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A Practical Approach to Adolescent Bone Health Imaging to Evaluate Bone Health

A Practical Approach to Adolescent Bone Health : Imaging to Evaluate Bone Health [Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are an important part of a bone health assessment, and DXA scans of the lumbar spine and whole body are recommended for adolescents. Bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD are expressed as age-, sex-, and ancestry-specific Z-scores. As a two-dimensional technique, DXA measures areal BMD (aBMD), which is influenced by bone size. Adjustments of aBMD Z-scores are needed in patients with growth delay to prevent erroneous interpretation of results. The most promising adjustment approaches include calculation of bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and correction using height-for-age-adjusted Z-scores. In select clinical circumstances, a bone age adjustment can be helpful as well. Follow-up DXA scans to aid clinical management should be performed every 1–2 years, at most. Vertebral fractures may be evident on DXA spine scans and invalidate aBMD results. Suspicion of vertebral fracture on a DXA scan warrants radiological follow-up. A special software for vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) by DXA has recently been found to be as good as conventional radiography in identifying moderate to severe vertebral fractures in children and adolescents. Several types of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) have been used to characterize bone, but they remain research tools in pediatrics owing to lack of standardization and reference ranges.] http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png

A Practical Approach to Adolescent Bone Health Imaging to Evaluate Bone Health

Editors: Pitts, Sarah; Gordon, Catherine M.
Kalkwarf, Heidi J.
Springer Journals — Feb 10, 2018
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15 pages

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Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Copyright
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018
ISBN
978-3-319-72879-7
Pages
111 –126
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-72880-3_7
Publisher site
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Abstract

[Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are an important part of a bone health assessment, and DXA scans of the lumbar spine and whole body are recommended for adolescents. Bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD are expressed as age-, sex-, and ancestry-specific Z-scores. As a two-dimensional technique, DXA measures areal BMD (aBMD), which is influenced by bone size. Adjustments of aBMD Z-scores are needed in patients with growth delay to prevent erroneous interpretation of results. The most promising adjustment approaches include calculation of bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and correction using height-for-age-adjusted Z-scores. In select clinical circumstances, a bone age adjustment can be helpful as well. Follow-up DXA scans to aid clinical management should be performed every 1–2 years, at most. Vertebral fractures may be evident on DXA spine scans and invalidate aBMD results. Suspicion of vertebral fracture on a DXA scan warrants radiological follow-up. A special software for vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) by DXA has recently been found to be as good as conventional radiography in identifying moderate to severe vertebral fractures in children and adolescents. Several types of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) have been used to characterize bone, but they remain research tools in pediatrics owing to lack of standardization and reference ranges.]

Published: Feb 10, 2018

Keywords: Bone mineral content; Bone mineral density; Bone mineral apparent density; BMAD; Bone fragility; Delayed growth; Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; DXA; Height-for-age; Peripheral QCT; Vertebral fracture

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