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[In this chapter we explain how the development of Public Safety and Public Order Policing in England and Wales since the death of Ian Tomlinson in 2009 led to a move towards approaches more explicitly based on the facilitation of the legitimate intentions and dialogue with crowd participants. However, while these developments, including the introduction of Police Liaison Officers, have largely been successfully implemented and embedded nationally towards the policing of protest, they have yet to be systematically applied into the domain of the policing of domestic football in England and Wales. This is perplexing, given that the crowd science which led to the changes draws extensively from research on the policing of football crowds. Perhaps unsurprisingly, where dialogue-based approaches are used in football, we demonstrate in this chapter that they are also effective. We cover some of the empirical evidence and theory arising through our research, from the UK and internationally, which strongly suggests that a route to more efficient and effective football crowd policing, even in high-risk scenarios, is through implementing a graded, facilitation, and dialogue-based policing approach. This new data also further reinforces our contention that ‘risk’ is primarily not about the presence, or indeed absence, of fans categorised by the police as ‘risk’, but is instead an outcome of interactional dynamics that occur during the event itself.]
Published: Dec 13, 2022
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