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[The massive connection of renewable and distributed generation and the electrification of other sectors give rise to new challenges and opportunities that call for an adaption of the traditional Volt/var control schemes. Recently introduced cosφ(P)- and Q(U)-control of photovoltaic inverters and on-load tap changers in distribution substations to mitigate voltage limit violations provoke massive technical and social problems. This chapter conducts a comprehensive and systematic holistic study to analyse the Volt/var behaviour on the medium- and low voltage levels, focusing on high-medium and medium-low voltage grid boundaries. The recently emerged and newly introduced control strategies are considered. Their evaluation shows that the X(U)-control in radial structures combined with Q-Autarkic customer plants maintains voltage limits reliably, effectively, and efficiently, while preserving the interests of all involved stakeholders. It also clarifies that voltage limits do not remain constant throughout the day, introducing the concept of "boundary voltage limits" for the first time. Additional, practical modelling steps are suggested.]
Published: Nov 19, 2021
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