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[In this chapter we introduce the issue of football-related violence and disorder in Britain, popularly known as ‘hooliganism’. We chart the rise of the issue as an apparently singular, identifiable, phenomenon in political and media discourse from the 1950s to the 1980s and argue that the label actually covered a host of different and often unconnected types of transgression, deviance, or misbehaviour. We contend that early attempts to understand and respond to the problem by governments, police, and law-makers were largely unsuccessful in identifying what action needed to be taken, not helped by early academic studies which were characterised by a struggle to grasp why, and when, disorder did or did not occur. We consider the extent to which football crowd disorder at matches increased from the 1950s onwards, the likely reasons for any rise, and establish the inter-connected reasons which explain the reduction in levels of disorder in the late 1980s and 1990s. We conclude by arguing that many of the failures to understand or respond appropriately to the issue have been due to too heavy a focus on ‘hooliganism’ as being the result of individuals with predispositions towards violence, rather than focusing on structural, situational, and environmental factors such as stadium infrastructure and location, policing tactics, and laws and policies that have themselves shaped how football crowd behaviour has developed.]
Published: Dec 13, 2022
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