Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Infectious Complications of Multiple Sclerosis Therapies: Implications for Screening, Prophylaxis, and Management

Infectious Complications of Multiple Sclerosis Therapies: Implications for Screening,... Multiple sclerosis therapies include interferons, glatiramer, and multiple immunosuppressive drugs. Discerning infectious risks of immunosuppressive drugs requires understanding their mechanisms of action and analyzing interventional studies and postmarketing observational data. Though identical immunosuppressive therapies are sometimes used in non-neurologic conditions, infectious risks may differ in this population. Screening for and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection should be prioritized for patients receiving alemtuzumab; ocrelizumab is likely not associated with an increased risk of TB. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation can be devastating for patients treated with ocrelizumab and alemtuzumab, whereas the small molecule oral agents do not likely pose substantial risk of HBV. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a particular concern with natalizumab. Alemtuzumab, and possibly natalizumab and fingolimod, risks herpes virus reactivation and may warrant prophylaxis. Unusual opportunistic infections have been described. Vaccination is an important tool in preventing infections, though vaccine timing and contraindications can be complex. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Open Forum Infectious Diseases Oxford University Press

Infectious Complications of Multiple Sclerosis Therapies: Implications for Screening, Prophylaxis, and Management

Download PDF
8 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/oxford-university-press/infectious-complications-of-multiple-sclerosis-therapies-implications-eLXKXMSGxW

References (119)

  • J Foley, C Carrillo-Infante, M Wenten (2016)

    Long-term safety of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical practice: results from the tysabri global observational program in safety (TYGRIS)

  • ( MaBB, OstrowLW, NewsomeSD Disseminated zoster with paresis in a multiple sclerosis patient treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2016; 3:e203.27027095)

    MaBB, OstrowLW, NewsomeSD

    MaBB, OstrowLW, NewsomeSD Disseminated zoster with paresis in a multiple sclerosis patient treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2016; 3:e203.27027095, MaBB, OstrowLW, NewsomeSD Disseminated zoster with paresis in a multiple sclerosis patient treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2016; 3:e203.27027095

  • ( PeiSN, ChenCH, LeeCM, et al Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients. Ann Hematol2010; 89:255–62.19697028)

    PeiSN, ChenCH, LeeCM, et al

    PeiSN, ChenCH, LeeCM, et al Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients. Ann Hematol2010; 89:255–62.19697028, PeiSN, ChenCH, LeeCM, et al Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients. Ann Hematol2010; 89:255–62.19697028

  • ( GoldR, KapposL, ArnoldDL, et al; DEFINE Study Investigators Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2012; 367:1098–107.22992073)

    GoldR, KapposL, ArnoldDL, et al; DEFINE Study Investigators

    GoldR, KapposL, ArnoldDL, et al; DEFINE Study Investigators Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2012; 367:1098–107.22992073, GoldR, KapposL, ArnoldDL, et al; DEFINE Study Investigators Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2012; 367:1098–107.22992073

  • D. Landi, N. Rossi, S. Zagaglia, C. Scarpazza, L. Prosperini, M. Albanese, F. Buttari, F. Mori, G. Marfia, M. Sormani, R. Capra, D. Centonze (2017)

    No evidence of beneficial effects of plasmapheresis in natalizumab-associated PML

    Neurology, 88

  • ( O’ConnorP, GoodmanA, KapposL, et al Long-term safety and effectiveness of natalizumab redosing and treatment in the STRATA MS Study. Neurology2014; 83:78–86.24898925)

    O?ConnorP, GoodmanA, KapposL, et al

    O’ConnorP, GoodmanA, KapposL, et al Long-term safety and effectiveness of natalizumab redosing and treatment in the STRATA MS Study. Neurology2014; 83:78–86.24898925, O’ConnorP, GoodmanA, KapposL, et al Long-term safety and effectiveness of natalizumab redosing and treatment in the STRATA MS Study. Neurology2014; 83:78–86.24898925

  • J. Berger (2017)

    Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies.

    Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 12

  • T. Tully, A. Barkley, E. Silber (2015)

    Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis receiving fingolimod

    Neurology, 84

  • C. Voican, O. Mir, P. Loulergue, M. Dhooge, C. Brézault, J. Dréanic, S. Chaussade, S. Pol, S. Pol, R. Coriat (2016)

    Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with solid tumors receiving systemic anticancer treatment.

    Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 27 12

  • A. Arvin, J. Wolinsky, L. Kappos, Michele Morris, A. Reder, C. Tornatore, A. Gershon, M. Gershon, M. Levin, M. Bezuidenhoudt, N. Putzki (2015)

    Varicella-zoster virus infections in patients treated with fingolimod: risk assessment and consensus recommendations for management.

    JAMA neurology, 72 1

  • ( TullyT, BarkleyA, SilberE Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis receiving fingolimod. Neurology2015; 84:1999–2001.25878178)

    TullyT, BarkleyA, SilberE

    TullyT, BarkleyA, SilberE Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis receiving fingolimod. Neurology2015; 84:1999–2001.25878178, TullyT, BarkleyA, SilberE Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis receiving fingolimod. Neurology2015; 84:1999–2001.25878178

  • ( Veillet-LemayGM, SawchukMA, KanigsbergND Primary cutaneous histoplasma capsulatum infection in a patient treated with fingolimod: a case report. J Cutan Med Surg2017; 21:553–5.28656779)

    Veillet-LemayGM, SawchukMA, KanigsbergND

    Veillet-LemayGM, SawchukMA, KanigsbergND Primary cutaneous histoplasma capsulatum infection in a patient treated with fingolimod: a case report. J Cutan Med Surg2017; 21:553–5.28656779, Veillet-LemayGM, SawchukMA, KanigsbergND Primary cutaneous histoplasma capsulatum infection in a patient treated with fingolimod: a case report. J Cutan Med Surg2017; 21:553–5.28656779

  • ( YannK, JacksonF, SharafN, et al Acute respiratory distress syndrome following alemtuzumab therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 14:1–3.28619423)

    YannK, JacksonF, SharafN, et al

    YannK, JacksonF, SharafN, et al Acute respiratory distress syndrome following alemtuzumab therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 14:1–3.28619423, YannK, JacksonF, SharafN, et al Acute respiratory distress syndrome following alemtuzumab therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 14:1–3.28619423

  • L. Kappos, E. Radue, P. O'Connor, C. Polman, R. Hohlfeld, P. Calabresi, K. Selmaj, C. Agoropoulou, M. Leyk, L. Zhang-Auberson, P. Burtin (2010)

    A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 362 5

  • ( Gilenya [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals; 2017.)

    Gilenya [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals; 2017.

    Gilenya [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals; 2017., Gilenya [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals; 2017.

  • ( McGuiganC, CranerM, GuadagnoJ, et al Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2016; 87:117–25.26492930)

    McGuiganC, CranerM, GuadagnoJ, et al

    McGuiganC, CranerM, GuadagnoJ, et al Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2016; 87:117–25.26492930, McGuiganC, CranerM, GuadagnoJ, et al Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2016; 87:117–25.26492930

  • Tsai-Ling Liao, Ching-Heng Lin, Yi-Ming Chen, Chia-Li Chang, Hsin-Hua Chen, Der-Yuan Chen (2016)

    Different Risk of Tuberculosis and Efficacy of Isoniazid Prophylaxis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Biologic Therapy: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan

    PLoS ONE, 11

  • R. Rudick, W. Stuart, P. Calabresi, C. Confavreux, S. Galetta, E. Radue, F. Lublin, B. Weinstock-Guttman, D. Wynn, F. Lynn, M. Panzara, A. Sandrock (2006)

    Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 354 9

  • ( BergerJR Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 12:59–63.28283109)

    BergerJR

    BergerJR Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 12:59–63.28283109, BergerJR Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 12:59–63.28283109

  • K. Hawker, P. O'Connor, M. Freedman, P. Calabresi, J. Antel, J. Simon, S. Hauser, E. Waubant, T. Vollmer, H. Panitch, Jiameng Zhang, P. Chin, Craig Smith (2009)

    Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled multicenter trial

    Annals of Neurology, 66

  • ( HauserSL, Bar-OrA, ComiG, et al; OPERA I and OPERA II Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus interferon Beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:221–34.28002679)

    HauserSL, Bar-OrA, ComiG, et al; OPERA I and OPERA II Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus interferon Beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:221?34.28002679

    HauserSL, Bar-OrA, ComiG, et al; OPERA I and OPERA II Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus interferon Beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:221–34.28002679, HauserSL, Bar-OrA, ComiG, et al; OPERA I and OPERA II Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus interferon Beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:221–34.28002679

  • ( KapposL, RadueEW, O’ConnorP, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2010; 362:387–401.20089952)

    KapposL, RadueEW, O?ConnorP, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group

    KapposL, RadueEW, O’ConnorP, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2010; 362:387–401.20089952, KapposL, RadueEW, O’ConnorP, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2010; 362:387–401.20089952

  • ( von HehnC, HowardJ, LiuS, et al Immune response to vaccines is maintained in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2018; 5:e409.29159204)

    von HehnC, HowardJ, LiuS, et al

    von HehnC, HowardJ, LiuS, et al Immune response to vaccines is maintained in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2018; 5:e409.29159204, von HehnC, HowardJ, LiuS, et al Immune response to vaccines is maintained in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2018; 5:e409.29159204

  • W. Brownlee, J. Chataway (2017)

    Opportunistic infections after alemtuzumab: New cases of norcardial infection and cytomegalovirus syndrome

    Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 23

  • ( KaufmanM, PardoG, RossmanH, et al Natalizumab treatment shows no clinically meaningful effects on immunization responses in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci2014; 341:22–7.24731783)

    KaufmanM, PardoG, RossmanH, et al

    KaufmanM, PardoG, RossmanH, et al Natalizumab treatment shows no clinically meaningful effects on immunization responses in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci2014; 341:22–7.24731783, KaufmanM, PardoG, RossmanH, et al Natalizumab treatment shows no clinically meaningful effects on immunization responses in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci2014; 341:22–7.24731783

  • P. Ho, H. Koendgen, N. Campbell, B. Haddock, S. Richman, I. Chang (2017)

    Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies

    The Lancet Neurology, 16

  • (2016)

    Four-year longitudinal index stability data from STRATIFY-2 support the clinical utility of index for risk stratification of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

  • ( Tysabri [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Biogen; 2017.)

    Tysabri [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Biogen; 2017.

    Tysabri [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Biogen; 2017., Tysabri [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Biogen; 2017.

  • Keh Yann, F. Jackson, N. Sharaf, T. Mihalova, P. Talbot, D. Rog, A. Pace (2017)

    Acute respiratory distress syndrome following alemtuzumab therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 14

  • Aaron Miller, J. Wolinsky, L. Kappos, G. Comi, M. Freedman, T. Olsson, D. Bauer, M. Bénamor, P. Truffinet, P. O'Connor (2014)

    Oral teriflunomide for patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (TOPIC): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

    The Lancet Neurology, 13

  • ( ArvinAM, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al Varicella-zoster virus infections in patients treated with fingolimod: risk assessment and consensus recommendations for management. JAMA Neurol2015; 72:31–9.25419615)

    ArvinAM, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al

    ArvinAM, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al Varicella-zoster virus infections in patients treated with fingolimod: risk assessment and consensus recommendations for management. JAMA Neurol2015; 72:31–9.25419615, ArvinAM, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al Varicella-zoster virus infections in patients treated with fingolimod: risk assessment and consensus recommendations for management. JAMA Neurol2015; 72:31–9.25419615

  • J. Enders (1965)

    Infectious Diseases Society of America.

    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 5

  • ( MillerAE, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al; TOPIC Study Group Oral teriflunomide for patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (TOPIC): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol2014; 13:977–86.25192851)

    MillerAE, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al; TOPIC Study Group

    MillerAE, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al; TOPIC Study Group Oral teriflunomide for patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (TOPIC): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol2014; 13:977–86.25192851, MillerAE, WolinskyJS, KapposL, et al; TOPIC Study Group Oral teriflunomide for patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (TOPIC): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol2014; 13:977–86.25192851

  • H. Hartung, R. Gonsette, Nikolaus Konig, H. Kwiecinski, Andreas Guseo, S. Morrissey, H. Krapf, T. Zwingers (2002)

    Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial

    The Lancet, 360

  • Mellen Center, J. Cohen, Md, Canada, L. Arnold, E. Fox, Jeff Rey, A. Cohen, A. Coles, Douglas Arnold, C. Confavreux, E. Fox, H. Hartung, E. Havrdová, Krzysztof Selmaj, Howard Weiner, E. Fisher, Vesna Brinar, G. Giovannoni, M. Stojanovic, Bella Ertik, S. Lake, D. Margolin (2012)

    Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial

    The Lancet, 380

  • ( KapposL, MehlingM, ArroyoR, et al Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology2015; 84:872–9.25636714)

    KapposL, MehlingM, ArroyoR, et al

    KapposL, MehlingM, ArroyoR, et al Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology2015; 84:872–9.25636714, KapposL, MehlingM, ArroyoR, et al Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology2015; 84:872–9.25636714

  • ( ButzkuevenH, KapposL, PellegriniF, et al Efficacy and safety of natalizumab inmultiple sclerosis: interim observational programme results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2014; 85:1190–7.24532785)

    ButzkuevenH, KapposL, PellegriniF, et al

    ButzkuevenH, KapposL, PellegriniF, et al Efficacy and safety of natalizumab inmultiple sclerosis: interim observational programme results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2014; 85:1190–7.24532785, ButzkuevenH, KapposL, PellegriniF, et al Efficacy and safety of natalizumab inmultiple sclerosis: interim observational programme results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2014; 85:1190–7.24532785

  • ( GrebenciucovaE, RederAT, BernardJT Immunologic mechanisms of fingolimod and the role of immunosenescence in the risk of cryptococcal infection: a case report and review of literature. Mult Scler Relat Disord2016; 9:158–62.27645366)

    GrebenciucovaE, RederAT, BernardJT

    GrebenciucovaE, RederAT, BernardJT Immunologic mechanisms of fingolimod and the role of immunosenescence in the risk of cryptococcal infection: a case report and review of literature. Mult Scler Relat Disord2016; 9:158–62.27645366, GrebenciucovaE, RederAT, BernardJT Immunologic mechanisms of fingolimod and the role of immunosenescence in the risk of cryptococcal infection: a case report and review of literature. Mult Scler Relat Disord2016; 9:158–62.27645366

  • M. Kaufman, G. Pardo, H. Rossman, M. Sweetser, F. Forrestal, P. Duda (2014)

    Natalizumab treatment shows no clinically meaningful effects on immunization responses in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

    Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 341

  • (2018)

    MS drug Daclizumab (zinbryta) pulled from the market. Medscape Medical News; 2 March 2018

  • Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers, Treatment of Latent TB Infection

  • C. Polman, P. O'connor, E. Havrdová, M. Hutchinson, L. Kappos, David Miller, J. Phillips, F. Lublin, G. Giovannoni, A. Wajgt, M. Toal, F. Lynn, M. Panzara, A. Sandrock (2006)

    A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 354 9

  • ( BrownleeWJ, ChatawayJ Opportunistic infections after alemtuzumab: new cases of norcardial infection and cytomegalovirus syndrome. Mult Scler2017; 23:876–7.28290753)

    BrownleeWJ, ChatawayJ

    BrownleeWJ, ChatawayJ Opportunistic infections after alemtuzumab: new cases of norcardial infection and cytomegalovirus syndrome. Mult Scler2017; 23:876–7.28290753, BrownleeWJ, ChatawayJ Opportunistic infections after alemtuzumab: new cases of norcardial infection and cytomegalovirus syndrome. Mult Scler2017; 23:876–7.28290753

  • G. Veillet-Lemay, Michael Sawchuk, N. Kanigsberg (2017)

    Primary Cutaneous Histoplasma capsulatum Infection in a Patient Treated With Fingolimod: A Case Report

    Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 21

  • L. Kappos, M. Mehling, R. Arroyo, G. Izquierdo, K. Selmaj, Valentina Curovic-Perisic, A. Keil, M. Bijarnia, Ashutosh Singh, P. Rosenstiel (2015)

    Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis

    Neurology, 84

  • ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers, Treatment of Latent TB Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016 Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/treatment.htm. Accessed 2 December 2017.)

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers, Treatment of Latent TB Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016 Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/treatment.htm. Accessed 2 December 2017.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers, Treatment of Latent TB Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016 Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/treatment.htm. Accessed 2 December 2017., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers, Treatment of Latent TB Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016 Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/treatment.htm. Accessed 2 December 2017.

  • Jeffrey Cohen, F. Barkhof, G. Comi, H. Hartung, B. Khatri, X. Montalban, J. Pelletier, R. Capra, P. Gallo, G. Izquierdo, K. Tiel‐Wilck, A. Vera, James Jin, T. Stites, Stacy Wu, S. Aradhye, L. Kappos (2010)

    Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 362 5

  • ( ReddyKR, BeaversKL, HammondSP, LimJK, Falck-YtterYT; American Gastroenterological Association Institute American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology2015; 148:215–9; quiz e16–7.25447850)

    ReddyKR, BeaversKL, HammondSP, LimJK, Falck-YtterYT; American Gastroenterological Association Institute

    ReddyKR, BeaversKL, HammondSP, LimJK, Falck-YtterYT; American Gastroenterological Association Institute American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology2015; 148:215–9; quiz e16–7.25447850, ReddyKR, BeaversKL, HammondSP, LimJK, Falck-YtterYT; American Gastroenterological Association Institute American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology2015; 148:215–9; quiz e16–7.25447850

  • ( Aubagio [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2016.)

    Aubagio [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2016.

    Aubagio [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2016., Aubagio [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2016.

  • ( CampagnoloD, HoP-R, PatelR, et al Four-year longitudinal index stability data from STRATIFY-2 support the clinical utility of index for risk stratification of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Mannheim, Germany:Congress of the German Society for Neurology 2016; IP 468.)

    CampagnoloD, HoP-R, PatelR, et al

    CampagnoloD, HoP-R, PatelR, et al Four-year longitudinal index stability data from STRATIFY-2 support the clinical utility of index for risk stratification of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Mannheim, Germany:Congress of the German Society for Neurology 2016; IP 468., CampagnoloD, HoP-R, PatelR, et al Four-year longitudinal index stability data from STRATIFY-2 support the clinical utility of index for risk stratification of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Mannheim, Germany:Congress of the German Society for Neurology 2016; IP 468.

  • Christian Hehn, J. Howard, Shifang Liu, Venkata Meka, J. Pultz, D. Mehta, C. Prada, S. Ray, M. Edwards, S. Sheikh (2017)

    Immune response to vaccines is maintained in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate

    Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 5

  • R. Perrillo, R. Gish, Y. Falck-Ytter (2015)

    American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy.

    Gastroenterology, 148 1

  • ( O’ConnorP, WolinskyJS, ConfavreuxC, et al; TEMSO Trial Group Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2011; 365:1293–303.21991951)

    O?ConnorP, WolinskyJS, ConfavreuxC, et al; TEMSO Trial Group

    O’ConnorP, WolinskyJS, ConfavreuxC, et al; TEMSO Trial Group Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2011; 365:1293–303.21991951, O’ConnorP, WolinskyJS, ConfavreuxC, et al; TEMSO Trial Group Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2011; 365:1293–303.21991951

  • ( VermerschP, CzlonkowskaA, GrimaldiLM, et al; TENERE Trial Group Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Mult Scler2014; 20:705–16.24126064)

    VermerschP, CzlonkowskaA, GrimaldiLM, et al; TENERE Trial Group

    VermerschP, CzlonkowskaA, GrimaldiLM, et al; TENERE Trial Group Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Mult Scler2014; 20:705–16.24126064, VermerschP, CzlonkowskaA, GrimaldiLM, et al; TENERE Trial Group Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Mult Scler2014; 20:705–16.24126064

  • ( LublinF, MillerDH, FreedmanMS, et al; INFORMS study investigators Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet2016; 387:1075–84.26827074)

    LublinF, MillerDH, FreedmanMS, et al; INFORMS study investigators

    LublinF, MillerDH, FreedmanMS, et al; INFORMS study investigators Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet2016; 387:1075–84.26827074, LublinF, MillerDH, FreedmanMS, et al; INFORMS study investigators Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet2016; 387:1075–84.26827074

  • ( BrewBJ, DaviesNW, CinqueP, et al Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease. Nat Rev Neurol2010; 6:667–79.21131916)

    BrewBJ, DaviesNW, CinqueP, et al

    BrewBJ, DaviesNW, CinqueP, et al Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease. Nat Rev Neurol2010; 6:667–79.21131916, BrewBJ, DaviesNW, CinqueP, et al Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease. Nat Rev Neurol2010; 6:667–79.21131916

  • ( RudickRA, StuartWH, CalabresiPA, et al; SENTINEL Investigators. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med2006; 354:911–23.16510745)

    RudickRA, StuartWH, CalabresiPA, et al; SENTINEL Investigators. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis

    RudickRA, StuartWH, CalabresiPA, et al; SENTINEL Investigators. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med2006; 354:911–23.16510745, RudickRA, StuartWH, CalabresiPA, et al; SENTINEL Investigators. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med2006; 354:911–23.16510745

  • (2017)

    CA: Genentech

  • A. Coles, C. Twyman, D. Arnold, Jeffrey Cohen, C. Confavreux, E. Fox, H. Hartung, E. Havrdová, K. Selmaj, H. Weiner, T. Miller, E. Fisher, R. Sandbrink, R. Sandbrink, S. Lake, D. Margolin, P. Oyuela, M. Panzara, D. Compston (2012)

    Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial

    The Lancet, 380

  • X. Montalban, S. Hauser, L. Kappos, D. Arnold, A. Bar-Or, G. Comi, J. Seze, G. Giovannoni, H. Hartung, B. Hemmer, F. Lublin, K. Rammohan, K. Selmaj, A. Traboulsee, A. Sauter, D. Masterman, P. Fontoura, S. Belachew, H. Garren, N. Mairon, P. Chin, J. Wolinsky (2017)

    Ocrelizumab versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

    The New England Journal of Medicine, 376

  • Brandy Ma, L. Ostrow, S. Newsome (2016)

    Disseminated zoster with paresis in a multiple sclerosis patient treated with dimethyl fumarate

    Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 3

  • ( LandiD, De RossiN, ZagagliaS, et al; Italian PML Study Group No evidence of beneficial effects of plasmapheresis in natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology2017; 88:1144–52.28228569)

    LandiD, De RossiN, ZagagliaS, et al; Italian PML Study Group

    LandiD, De RossiN, ZagagliaS, et al; Italian PML Study Group No evidence of beneficial effects of plasmapheresis in natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology2017; 88:1144–52.28228569, LandiD, De RossiN, ZagagliaS, et al; Italian PML Study Group No evidence of beneficial effects of plasmapheresis in natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology2017; 88:1144–52.28228569

  • A. Bar-Or, M. Freedman, M. Kremenchutzky, Françoise Menguy-Vacheron, D. Bauer, S. Jodl, P. Truffinet, M. Bénamor, S. Chambers, P. O'Connor (2013)

    Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis

    Neurology, 81

  • ( KapposL, Bar-OrA, CreeBAC, et al; EXPAND Clinical Investigators Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet2018; 391:1263–73.29576505)

    KapposL, Bar-OrA, CreeBAC, et al; EXPAND Clinical Investigators

    KapposL, Bar-OrA, CreeBAC, et al; EXPAND Clinical Investigators Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet2018; 391:1263–73.29576505, KapposL, Bar-OrA, CreeBAC, et al; EXPAND Clinical Investigators Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet2018; 391:1263–73.29576505

  • ( Enriquez-MarulandaA, Valderrama-ChaparroJ, ParradoL, et al Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an MS patient receiving Fingolimod. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 18:106–8.29141790)

    Enriquez-MarulandaA, Valderrama-ChaparroJ, ParradoL, et al

    Enriquez-MarulandaA, Valderrama-ChaparroJ, ParradoL, et al Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an MS patient receiving Fingolimod. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 18:106–8.29141790, Enriquez-MarulandaA, Valderrama-ChaparroJ, ParradoL, et al Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an MS patient receiving Fingolimod. Mult Scler Relat Disord2017; 18:106–8.29141790

  • X Montalban, SL Hauser, L Kappos (2017)

    ORATORIO Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis

    , 376

  • ( FukudaW, HanyuT, KatayamaM, et al Incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with resolved infection on immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic disease: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Japan. Ann Rheum Dis2017; 76:1051–6.27934678)

    FukudaW, HanyuT, KatayamaM, et al

    FukudaW, HanyuT, KatayamaM, et al Incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with resolved infection on immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic disease: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Japan. Ann Rheum Dis2017; 76:1051–6.27934678, FukudaW, HanyuT, KatayamaM, et al Incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with resolved infection on immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic disease: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Japan. Ann Rheum Dis2017; 76:1051–6.27934678

  • ( Lemtrada [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2017.)

    Lemtrada [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2017.

    Lemtrada [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2017., Lemtrada [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2017.

  • Andrew Fine, A. Sorbello, C. Kortepeter, Linda Scarazzini (2013)

    Central nervous system herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections in natalizumab-treated patients.

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 57 6

  • ( ColesAJ, CompstonDA, SelmajKW, et al; CAMMS223 Trial Investigators Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2008; 359:1786–801.18946064)

    ColesAJ, CompstonDA, SelmajKW, et al; CAMMS223 Trial Investigators

    ColesAJ, CompstonDA, SelmajKW, et al; CAMMS223 Trial Investigators Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2008; 359:1786–801.18946064, ColesAJ, CompstonDA, SelmajKW, et al; CAMMS223 Trial Investigators Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2008; 359:1786–801.18946064

  • ( MuleroP, CamineroAB, Neri CrespoMJ, et al Latent tuberculosis seems not to reactivate in multiple sclerosis patients on natalizumab. J Neuroimmunol2012; 243:103–5.22226471)

    MuleroP, CamineroAB, Neri CrespoMJ, et al

    MuleroP, CamineroAB, Neri CrespoMJ, et al Latent tuberculosis seems not to reactivate in multiple sclerosis patients on natalizumab. J Neuroimmunol2012; 243:103–5.22226471, MuleroP, CamineroAB, Neri CrespoMJ, et al Latent tuberculosis seems not to reactivate in multiple sclerosis patients on natalizumab. J Neuroimmunol2012; 243:103–5.22226471

  • R. Fox, David Miller, J. Phillips, M. Hutchinson, E. Havrdová, M. Kita, Minhua Yang, K. Raghupathi, M. Novas, M. Sweetser, V. Viglietta, K. Dawson, C. Sindic (2012)

    Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 367 12

  • ( MontalbanX, HauserSL, KapposL, et al; ORATORIO Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:209–20.28002688)

    MontalbanX, HauserSL, KapposL, et al; ORATORIO Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:209?20.28002688

    MontalbanX, HauserSL, KapposL, et al; ORATORIO Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:209–20.28002688, MontalbanX, HauserSL, KapposL, et al; ORATORIO Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2017; 376:209–20.28002688

  • ( HawkerK, O’ConnorP, FreedmanMS, et al; OLYMPUS trial group Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol2009; 66:460–71.19847908)

    HawkerK, O?ConnorP, FreedmanMS, et al; OLYMPUS trial group

    HawkerK, O’ConnorP, FreedmanMS, et al; OLYMPUS trial group Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol2009; 66:460–71.19847908, HawkerK, O’ConnorP, FreedmanMS, et al; OLYMPUS trial group Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol2009; 66:460–71.19847908

  • SL Hauser, A Bar-Or, G Comi (2017)

    OPERA I and OPERA II Clinical Investigators. Ocrelizumab versus interferon Beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis

    , 376

  • ( ColesAJ, TwymanCL, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS II investigators Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet2012; 380:1829–39.23122650)

    ColesAJ, TwymanCL, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS II investigators

    ColesAJ, TwymanCL, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS II investigators Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet2012; 380:1829–39.23122650, ColesAJ, TwymanCL, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS II investigators Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet2012; 380:1829–39.23122650

  • W. Fukuda, T. Hanyu, M. Katayama, S. Mizuki, A. Okada, M. Miyata, Y. Handa, M. Hayashi, Y. Koyama, K. Arii, T. Kitaori, H. Hagiyama, Y. Urushidani, T. Yamasaki, Y. Ikeno, Tsuyoshi Suzuki, A. Omoto, Toshifumi Sugitani, S. Morita, S. Inokuma (2016)

    Incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with resolved infection on immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic disease: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Japan

    Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 76

  • L. Rubin, M. Levin, P. Ljungman, E. Davies, R. Avery, M. Tomblyn, A. Bousvaros, S. Dhanireddy, L. Sung, H. Keyserling, I. Kang (2014)

    2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host.

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 58 3

  • S. Hauser, A. Bar-Or, G. Comi, G. Giovannoni, Hans-Peter Hartung, B. Hemmer, F. Lublin, X. Montalban, K. Rammohan, K. Selmaj, A. Traboulsee, J. Wolinsky, D. Arnold, G. Klingelschmitt, D. Masterman, P. Fontoura, S. Belachew, P. Chin, N. Mairon, H. Garren, L. Kappos (2017)

    Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta‐1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

    The New England Journal of Medicine, 376

  • ( CohenJA, ColesAJ, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS I investigators Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet2012; 380:1819–28.23122652)

    CohenJA, ColesAJ, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS I investigators

    CohenJA, ColesAJ, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS I investigators Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet2012; 380:1819–28.23122652, CohenJA, ColesAJ, ArnoldDL, et al; CARE-MS I investigators Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet2012; 380:1819–28.23122652

  • ( HartungHP, GonsetteR, KönigN, et al; Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS) Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet2002; 360:2018–25.12504397)

    HartungHP, GonsetteR, K�nigN, et al; Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS)

    HartungHP, GonsetteR, KönigN, et al; Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS) Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet2002; 360:2018–25.12504397, HartungHP, GonsetteR, KönigN, et al; Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS) Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet2002; 360:2018–25.12504397

  • S. Pei, Chien-Hung Chen, Chuan‐Mo Lee, Ming-Chung Wang, M. Ma, Tsung‐Hui Hu, C. Kuo (2010)

    Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients

    Annals of Hematology, 89

  • C. McGuigan, M. Craner, J. Guadagno, R. Kapoor, G. Mazibrada, P. Molyneux, R. Nicholas, Jacqueline Palace, O. Pearson, D. Rog, C. Young (2015)

    Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group

    Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 87

  • C. Confavreux, P. O'Connor, G. Comi, M. Freedman, Aaron Miller, T. Olsson, J. Wolinsky, T. Bagulho, Jean-Luc Delhay, D. Dukovic, P. Truffinet, L. Kappos (2014)

    Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

    The Lancet Neurology, 13

  • ( BrooksM. MS drug Daclizumab (zinbryta) pulled from the market. Medscape Medical News; 2 March 2018. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893352. Accessed 6 March 2018.)

    BrooksM.

    BrooksM. MS drug Daclizumab (zinbryta) pulled from the market. Medscape Medical News; 2 March 2018. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893352. Accessed 6 March 2018., BrooksM. MS drug Daclizumab (zinbryta) pulled from the market. Medscape Medical News; 2 March 2018. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893352. Accessed 6 March 2018.

  • ( LiaoTL, LinCH, ChenYM, et al Different risk of tuberculosis and efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with biologic therapy: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS One2016; 11:e0153217.27064275)

    LiaoTL, LinCH, ChenYM, et al

    LiaoTL, LinCH, ChenYM, et al Different risk of tuberculosis and efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with biologic therapy: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS One2016; 11:e0153217.27064275, LiaoTL, LinCH, ChenYM, et al Different risk of tuberculosis and efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with biologic therapy: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS One2016; 11:e0153217.27064275

  • ( CohenJA, BarkhofF, ComiG, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2010; 362:402–15.20089954)

    CohenJA, BarkhofF, ComiG, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group

    CohenJA, BarkhofF, ComiG, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2010; 362:402–15.20089954, CohenJA, BarkhofF, ComiG, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2010; 362:402–15.20089954

  • M. Hillen, S. Cook, A. Samanta, E. Grant, J. Quinless, Jamuna Rajasingham (2015)

    Fatal acute liver failure with hepatitis B virus infection during nataluzimab treatment in multiple sclerosis

    Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 2

  • S. Kim, J. Moon, Hawk Kim, Jin Kim, Y. Hwang, T. Intragumtornchai, S. Issaragrisil, J. Kwak, Je Lee, J. Won, A. Reksodiputro, S. Lim, A. Cheng, W. Kim, Y. Kwong (2012)

    Non-bacterial infections in Asian patients treated with alemtuzumab: a retrospective study of the Asian Lymphoma Study Group

    Leukemia & Lymphoma, 53

  • B. Brew, N. Davies, P. Cinque, D. Clifford, A. Nath (2010)

    Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease

    Nature Reviews Neurology, 6

  • ( VoicanCS, MirO, LoulergueP, et al Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with solid tumors receiving systemic anticancer treatment. Ann Oncol2016; 27:2172–84.27803003)

    VoicanCS, MirO, LoulergueP, et al

    VoicanCS, MirO, LoulergueP, et al Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with solid tumors receiving systemic anticancer treatment. Ann Oncol2016; 27:2172–84.27803003, VoicanCS, MirO, LoulergueP, et al Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with solid tumors receiving systemic anticancer treatment. Ann Oncol2016; 27:2172–84.27803003

  • ( Bar-OrA, FreedmanMS, KremenchutzkyM, et al Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology2013; 81:552–8.23851964)

    Bar-OrA, FreedmanMS, KremenchutzkyM, et al

    Bar-OrA, FreedmanMS, KremenchutzkyM, et al Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology2013; 81:552–8.23851964, Bar-OrA, FreedmanMS, KremenchutzkyM, et al Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology2013; 81:552–8.23851964

  • A. Enriquez-Marulanda, J. Valderrama-Chaparro, L. Parrado, J. Vélez, Ana Granados, Jorge Orozco, Jairo Quiñones (2017)

    Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an MS patient receiving Fingolimod.

    Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 18

  • A. Coles, D. Compston, K. Selmaj, S. Lake, S. Moran, D. Margolin, K. Norris, P. Tandon (2008)

    Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 359 17

  • P. Vermersch, A. Członkowska, L. Grimaldi, C. Confavreux, G. Comi, L. Kappos, T. Olsson, M. Bénamor, D. Bauer, P. Truffinet, M. Church, Aaron Miller, J. Wolinsky, M. Freedman, P. O'Connor (2014)

    Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial

    Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 20

  • ( SchwabN, Schneider-HohendorfT, MelzerN, et al Natalizumab-associated PML: challenges with incidence, resulting risk, and risk stratification. Neurology2017; 88:1197–205.28228564)

    SchwabN, Schneider-HohendorfT, MelzerN, et al

    SchwabN, Schneider-HohendorfT, MelzerN, et al Natalizumab-associated PML: challenges with incidence, resulting risk, and risk stratification. Neurology2017; 88:1197–205.28228564, SchwabN, Schneider-HohendorfT, MelzerN, et al Natalizumab-associated PML: challenges with incidence, resulting risk, and risk stratification. Neurology2017; 88:1197–205.28228564

  • ( FoxRJ, MillerDH, PhillipsJT, et al; CONFIRM Study Investigators Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2012; 367:1087–97.22992072)

    FoxRJ, MillerDH, PhillipsJT, et al; CONFIRM Study Investigators

    FoxRJ, MillerDH, PhillipsJT, et al; CONFIRM Study Investigators Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2012; 367:1087–97.22992072, FoxRJ, MillerDH, PhillipsJT, et al; CONFIRM Study Investigators Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2012; 367:1087–97.22992072

  • ( HillenME, CookSD, SamantaA, et al Fatal acute liver failure with hepatitis B virus infection during nataluzimab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2015; 2:e72.25815364)

    HillenME, CookSD, SamantaA, et al

    HillenME, CookSD, SamantaA, et al Fatal acute liver failure with hepatitis B virus infection during nataluzimab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2015; 2:e72.25815364, HillenME, CookSD, SamantaA, et al Fatal acute liver failure with hepatitis B virus infection during nataluzimab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2015; 2:e72.25815364

  • Elena Grebenciucova, A. Reder, Jacqueline Bernard (2016)

    Immunologic mechanisms of fingolimod and the role of immunosenescence in the risk of cryptococcal infection: A case report and review of literature.

    Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 9

  • P. O'Connor, A. Goodman, L. Kappos, F. Lublin, C. Polman, R. Rudick, Kathy Hauswirth, L. Cristiano, F. Forrestal, P. Duda (2014)

    Long-term safety and effectiveness of natalizumab redosing and treatment in the STRATA MS Study

    Neurology, 83

  • ( KimSJ, MoonJH, KimH, et al Non-bacterial infections in Asian patients treated with alemtuzumab: a retrospective study of the Asian Lymphoma Study Group. Leuk Lymphoma2012; 53:1515–24.22273250)

    KimSJ, MoonJH, KimH, et al

    KimSJ, MoonJH, KimH, et al Non-bacterial infections in Asian patients treated with alemtuzumab: a retrospective study of the Asian Lymphoma Study Group. Leuk Lymphoma2012; 53:1515–24.22273250, KimSJ, MoonJH, KimH, et al Non-bacterial infections in Asian patients treated with alemtuzumab: a retrospective study of the Asian Lymphoma Study Group. Leuk Lymphoma2012; 53:1515–24.22273250

  • ( PolmanCH, O’ConnorPW, HavrdovaE, et al; AFFIRM Investigators A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2006; 354:899–910.16510744)

    PolmanCH, O?ConnorPW, HavrdovaE, et al; AFFIRM Investigators

    PolmanCH, O’ConnorPW, HavrdovaE, et al; AFFIRM Investigators A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2006; 354:899–910.16510744, PolmanCH, O’ConnorPW, HavrdovaE, et al; AFFIRM Investigators A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med2006; 354:899–910.16510744

  • ( RubinLG, LevinMJ, LjungmanP, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis2014; 58:e44–100.24311479)

    RubinLG, LevinMJ, LjungmanP, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America

    RubinLG, LevinMJ, LjungmanP, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis2014; 58:e44–100.24311479, RubinLG, LevinMJ, LjungmanP, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis2014; 58:e44–100.24311479

  • N. Schwab, T. Schneider-Hohendorf, N. Melzer, G. Cutter, H. Wiendl (2017)

    Natalizumab-associated PML

    Neurology, 88

  • ( HoPR, KoendgenH, CampbellN, et al Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies. Lancet Neurol2017; 16:925–33.28969984)

    HoPR, KoendgenH, CampbellN, et al

    HoPR, KoendgenH, CampbellN, et al Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies. Lancet Neurol2017; 16:925–33.28969984, HoPR, KoendgenH, CampbellN, et al Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies. Lancet Neurol2017; 16:925–33.28969984

  • P. Mulero, A. Caminero, M. Crespo, R. Fernández-Herranz, N. Lara (2012)

    Latent tuberculosis seems not to reactivate in multiple sclerosis patients on natalizumab

    Journal of Neuroimmunology, 243

  • ( ConfavreuxC, O’ConnorP, ComiG, et al; TOWER Trial Group Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol2014; 13:247–56.24461574)

    ConfavreuxC, O?ConnorP, ComiG, et al; TOWER Trial Group

    ConfavreuxC, O’ConnorP, ComiG, et al; TOWER Trial Group Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol2014; 13:247–56.24461574, ConfavreuxC, O’ConnorP, ComiG, et al; TOWER Trial Group Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol2014; 13:247–56.24461574

  • N Schwab, T Schneider-Hohendorf, N Melzer (2017)

    Natalizumab-associated PML: challenges with incidence, resulting risk, and risk stratification

    , 88

  • ( Ocrevus [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2017.)

    Ocrevus [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2017.

    Ocrevus [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2017., Ocrevus [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2017.

  • F. Lublin, David Miller, M. Freedman, B. Cree, J. Wolinsky, H. Weiner, C. Lubetzki, H. Hartung, X. Montalban, B. Uitdehaag, M. Merschhemke, Bingbing Li, N. Putzki, F. Liu, D. Häring, L. Kappos (2016)

    Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

    The Lancet, 387

  • R. Gold, L. Kappos, D. Arnold, A. Bar-Or, G. Giovannoni, K. Selmaj, C. Tornatore, M. Sweetser, Minhua Yang, S. Sheikh, K. Dawson (2012)

    Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 367 12

  • ( FoleyJ, Carrillo-InfanteC, WentenM, et al Long-term safety of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical practice: results from the tysabri global observational program in safety (TYGRIS). London, UK: European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Congress 2016; P1229.)

    FoleyJ, Carrillo-InfanteC, WentenM, et al

    FoleyJ, Carrillo-InfanteC, WentenM, et al Long-term safety of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical practice: results from the tysabri global observational program in safety (TYGRIS). London, UK: European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Congress 2016; P1229., FoleyJ, Carrillo-InfanteC, WentenM, et al Long-term safety of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical practice: results from the tysabri global observational program in safety (TYGRIS). London, UK: European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Congress 2016; P1229.

  • H. Butzkueven, L. Kappos, F. Pellegrini, M. Trojano, H. Wiendl, R. Patel, A. Zhang, C. Hotermans, S. Belachew (2014)

    Efficacy and safety of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis: interim observational programme results

    Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 85

  • L. Kappos, A. Bar-Or, B. Cree, R. Fox, G. Giovannoni, R. Gold, P. Vermersch, D. Arnold, S. Arnould, Tatiana Scherz, C. Wolf, E. Wallström, F. Dahlke, A. Achiron, L. Achtnichts, K. Ağan, G. Akman‐Demir, A. Allen, J. Antel, A. Antiguedad, M. Apperson, A. Applebee, G. Ayuso, Masayuki Baba, O. Bajenaru, R. Bălaşa, B. Balci, M. Barnett, Ann Bass, V. Becker, Mihaela Bejinariu, F. Bergh, A. Bergmann, E. Bernitsas, A. Berthele, V. Bhan, F. Bischof, R. Bjork, G. Blevins, M. Boehringer, T. Boerner, R. Bonek, J. Bowen, A. Bowling, A. Boyko, C. Boz, Vera Bracknies, S. Braune, V. Morra, B. Brochet, W. Brola, P. Brownstone, M. Brozman, D. Brunet, I. Buraga, M. Burnett, M. Buttmann, H. Butzkueven, J. Cahill, J. Calkwood, W. Camu, M. Cascione, G. Castelnovo, D. Centonze, J. Cerqueira, A. Chan, Andrea Cimprichová, S. Cohan, G. Comi, J. Conway, J. Cooper, J. Corboy, J. Correale, Brian Costell, D. Cottrell, P. Coyle, M. Craner, L. Cui, L. Cunha, A. Członkowska, A. Silva, J. Sá, J. Seze, M. Debouverie, J. Debruyne, D. Decoo, G. Defer, T. Derfuss, N. Deri, B. Dihenia, P. Diószeghy, V. Donáth, B. Dubois, M. Duddy, P. Duquette, G. Edan, H. Efendi, S. Elias, Peter Emrich, B. Estruch, E. Evdoshenko, J. Faiss, Alexander Fedyanin, W. Feneberg, J. Fermont, Ó. Fernández, F. Ferrer, K. Fink, H. Ford, C. Ford, A. Francia, M. Freedman, B. Frishberg, S. Galgani, G. Garmany, K. Gehring, Jeffrey Gitt, C. Gobbi, L. Goldstick, R. González, Francois Granďmaison, N. Grigoriadis, O. Grigorova, L. Grimaldi, J. Gross, K. Gross-Paju, M. Gudesblatt, D. Guillaume, J. Haas, V. Hančinová, A. Hâncu, O. Hardiman, A. Harmjanz, F. Heidenreich, G. Hengstman, J. Herbert, M. Herring, S. Hodgkinson, O. Hoffmann, W. Hofmann, W. Honeycutt, L. Hua, Dehui Huang, Yining Huang, Deren Huang, R. Hupperts, Piroska Imre, A. Jacobs, G. Jakab, Elżbieta Jasińska, K. Kaida, J. Kalniņa, A. Kaprelyan, G. Karelis, D. Karussis, A. Katz, F. Khabirov, B. Khatri, Takashi Kimura, I. Kister, R. Kizlaitiene, E. Klímová, J. Koehler, Aparna Komatineni, A. Kornhuber, K. Kovács, A. Koves, W. Kozubski, Georgi Krastev, L. Krupp, E. Kurča, Christoph Lassek, G. Laureys, Liesly Lee, E. Lensch, F. Leutmezer, Hong-zeng Li, R. Linker, M. Linnebank, P. Lišková, Cristina Llanera, Jiahong Lu, A. Lutterotti, J. Lycke, R. Macdonell, M. Maciejowski, M. Maeurer, R. Magzhanov, E. Maida, L. Malciené, Y. Mao-Draayer, G. Marfia, C. Markowitz, V. Mastorodimos, K. Mátyás, J. Meca-Lallana, J. Merino, Ioan Mihetiu, I. Milanov, Aaron Miller, A. Millers, M. Mirabella, Masanori Mizuno, X. Montalban, Lilina Montoya, M. Mori, Stefanie Mueller, J. Nakahara, Y. Nakatsuji, S. Newsome, R. Nicholas, A. Nielsen, E. Nikfekr, U. Nocentini, C. Nohara, K. Nomura, M. Odinak, T. Olsson, B. Oosten, C. Oreja-Guevara, P. Oschmann, J. Overell, A. Pachner, G. Pánczél, Massimo Pandolfo, C. Papeix, L. Patrucco, J. Pelletier, R. Piedrabuena, M. Pless, U. Polzer, K. Pozsegovits, D. Rastenytė, S. Rauer, G. Reifschneider, R. Rey, S. Rizvi, Derrick Robertson, Jose Rodriguez, D. Rog, H. Roshanisefat, Vernon Rowe, C. Rozsa, S. Rubin, Stanisław Rusek, F. Saccà, T. Saida, A. Salgado, Victoria Sánchez, Kalina Sanders, Mária Sátori, D. Sazonov, E. Scarpini, E. Schlegel, M. Schluep, S. Schmidt, E. Scholz, H. Schrijver, M. Schwab, R. Schwartz, J. Scott, K. Selmaj, S. Shafer, B. Sharrack, I. Shchukin, Y. Shimizu, Penko Shotekov, A. Siever, K. Sigel, S. Silliman, M. Simó, M. Simu, V. Sinay, A. Siquier, A. Siva, O. Škoda, A. Solomon, M. Stangel, D. Stefoski, B. Steingo, I. Stolyarov, P. Štourač, K. Straßburger-krogias, Erik Strauss, O. Stuve, Ivaylo Tarnev, A. Tavernarakis, C. Tello, M. Terzi, Veronika Tichá, M. Ticmeanu, K. Tiel‐Wilck, T. Toomsoo, N. Tubridy, M. Tullman, H. Tumani, P. Turčáni, B. Turner, A. Uccelli, Francisco Urtaza, M. Vachová, A. Valikovics, S. Walter, B. Wijmeersch, L. Vanopdenbosch, J. Weber, S. Weiss, Robert Weissert, T. West, H. Wiendl, S. Wiertlewski, B. Wildemann, B. Willekens, L. Visser, G. Vorobeychik, Xian-hao Xu, T. Yamamura, Yi Yang, S. Yélamos, M. Yeung, A. Zacharias, M. Zelkowitz, U. Zettl, Meini Zhang, Hongyu Zhou, Ulf Zieman, T. Ziemssen (2018)

    Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study

    The Lancet, 391

  • (2017)

    NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals

  • ( FineAJ, SorbelloA, KortepeterC, ScarazziniL Central nervous system herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections in natalizumab-treated patients. Clin Infect Dis2013; 57:849–52.23728144)

    FineAJ, SorbelloA, KortepeterC, ScarazziniL

    FineAJ, SorbelloA, KortepeterC, ScarazziniL Central nervous system herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections in natalizumab-treated patients. Clin Infect Dis2013; 57:849–52.23728144, FineAJ, SorbelloA, KortepeterC, ScarazziniL Central nervous system herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections in natalizumab-treated patients. Clin Infect Dis2013; 57:849–52.23728144

  • K. Reddy, K. Beavers, S. Hammond, Joseph Lim, Y. Falck-Ytter (2015)

    American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy.

    Gastroenterology, 148 1

  • P. O'Connor, J. Wolinsky, C. Confavreux, G. Comi, L. Kappos, T. Olsson, H. Benzerdjeb, P. Truffinet, Lin Wang, Aaron Miller, M. Freedman (2011)

    Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

    The New England journal of medicine, 365 14

  • K. Anja (2019)

    European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis

    Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, 19

Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.
eISSN
2328-8957
DOI
10.1093/ofid/ofy174
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis therapies include interferons, glatiramer, and multiple immunosuppressive drugs. Discerning infectious risks of immunosuppressive drugs requires understanding their mechanisms of action and analyzing interventional studies and postmarketing observational data. Though identical immunosuppressive therapies are sometimes used in non-neurologic conditions, infectious risks may differ in this population. Screening for and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection should be prioritized for patients receiving alemtuzumab; ocrelizumab is likely not associated with an increased risk of TB. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation can be devastating for patients treated with ocrelizumab and alemtuzumab, whereas the small molecule oral agents do not likely pose substantial risk of HBV. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a particular concern with natalizumab. Alemtuzumab, and possibly natalizumab and fingolimod, risks herpes virus reactivation and may warrant prophylaxis. Unusual opportunistic infections have been described. Vaccination is an important tool in preventing infections, though vaccine timing and contraindications can be complex.

Journal

Open Forum Infectious Diseases – Oxford University Press

Published: Jul 16, 2018

Keywords: immunosuppression; multiple sclerosis; opportunistic infections

There are no references for this article.