Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
&+$37(5,9 $XWKRULW\7KH5RVLFUXFLDQVDQG $OWDURQHDQGWKH7KU$OOLDQFHRIWKH$Q 2QWKHRWKHUKDQG,FDQQRWEXWDGPLWWKDWPDQ\RI HFLSLWDWHLWLVIRUHUDVKTXLFNDQGSURXUDFWLRQVZHU HDVRQWKDWWKH\FRXOGGUDZXSRQXVVXVSLFLRQWKLVU DQGUXPRXU« 1,1RYLNRY H:KDYHVHHQWKDWWKHUHZDVQRFRQVFLRXVGHVLJQRIUHYROWRURSSRVLWLRQWRWKH LQVWLWXWLRQVRIWKHWLPHVLQWKHSURSRVHGHWKLFDQGZRUOGYLVLRQHPEUDFHGE\WKH 0RVFRZ5RVLFUXFLDQ&LUFOH5DWKHUWKHUHZDVDFRQYLFWLRQWKDWWKH\KDGWRVWUXJJOH DJDLQVWWKH GpFDGHQFH RIVXFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGWKDWWKH\KDGWRUHFWLI\WKHIRUPVRI H[HUWLRQRISRZHUZKLFKLQWKHPVHOYHVZHUHJRRGEXWKDGORVWWKHLUFRRUGLQDWHVRU HIXWXUHPRUDO³FRPSDVV´LQGLFDWLQJWKHZD\WRZDUGVWKHHGL¿FDWLRQRIWK GHWHFWHGEHFRXOGWKDWJRDOLQQRYDWLYHUDGLFDOQRZDVWKHUHWKDWQRWHGDOVRKDYHH: VRFLDOWKHLUDQGOLIHHYHU\GD\WRFRQQHFWHGFKRLFHVWKHLUDSSURDFKSKLORVRSKLFWKHLULQ RQHWKHRQGHVLUHDH[SUHVVHGLQLWLDWLYHVWKHLURI$OODFWLYLWLHVOLWHUDU\DQGSXEOLVKLQJ KDQGWRPDLQWDLQKDUPRQ\ZLWKWKHFXOWXUDOOLIHRIWKHLUHSRFKDVZHOODVZLWKWKH WKDWKDGWKHSRZHUWROHJLWLPLVHDQGWRKHDOWKHZRXQGVRIUHOLJLRXVFRQVFLHQFH FULVLVLQQHUGHHSDJRLQJXQGHUZDV&KXUFK2UWKRGR[WKHZKHQWLPHDDW+RZHYHU WKH5RVLFUXFLDQV¶DFWLYLWLHVZHUHYLHZHGDVGDQJHURXVHYHQWKRXJKWKH\ZHUHWKH LQÀRXULVKHGWKDWVHFWVKHUHWLFDOWKHWKDQPRUH0XFKUHFRQFLOLDWLRQIRUSODQDRIUHVXOW WKHFRXUVHRIWKHFHQWXU\WKH5RVLFUXFLDQVXQGHUPLQHGWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRIWKH&KXUFK XVXUSLQJDFXOWXUDODQGVSLULWXDOUROHWKDWLWQRORQJHUVHHPHGDEOHWRDGHTXDWHO\ SHUIRUP (QF\FORSDHGLVWV)UHQFKWKHRILQÀ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³,,9 7 ,6 $ 6 (&7 2) ) 7,&6$1$ $1' ($. 0,1'(' 3 (23/( ´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³HQOLJKWHQHG´RQDFWLYLWLHV1RYLNRY¶ DVDMRXUQDOLVWSXEOLVKHUDQGKLVWRULDQGXULQJKLVDOPRVW7KLVWKLUW\\HDUZDVFDUHHU DQGHGXFDWLRQGLVVHPLQDWLQJDERXWHQWKXVLDVWLFVLQFHUHO\DOVRZDVVKHDQGSROLF\KHU PRGHUQLVLQJWKHFXOWXUDODWPRVSKHUHWKDWVKHGLVOLNHGDQGZDVDOLHQWRKHU5DLVHG LQWKHEHOLHIWKDWKXPDQUHDVRQFRXOGQRWRQO\FRQTXHUSUHMXGLFHDQG[HQRSKRELF REVFXUDQWLVPEXWDOVRPDUNDWXUQLQJSRLQWLQKLVWRU\VKHFKHULVKHGWKHGUHDPRI EHLQJWKHSHUVRQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUVXFKDWXUQLQJSRLQWWKDQNVWRZKLFKUHDVRQZRXOG VDSSURDFKWRHWVDULWVD¶WKHLW5RVLFUXFLDQZDVFDVHSUHFLVHO\WKH7<WUDQVIRUPUHDOLW\ WKDWZRXOGUHYHDOWKHJDSVLQKHUFXOWXUDOSURJUDPPHZKLFKDOWHUQDWHGEHWZHHQ UHIRUPLVWHDJHUQHVVDQGSROLWLFDORSSRUWXQLVP KLVDQG1RYLNRYE\LQLWLDWLYHVWKHRIDSSURYDOH[SOLFLWWLPHVDWDQGLQGXOJHQFH+HU REVWDFOHV1RGHFDGHIROORZLQJWKHLQWRZHOODQGVWKHWKURXJKRXWODVWHGDVVRFLDWHV ZHUHSXWLQWKHZD\RIWKHFXOWXUDODQGSKLODQWKURSLFDFWLYLWLHVRIWKH5RVLFUXFLDQVLQ 0RVFRZRULQWKHSURYLQFHV8QWLODVHULHVRI¿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«@2XWZDUGO\WKLVRGGLW\ ZKLFKFRPHVRQWRSRIDOOWKHRWKHUKXPDQRGGLWLHVLVDFRPELQDWLRQRIUHOLJLRXV ULWHVVDQGJDPHVFKLOGUHQ¶&OHDUO\H[SUHVVHGZLWKLQLWLVWKHVSLULWRIWKHFRXQWU\ FRPPXQLWLHVUHOLJLRXVPRQDVWHULHVLQDERXQGLQJFRXQWU\DLHERUQZDVLWZKHUH 2UWKRGR[DQGQRQ2UWKRGR[EHOLHYHUVPRQNVDEEH\VHWF DQRWKHULQVHHQEHFDQDVXQFKDQJHGHVVHQWLDOO\UHPDLQHGRSLQLRQKHUODWHU\HDUV(LJKW RQHRIKHUOHWWHUVWR=LPPHUPDQQDZHOONQRZQ*HUPDQSK\VLFLDQDQGSKLORVRSKHU , LPDJLQH WKDW WKH IROORZHUV RI &DJOLRVWUR DUH MXVW DV IHQVLYHLQRI DV WKH 0RKDPPHGDQV>«@,WLVEXWDVHFWRIIDQDWLFVDQGZHDNPLQGHGSHRSOH 1RQHWKHOHVV GXULQJ WKH VV&DWKHULQH¶DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV WKH 0DVRQLF 2UGHU XQGHUZHQWDUHDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQUDQJLQJIURPJRRGQDWXUHGPRFNHU\WRUHSULPDQG ZKLFKWXUQHGLQWRRSHQGLVDSSURYDO7KHV(PSUHVV¶ZULWLQJVDWWHVWWRWKLVFKDQJLQJ DWWLWXGHIURPKHUVDWLULFDOSDPSKOHW /HHWVHFUGHODVRFLpWpGHDQWLDEVXUSXEOLVKHG LQ 6DLQWJ3HWHUVEXU1HZVDQGZLGHVSUHDGLQ5XVVLDQWUDQVODWLRQWRKHUSOD\V 7KH ,PSRVWRU 2EPDQVKFKLN HDPHU7KH'U VKFKHQQ\L DQG 2ERO¶ 7KH6LEHULDQ6KDPDQ JWKHDWUHVGXULQJ 6KDPDQ6LELUVNLL SURGXFHGLQ3HWHUVEXU $XWKRULW\7KH5RVLFUXFLDQVDQG GUDZQZHUHULGLFXOHWRDWWHPSWHG(PSUHVVWKHWKDWWKHPHVDQGYLHZRISRLQWV7KH IURPDYDVWUHSRVLWRU\RIFOLFKpVWKDWKDGEHHQDWWDFKHGWR)UHHPDVRQU\LQHVWWKH: IRUGHFDGHV +RZHYHUWKHVHFOLFKpVZHUHDOVRLQWHUWZLQHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHVWRWKH VSHFL¿FUHDOLW\RIFRQWHPSRUDU\J3HWHUVEXU$VZHKDYHVHHQJ3HWHUVEXUZDVD FLW\ZKHUHORGJHVÀRXULVKHGLQFLUFOHVFORVHVWWRWKH&RXUWDQGRQPRUHWKDQRQH SROLF\IRUHLJQVJRYHUQPHQW¶WKHZLWKLQWHUVHFWHGUHODWLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOWKHLURFFDVLRQ FKRLFHVJ3HWHUVEXUZDVDOVRDFLW\LQZKLFK&DJOLRVWURKDGEHHQUHFHLYHGZLWKJUHDW KRQRXUVDQGJLYHQKRVSLWDOLW\DWWKHUHVLGHQFHRI,YDQ(ODJLQZKRZDVGHYRWHGWR WKHWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHREVFXUHZRUNVE\WKH SKLORVRSKHLQFRQQX6DLQW0DUWLQ7KLV ZDVDOVRWKHFLW\ZKHUHVXFKZHOONQRZQDULVWRFUDWVDV5HSQLQDQG3OHVKFKHHYKDG PDLQWDLQHG5]KHYVNLL$OHNVHLDQG*RGRI3HRSOHWKHRI6RFLHW\0\VWLFDOWKHIRXQGHG FORVHFRQWDFWZLWKDKDUGWRLGHQWLI\FRQIUDWHUQLW\RI5RVLFUXFLDQVDQGVRXJKWWR GLVVHPLQDWHLWVEUDQFKHV7KLVZDVWKHFRQWURYHUVLDOJHWWDURI VSHQDV&DWKHULQH¶VKH LQWRIHOOZKRWKRVHRIQXPEHULQFUHDVLQJWKHDERXWFRQFHUQHGPRUHDQGPRUHEHFDPH WKHWUDSE\JLYLQJWKHPVHOYHVRYHUWR «LGOHWDONDQGVFKLOGUHQ¶JDPHVZKLFKDUHDVERULQJDVWKH\DUHORDWKVRPH PDVTXHUDGHVDQGULGLFXORXVDGRUQPHQWVRIDOOVRUWVDOOVRUWVRIDEVXUGLW\ZLWK TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVWKDWDUHMXVWDVDEVXUG IHOWZKRDXWRFUDWDQRIPXFKVRQRWYLHZRISRLQWWKHUHÀHFWHGZRUNVV&DWKHULQH¶HW< KHURZQDXWKRULW\WKUHDWHQHGEXWWKDWRIDQHQOLJKWHQHGVRYHUHLJQZKRPRFNHGWKH FUHGXOLW\RIKHUFRXUWLHUVORVWLQWKHLUVHDUFKIRURFFXOWP\VWHULHV,QGLVSXWHZLWKWKH FXVWRPVWKHSDPSKOHWHQGHGZLWKDFDOOWRJRRGVHQVHORGJHV¶ 'HDU6LU2XUVRFLHW\GRHVQRWIVHQGLWVRIPRQH\WRIRUHLJQHUVZHGLQHWRJHWKHU LQIULHQGVKLSDQGJDLHW\>«@,IDQ\PRQH\UHPDLQVZHKHOSWKHSRRUZLWKLW ZKROLYHZLWKXVLQRXUVDPHKRPHODQG1HYHUJHWIRUWKDWDVRXQGJRRGVHQVHLQ PDQVWDQGVLQWKHZD\RIGUHDPVDQGLPSHGHVUHDVRQIURPDEDQGRQLQJLWVHOIWR IDEOHV 7KHSXEOLFDWLRQRIRWKHUZRUNVRIWKHVDPHWRQHIROORZHGWKLVSXEOLFVWDWHPHQWE\ &DWKHULQH,QWZRVDWLULFDOSDPSKOHWVDJDLQVWWKH)UHHPDVRQVZHUHSXEOLVKHG HQWLWOHGZDV¿UVW7KHJ3HWHUVEXURI3UHVV*HQQLQJWKHE\ DQG&ROODUDZLWKRXW0RSV &KDLQRUHHWKH5HYHODWLRQ)URIWKH0\VWHU\RIWKH6RFLHW\RIWKH0RSVHV 0RSVEH] RVKHLQLNDLEH]WVHSLLOLVYRERGQRHRWNU\WLHWDLQVWYREVKFKHVWYDLPHQXLXVKFKHJRVLD 0RSVDPL DQGZDVWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIDQH[WUDFWIURP$EERWV/DUXGDQ¶ HGU¶RUGHV/ )UDQFV0Do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
Published: Jan 1, 2005
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.