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Bengaluru, India, 8–9 December 2016. 7. Steinle, G.; Neundorf, D.; Hiller, W.; Pietralla, M. Two-dimensional simulation of filaments in barrier discharges. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1999, 32, 1350–1356. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/32/12/311. 8. Georghiou, G.; Papadakis, A.P.; Morrow, R.; Metaxas, A.C. Numerical modelling of atmospheric pressure gas discharges lead- ing to plasma production. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2005, 38, R303–R328. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/20/r01. 9. Potje-Kamloth, K. Biomolecules, Biointerfaces and Applications. In Handbook of Surfaces and Interface of Materials; Elsevier: Am- sterdam, The Netherlands, 2001. 10. Akiyama, H. Streamer discharges in liquids and their applications. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 2000, 7, 646–653. https://doi.org/10.1109/94.879360. 11. Schmidt, W.F. Electronic Conduction Processes in Dielectric Liquids. IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 1984, EI-19, 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1109/tei.1984.298767. 12. Syssoev, A.; Iudin, D.; Iudin, F.; Klimashov, V.; Emelyanov, A. On the Problem of Critical Electric Field of Atmospheric Air. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081046. 13. Tanaka, T. Analysis of Electric Charge Accumulation in Polymeric Insulation by Quantum Chemical Calculation. In Proceed- ings of the Annual Meeting of The Institute of Engineers of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 19 October 2015. 14. Oreshkin, E.V.; Barengolts, S.A.; Oreshkin, V.I.; Chaikovski, S.A. Characteristics Length and Enhancement Time of a Runway Electron Avalanche in Strong Electric Fields. Tech. Phys. Lett. 2012, 38, 604–608. 15. Riegler, W.; Schindler, H.; Veenhof, R. Avalanche Statistics. In Proceedings of the RD51 Collaboration Meeting, Paris, France, 13–15 October 2008. 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Electric Field Analysis on the Corona Discharge Phenomenon according to the Variable Air Space between the Ionizer and Ground Current Collector

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Article Electric Field Analysis on the Corona Discharge Phenomenon according to the Variable Air Space between the Ionizer and Ground Current Collector 1 2 2, Kyung-Hoon Jang , Sang-Won Seo and Dong-Jin Kim * Korea Conformity Laboratories, Material Division Department, Seoul, 08503, Republic of Korea SUNKWANG LTI, Research & Development, Seoul, 06230, Republic of Korea * Correspondence: rnd@i-sk.com Abstract: In this paper, we present the optimized air space of the lightning protection rod (SK- AOR380) with the function of a charge transfer system (CTS). For evaluation of CTS in the laboratory setting, some studies have focused on the modification of the structure and shape of the CTS; the air space is designed (>2 mm) as an empirical design without quantitative data. However, in this paper, we have focused on the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector to control the inception and occurrence position of corona discharge in air insulation. This is because the performance, such as the initial corona discharge inception of CTS, is determined by the air space. The simulation analysis was performed in a narrow, micro-sized air space as a first step, where the air space was reduced to the extent possible for simulation. To evaluate the perfor- mance of SK-AOR380 according to the narrow air space, we considered the numerical analysis method. The fundamental equations consist of Poisson’s equation and the charge continuity equa- tion. Poisson’s equation for electric fields is a fully coupled numerical model based on the charge continuity equations for a positively charged ion, negatively charged ion, and free electron. Fowler–Nordheim electron emission was employed for the boundary condition at the surface of the ionizer conductor. To simulate the corona discharge behavior under standard lightning im- Citation: Jang, K.-H.; Seo, S.-W.; pulse voltage, we used a source of lightning voltage with 1.2/50 based on a double exponen- Kim, D.-J. Electric Field Analysis on tial equation; the corona discharge behaviors (electric field distribution, free electron density, the Corona Discharge Phenomenon positive and negative ion density) were investigated dependent on each time step (0.5, 1 and 1.2 according to the Variable Air Space ) until 3.5 . The results revealed that the characteristics graph of free electron density, posi- between the Ionizer and Ground tive and negative ion density showed similar trends, with lightning impulse voltage increasing Current Collector. Appl. Syst. Innov. with increasing time steps until 1.2 and each density resulted in a decreasing trend from 1.2 2023, 6, 10. https://doi.org/ to 3.5 . The SK-AOR380 is improved with a decreasing air space in terms of electric field 10.3390/asi6010010 distribution, electron, and ion density. In other words, the 0.0005 mm air space created a non- Academic Editor: uniform electric field distribution with a large field enhancement, causing ionization to initiate Emmanuel Karapidakis corona discharge. In addition, in the case of a 0.0005 mm air space, the electric field and electron Received: 18 December 2022 density are increased by 1.3 and 1.9 times, respectively, than that of 0.001 mm. However, there Revised: 9 January 2023 was no longer a significant difference under 0.0005 mm in the simulation results. To improve the Accepted: 10 January 2023 CTS, we suggest the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector should be less Published: 13 January 2023 than 2 mm than that of conventional CTS from our research work. Keywords: numerical analysis; three charge carrier; partial discharge; lightning rod; SK-AOR380; Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Li- corona discharge; discharge behavior; impulse voltage; air space censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and con- ditions of the Creative Commons At- tribution (CC BY) license (https://cre- ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction The main purpose and role of the lightning protection rod is preventing indirect or direct lightning strike near the substation, facility, telecommunication line etc. Recently, Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010010 www.mdpi.com/journal/asi Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 2 of 10 cases of harm caused by lightning strike with high voltage and current flow is increasing with the increasing global average temperature due to global warming. The conventional Franklin rod is for the safe discharge of lightning strikes caused by thunderstorm clouds on a facility and skyscrapers, and it has been the most widely used air terminal. In other words, the basic role of the Franklin rod is inducing lightning strikes as receptors with low impedance paths, and then attracting the lightning stroke and the lightning current flow using a sharp tip to ground the system. The Franklin rod has been validated in many studies conducted around the globe over a span of many decades, from indirect and direct lightning surges. However, the Franklin rod for inducing lightning surges to specific spots is not perfect at preventing facilities from being struck by lightning strike. Even if the Franklin rod induces a high current by lightning strike from the rod tip to ground the system, the high lightning current impulse may still affect the communica- tion facilities, computers, and weak electrical devices of the building. For the above reason, recently, new different kinds of lightning protection rods have been introduced. One is the charge transfer system (CTS) and another is early streamer emission (ESE). Many researchers have suggested that the CTS and ESE lightning rods will have a larger protection area than that of a Franklin lightning rod of similar dimen- sions [1–3]. Recently, some studies have focused on CTS for preventing indirect and direct light- ning strikes [4–6]. They suggest a new type of CTS, consisting of cylindrical CTS, many brushes, and a floating conductor. The floating conductor is located near the brushes. However, studies have only focused on the modification of the structure and shape of the CTS as well as the effectiveness of CTS according to the presence or absence of the floating electrode; the optimized air space between the floating conductor and brushes has not been suggested, in spite of the performance of CTS depending on the air space (air space is > 2 mm, based on empirical study). In addition, currently the CTS is being used without quantitative data about the air space [5,6]. From the view point of the above reason, the scientific aim of our research work is investigating the optimized air space for performance improvement of SK-AOR380 with various previous research as a basis for the work, using the numerical analysis method. The subject of the research was to obtain an optimized air space between the ionizer con- ductor and current collector. To investigate the optimized air space, a simple method is adopted; the air space is reduced with decreasing μm units in terms of electric field dis- tribution and electron density, which is coupled with the charge continuity equation for a positively charged ion, negatively charged ion, and free electron, based on Poisson’s equation. This study extends the existing research in CTS type lightning rods, and these simulation results are expected to bring useful information to decide the optimized air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector. In this paper, Section 2 presents a modeling method and detailed description of the analysis approach for numerical analysis, Section 3 describes the results of simulation work, Section 4 is a discussion, indicating the limitations, practical application, and future directions of research in this field. Section 5 presents the final conclusions of the research. 2. Modeling for Numerical Analysis The behaviors of the free electron ( ), positively charged ion ( ), and negatively charged ion ( ) can be expressed by using the continuity equation. These continuity equations are expressed as [7,8]. , , | | | | + ∙ ( ) = −( ) + ( ) + + (1) (| |) + ∇ ∙ = − − + (2) ∂t Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 3 of 10 (| |) + ∇ ∙ − ∇ = − − − (3) ∂t where , and denote the positively charged ion, negatively charged ion, and free electron, respectively, and I, D, and R are the ionization, dissociation, and recombination (ion-ion and ion-free electron) coefficients, respectively. is the free electron attachment time, , , and denote the mobility of the free electron and positively and nega- tively charged ions. The continuity equation is coupled with Poisson’s equation and employed in air in- sulation. The current density within insulation air is as follows: ( ) (4) − ∙ = + + (5) = + + ⃗ ⃗ where is the relative permittivity of air insulation. and are electric field and cur- rent density within air insulation. To consider the electron emission for the surface of SK-AOR380, the charge gener- ation on the surface of SK-AOR380 is assumed to have been given by a dominant process among candidates of field emission from the SK-AOR380 to insulation air, expressed in equations as follows: 8 √2 ∅ (6) = exp (− ) 8 ℎ∅ ⃗ 3ℎ Where is the emitted current density due to the influence of the applied electric field, h is Planck’s constant, e is the magnitude of electronic charge (1.602 × 10 ), is the local electric field, ∅ = ∅ − is effective barrier height. ∅ is the work function and is the electron affinity of the air insulation, respectively. Note that the effective barrier height of aluminum is 4~5 eV [9]. The following Table 1 describes the significance of various abbreviations and acro- nyms used throughout the paper. Table 1. Abbreviations and acronyms used in this paper. Symbol Meaning , , Positive ion, negative ion and free electron I Ionization term D Dissociation term R Recombination term Electron attachment , , Mobility of positive, negative ion and free electron Electric field Current density Current density by field emission h Planck’s constant e Magnitude of electronic charge ∅ Work function Electron affinity Simulation Model Geometry Figure 1 shows computer-aided numerical model geometry in COMSOL Multiphys- ics. The air space between the ionizer and current collector are 0.0005 mm, 0.001 mm. and 0.0025 mm. The air space is 0.5 mm and an applied voltage of 0.5 kV (standard lightning Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 4 of 10 impulse voltage) is applied until 3.5 . To investigate the optimized air space of SK- AOR380, the air space is reduced with decreasing μm unit as the basic research work. The materials of each part for the simulation model are shown in Table 2. Each material in the simulation model was supplied from the COMSOL Multiphysics library. Figure 1. Computer-aided design representation of the numerical model geometry. Table 2. Each material for simulation model. Modelling Parts Materials Ionizer Aluminum Main body Copper Current collector Copper Insulation material Epoxy resin 3. Numerical Analysis Results Figure 2 shows the result of the numerical model to simulate the electric field in in- sulation air at 0.5 kV. The maximum value of the electric field, according to the air space, was formed at 1.2 , which is similar to the applied standard lightning impulse voltage waveform. The characteristics of the electric field depend on air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector. The results reveal that the electric field strength increases with a decreasing air space. The electric field strength between the ionizer conductor and current collector (0.0005 mm and 0.001 mm air space) are higher than that of the SK- AOR380 tip part by 51% and 17%, respectively. On the other hand, as the air space in- creased by more than 0.0025 mm, the electric field between the ionizer conductor and the current collector decreased, and the electric field at the tip part of the SK-AOR380 light- ning rod was increased. The induced high electric field region due to the charged cloud was formed between the SK-AOR380 ionizer conductor and current collector at 0.0005 mm. In addition, the induced electric field between the ionizer conductor and the current collector was 20.5 kV/m and tip region was 13.5 kV/m, respectively. This means that the Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 5 of 10 corona discharge occurs between the ionizer conductor and current collector, and it could be the starting point of the corona discharge inception. From the above results, the air space is determined by the electric field strength and partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) Figure 3 shows the electron density according to the air space. The trend of electron density is similar to electric field results as a function of time, meaning that the electron density is concentrated where the peak of the electric field is formed. The SK-AOR380 AOR380 between the ionizer conductor and the current collector creates a non-uniform electric field with a large electric field enhancement due to ionization caused by consecu- tive electron avalanches. Figure 2. Electric field as a function of time at 0.5 kV (solid line: air space between ionizer conductor and current collector, dash line: tip part of SK-AOR380 lightning rod). Figure 3. Electron density as a function of time steps. Figure 4 shows negative and positive ion density distribution obtained from Equa- tions (1) and (2) including ionization, dissociation, and recombination. The negative ion density showed a similar trend to positive ion density; the maximum value of negative and positive ion density according to the air space was formed at 1.34 and 1.32 with different free electron densities, respectively. The reason or the time delay is that the free electron mobility ( 1 × 10 ) had a higher mobility than ions ( 1 × 10 ) [10]-[11], and the ion charge carriers with a relatively slow mobility Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 6 of 10 remained in space and then led to the dissociation, recombination, ionization, and electron attachment in this simulation analysis. The slope of negative (∆ ) and positive ion den- sity (∆ ) dramatically decreased non-linearly as a function of time with different free electron density (∆ ) from the peak value to 3.5 , as shown in Figures 3 and 4. This result is influenced by recombination and dissociation terms from Equations (1) and (2). (a) (b) Figure 4. Negative and positive ion density as a function of time steps. Table 3 shows the distribution of the electric field, free electron density, and negative ion density. The electric field between the ionizer conductor and current collector is dis- turbed, the peak value of the electric field is formed at the air space 0.0005 mm, and the free electron and negative ion density increase with increasing time step function at a high electric field point. It might be possible that the optimized air space between the ionizer conductor and the current collector improve the corona discharge inception process, meaning that it could start the corona discharge inception point early, before the lightning strike. In the case of air space 0.0025 mm, the concentration of electric field was formed at tip part of SK-AOR380 with a different air space of 0.0005 mm. In other words, free elec- tron and negative ion density increases with the increasing time step function at the sharp tip part. From above results, we found that the corona discharge inception point is deter- mined by the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector. Table 3. The electric field distribution, free electron density, and negative ion density as a function of time steps. Air Space Time Electric Field [V/m] Electron Density [ / ] Negative Ion Density [ / ] [mm] [ ] 0.0005 mm 0.5 Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 7 of 10 1.0 1.2 Scale bar 0.5 0.001 mm 1.0 1.2 Scale bar 4. Discussion The generated process of the positive and negative ion and free electron is illustrated in Figure 5. In the case of a low external electric field, the bonding energy between the free electron and positively charged ion in air insulation is larger than that of the external elec- tric field. Therefore, many neutral molecules remain in air. However, in high external elec- tric fields, collisions occur between neutral molecules and then free electrons are acceler- ated in the high electric field [12]. The newly generated free electron from the surface of the ionizer conductor and air insulation can play a role as new electron avalanches under a high electric field condition. Some of these secondary electrons will again strike the air insulation, producing tertiary electron [13]. The possibility of early corona discharge caused by the presence of an ionizer conductor was reviewed in the viewpoint of CTS. In the case of a positive strike occurrence, the surface of the current collector is induced with Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 8 of 10 a negative charge, and the ionizer conductor is positively charged. The electric field be- tween the current collector and the ionizer conductor is distorted, caused by the presence of an ionizer conductor and the ionized free electron emitted from sharp tip of the ionizer conductor under high electric field. Thus, it might be possible that the electric field con- centration occurs at the sharp tip of ionizer conductor and it could be the starting point of early corona discharge inception. Some studies have investigated the early corona discharge between the floating con- ductor and conducting brushes in terms of experimental results and computer simulation studies according to the presence or absence of a floating conductor [5,6]. The experi- mental results show that a floating conductor system can generate more electrons than without a floating electrode, and the corona discharge can be controlled using a floating conductor [6]. In our research work, we have focused on the air space over the presence or absence of a floating conductor to control the inception and occurrence position of co- rona discharge. In the 0.0005 mm air space, the electric field and electron density are con- centrated between ionizer conductor and current collector; it could be a starting point of the corona discharge inception. However, when the air space is increased, the electric field concentration and high electron density occurs at the SK-AOR380 tip part. The reason for the inception and occurrence position of the corona discharge according to the air space in the simulation results can possibly be explained by the following empirical factor:  The behavior of the electric field and electron density according to air space is related with the electron mean free path (MFP) If the air space is too far, the generated free electron could not excite another free electron for the electron avalanche between ionizer conductor and current collector. In other words, the first free electron cannot play a role as the seed of the secondary and tertiary electron avalanches. E. V. Oreshkin et al. [14] have reported the dependences of the length of exponential enhancement of the runaway electron avalanche on the electric field strength in air insulation, calculated using the Monte Carlo method. W. Riegler et al. [15] investigated the distance to first ionization under 30 kV/cm, = 1 ; a minimum distance for first ionization is required for several . In this research work, we found the optimized air space using a numerical analysis method while considering relational equations from the above reference papers [14,15]. However, the above discussion is just one possibility reviewed from the simulation results as a basic research work. The corona discharge of a narrow air space is a very com- plicated physical process, affected by many factors. Further work is needed on experiment results for validation from the above research work. In addition, further numerical analy- sis is needed to consider the neighboring grounded objects. This is because the electric field distribution in the close vicinity of the air terminal is certainly affected by the pres- ence of neighboring grounded objects, at least of the of the protected structure itself. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 9 of 10 Figure 5. Schematic of molecular ionization by external high electric field. 5. Conclusions Some studies on the performance of CTS have focused on modification of the struc- ture and shape of the CTS. The air space is designed (>2 mm) as an empirical design with- out quantitative data. This paper focused on the optimized air space between the ionizer conductor and the ground current collector to improve the performance of the initial co- rona discharge inception using an FEA software package. To investigate the optimal air space, it was reduced to the extent possible for simulation to a micro size. The electric field strength between the ionizer conductor and current collector increases with a decreasing air space until 0.0005 mm. The electric field strength of 0.0005 mm air space is increased by 1.3 times that of 0.001 mm. The free electron density is concentrated where the peak of the electric field is formed. In particular, the free electron density of 0.0005 mm air space is increased by 1.9 times that of 0.0001 mm. The negative ion density shows a similar trend with positive ion density; the maximum value of both ion densities are formed at 1.34 , 1.32 with different free electron densities. It might be possible that the free electron mobility (1 × 10 ) has a higher mobility than ions (1 × 10 ). How- ever, a air space of less than 2 mm was no longer a significant difference in our simulation results. Thus, the 0.0005 mm air space creates a non-uniform high electric field with a large electric field enhancement due to ionization caused by consecutive electron avalanches. In addition, it might be possible that the high electric field concentration occurs at 0.0005 mm air space, and this could be the starting point of early corona discharge. The results in this paper have been discussed in terms of the electron mean free path. To improve the CTS, we suggest the air space between the ionizer conductor and current collector of less than 2 mm, different from conventional CTS studies. Author Contributions: K-H Jang. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, analysis, and writing. S-W Seo. contributed to validation, formal analysis, data curation, and visualization. D-J Kim. contributed to review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This study was supported by the KETEP (Korea Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning). 20215710100360, development of mobile application product technology using re-manu- factured batteries. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 10 10 of 10 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Cooray, V. The Similarity of the Action of Franklin and ESE Lightning Rods under Natural Conditions. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060225. 2. Becerra, M. 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Journal

Applied System Innovation – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Published: Jan 13, 2023

Keywords: numerical analysis; three charge carrier; partial discharge; lightning rod; SK-AOR380; corona discharge; discharge behavior; impulse voltage; air space

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