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/lp/springer-journals/bioremoval-of-reactive-dye-remazol-navy-by-kefir-grains-2i2GF5BgTb
- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- 2019 The Author(s)
- ISSN
- 2468-0834
- eISSN
- 2468-0842
- DOI
- 10.1186/s13765-019-0429-1
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- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Potential use of living and non-living kefir grains (small, gelatinous white/yellow irregularly shaped masses consist of live bacteria and yeasts) on removal of reactive dye Remazol Navy RGB from aqueous solutions were investigated. Experiments were carried out under different process conditions in order to optimize and model the bioremoval processes. At all conditions the living kefir grains exhibited higher dye removal efficiencies than the non-living grains. In 180 min, 96.3% and 79.4% dye removal was obtained with living and non-leaving kefir grains respectively, at pH 2, 25 °C for 100 mg/L initial dye concentration by using 2.4 g/L kefir grain. Maximum adsorption capacities by living and inactivated kefir grains were obtained at 400 mg/L initial dye concentration as 134.59 and 56.92 mg/g respec- tively. Consecutive batch studies show that the living kefir grains could be reused over at least 5 cycles with high dye removal efficiency without any nutrition supplement. The biosorption kinetics both for living and non-living kefir grains were best described with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. On the other hand the biosorption equilibrium for living and non-living kefir grains were better defined by Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models respectively. Results suggest that the kefir grains could be used efficiently, eco-friendly and economically for removal of dyes from aque - ous solutions. Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Biosorption, Kefir grain, Kinetic, Reactive dye Introduction Several physical or chemical treatment processes have Dyes are synthetic chemical compounds widely used in been used with varying degree of success for removal dyestuff, textile, leather, paper, plastic, cosmetics, food of dyes from wastewater. Recently, studies focused on microbial biomass as treatment by microorganisms is and pharmaceutical industries. Worldwide production eco-friendly and cost effective [4, 7]. Several bacteria [2, of dyes are approximately 700,000 tons/year and due to 8–11], yeast [12–16], algae [1, 4, 17–19] and fungi [6, inefficiencies of the colouring processes most of the dyes 20–29] have been used for dye removal from waste water are lost in the effluents of the mentioned industries. For and reported as potential bioadsorbents/biodegraders for instance, approximately 280,000 tons of the dyes are toxic compounds. A summary of the most recent stud emitted annually from the textile industry [1–3]. The pol - - lution by dyes leads to reduction of sunlight penetration ies on reactive dye removal that performed with various in waters and decrease photosynthetic activity and dis- microorganisms was presented in Table 1. solved oxygen concentration for aquatic life. Moreover, The kefir grains (starter culture for the probiotic fer - most of dyes and their breakdown products are toxic, mented milk drink kefir) are small, gelatinous white/ carcinogenic, or allergenic [4–6]. Hence it is necessary yellow irregularly shaped masses consist of live bacteria to remove the dyes and their breakdown pollutants from (lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, Lacto- wastewaters to safeguard the environment and living coccus, Leuconostoc and acetic acid bacteria) and yeasts organisms. (consist of Kluyveromyces, Candida, Saccharomyces and Pichia) in a slimy polysaccharide matrix and are respon- sible for lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Tradi- *Correspondence: dkilic@yildiz.edu.tr tional production of kefir drink involves inoculation of Chemical Engineering Department, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa milk with a variable amount of grains and fermentation Campus, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 2 of 11 Table 1 Recent studies on reactive dye removal by various microorganisms References Microorg. Dye Parameters Percentage dye removal/results [11] Bacterial consortium Reactive Green 19 Dye conc.: 100 mg/L 97.1% in 24 h at optimum conditions: 32.04 °C, pH 8.3, Temperature: 25–45 °C 1.16 mg/100 ml yeast extract conc pH: 5–10 Contact time: 24 h Additional source: glucose and yeast extract, 0–2.5% (weight/ volume), pH7.2, 25–45 °C [15] Waste beer yeast slurry Reactive Red 239 Adsorbent dosage : 0.63–3.12 g/L Max.96, 99 and 100% for DB85, RR239 and RBB respectively at Reactive Black B pH: 2–10 pH2, 100 mg/L dye conc., 3.12 g biomass/L Direct Blue 85 Temperature: 30 °C Equilibrium times: 30 min for RR239 and RBB and 60 min for Dye conc.: 100–350 mg/L DB85 at pH2, 100 mg/L dye conc., with 0.63 g biomass/L Contact time: 0–140 min Max adsorption capacity: 139 and 160.8 mg/g for DB85 and RR239 at 250 mg/L dye conc. and 158.7 mg/g for RBB at 300 mg/L dye conc. at pH2, with 0.63 g biomass/L [16] Candida boidinii MM 4035 Reactive Black 5 Dye conc: 200 mg/L Optimum dye removal and biomass production with glucose Temperature: 25 °C as carbon/energy source Adsorbent dosage: 10% (v) No significant effect of nitrogen sources Contact time: 24 h Significant effect of tested culture components on decolora- Carbon sources: 0.8 g/L, glucose, sucrose, glycerol tion: NitrogenSources: 0.05 g/L, (NH ) SO , urea, NH NO 100% in 24 h with 3% glucose, 0.0565% urea, 0.125% yeast 4 2 4 4 3 Culture media components: extract, 0.25% KH PO , 0.025% MgSO ·7H O 2 4 4 2 glucose, yeast extract, urea, KH PO, MgSO ·7H O Max biomass production 9.07 g/L at 24 h with 3% glucose, 2 4 4 2 0.1695% urea, 0.125% yeast extract, 0.75% KH PO , 0.025% 2 4 MgSO ·7H O 4 2 [19] Nannochl. oceanica Reactive Violet 5 Adsorbent dosage: 50 mg(wet)/20 ml Max. adsorption capacity: 115 mg/g at 40 °C Temperature: 10–40 °C pH:8 Contact time:72 h [26] Panus tigrinus Reactive Blue 19 Dye conc.: 50–150 mg/L Max. 83.12% at 50 mg/L dye conc., pH2, in 90 min Contact time: 30–90 min Min 13.18% at 50 mg/L dye conc., pH6, in 30 min Temperature: 26 °C pH: 2–6 Adsorbent dosage:15 g/L [27] Aspergillus fumigatus Reactive Blue 268 Culture age: 3–12 days Max. appx.95% with 6-day-old fungal inoculums Temperature: 27–45 °C Max. appx. 99% at pH 6, 30 °C, after 4 days pH: 3–9 Among the carbon sources max decolorization (appx 96%) Dye conc:0.025–0.150 g/L with sucrose, among the nitrogen sources 100% with Carbon source: 10 g/L, glucose, dextrose, sucrose, starch ammonium chloride (after 4 day, 30 °C, pH 6) Nitrogen source: 2 g/L, yeast extract, peptone, Complete decolorization within 2 days at optimized conditions beef extract, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, 65% decolorization with dead biomass at an adsorbent dose ammonium sulfate of 10 g/L within 6 days Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 3 of 11 Table 1 (continued) References Microorg. Dye Parameters Percentage dye removal/results [28] Marasmius sp. Reactive Dye conc.: 50–200 mg/L at 40 °C 91.25% at 50 mg/L dye cons. BBKAV79 Blue 171 pH: 3–9 at 50 mg/L dye cons. 97.27% at pH5 Temperature: 30–50 °C 95.12% at 40 °C Carbon source: maltose, sucrose, glucose, lactose at 40 °C, 100% with sucrose 50 mg/L dye cons. 75.68% with glucose Nitrogen source: peptone, yeast extract, urea, ammonium 35.14% with maltose chloride at 40 °C, 50 mg/L dye cons. 25.86% with lactose Contact time: 24 h 100% with peptone 55.68% with yeast extract 0% with urea and ammonium chloride [29] Phlebia sp. and Paecilomyces formosus Reactive Blue19 Dye conc: 0.1 g/L On solid-medium: Reactive Black 5 Temperature: 28 °C 91% for RB19 and 100% for RB5 with Phlebia sp. Contact time: 15 days 75% for RB19 and 97% for RB5 with P. formosus In liquid-medium: 79% for RB19 and 91% for RB5 with Phlebia sp. 15% for RB19 and 92% for RB5 with P. formosus Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 4 of 11 Eec ff t of different process conditions at 20–25 °C for a period between 18 and 24 h [30, 31]. Experiments were carried out in batch mode to investi- During the fermentation kefir grains increases and in a gate the effect of various parameters such as initial pH few day the amount get excess for a specified amount of (2–8), temperature (18–39 °C) and initial dye concen- beverage production and require to remove the excess tration (50–400 mg/L). 100 ml working dye solution amount in order to standardization of the product. For was heated up to the desired temperature and after the instance, the kefir biomass increase was reported as pH of the solution was adjusted (with 0.1 M HCl and 1294% and 1226% for 10 day consecutive fermentation 0.1 M NaOH solutions) the flask is kept in temperature in 100 ml milk and whey respectively [30]. Whey is a controlled shaker. Then dye removal process is initiated dairy liquid waste which is produced in large quantities by the addition of kefir grains. The shaking rate was throughout the world. Production of kefir-like whey bev - kept constant at 120 rpm. During the treatments sam- erages has been reported in several works. Hence whey ples were taken from the solution at timed intervals to can be used to produce kefir grains, so it can be con - determine the residual dye concentration. verted to added value products while the kefir grains are produced cheaply [30, 32]. As a result, as a side product (or waste) the excess amount of kefir biomass obtained Reuse of kefir grains from milk or whey fermentation can be evaluated in dif- 0.24 g kefir grains was added into 100 ml dye solution ferent areas. (initial dye concentration: 100 mg/L, initial pH = 2) in As mentioned, potential use of many bacteria and Erlenmayer flask and kept in temperature controlled yeast for removing the dyes from aqueous solutions have shaker at 120 rpm and 25 °C. After 24 h treatment, been investigated. Although kefir grains consist of sev - dye concentration was measured and solution was dis- eral live bacteria and yeasts together, and could be eas- charged while used kefir grains were retained. New dye ily produced with a very low cost or obtained as a waste solution was added into the flask for next biosorption from kefir-beverage industries, their potential use on dye batch. Consecutively seven batches were carried out. removal has not been reported yet. Therefore in the pre - sent work the potential use of living and non-living kefir Analytical methods grains on the removal of reactive dye Remazol Navy RGB Residual dye concentration was determined by analy- were investigated. Experiments were carried out under sis of samples absorbance using a UV–Vis spectro- different process conditions to optimize the dye removal photometer (Shimadzu UV-150-02). The absorbance processes. The reuse potentials of the living and non-liv - of samples was measured at λ of the dye which is ing grains were examined. Also modelling studies were max 616 nm. The absorbance values were converted to the performed to determine the most appropriate biosorp- concentrations according to the calibration curve that tion kinetic and isotherm models. constructed by preparing reactive dye samples in the concentration range from 0 to 100 mg/L and measuring Materials and methods their absorbance values at 616 nm. As a result of linear Kefir grains and growth conditions regression analysis, to convert the absorbance values to Kefir grains, used as starter culture was obtained from the concentrations the following equation was obtained Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dairy Technol- with the coefficient of determination, R = 0.9998. ogy Department (Izmir/Turkey). The grains was grown in whey solution, at room temperature. Whey solution C mg/L = 33.259 × (Absorbance) × Dilution Factor prepared to contain 5% lactose (as the milk which is the (1) natural culturing medium consist of 5% lactose) by using Percentage dye removal (R%) and biosorption capac- whey powder which was obtained from Maybi Company, ity (q ) of kefir grains were determined by the following (Tekirdağ/Turkey). During the study the propagation equations: medium was changed daily. In order to obtain non-living kefir grains, the bacteria and yeast in kefir grains were C − C 0 t R% = × 100 (2) inactivated by thermal treatment with leaving the grains in an oven at 70 °C for 5 h. V(C − C ) 0 t q = (3) Dyes and chemicals Reactive dye Remazol Navy RGB was obtained from DyS- tar (Istanbul, Turkey). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Istan- bul, Turkey). Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 5 of 11 Characterisation of kefir grains 96.3% and 79.4% respectively. The removal of the dyes A zetasizer (Malvern, ZS MPT2) was used to determine by living and inactivated grains drastically decreased to the zeta potential of kefir grains. After drying at 45 °C 11.38% and 1.03% as pH was increased to 8. Kefir is an for 24 h, the kefir grains were grinded and dispersed acidic, viscous, lightly carbonated dairy beverage and it in 10 ml water and insert in ZS MPT2. The auto titra - is known that the living kefir grains are stable in a wide tion was carried out with 0.025 M HCl, 0.25 M HCl and pH range, since during the fermentation the pH of the 0.25 M NaOH for 2–10 pH range by 0.5 step increases. milk decrease from 6.8 up to 3.3 [30]. As the decrease Morphological properties of kefir grains before and in dye removal efficiency was also observed with non- after biosorption was evaluated by scanning electron living kefir grains it can be stated that these decrease is microscopy (SEM, Zeiss EVO LS 10). For observations not related with the inactivation of the active microflora samples were coated with Pt after drying at 45 °C for 24 h. of kefir grains. This effect is related to the electrostatic interaction of the dye molecules with the adsorbent sur- face. The PZC of kefir grains was obtained as pH 4.46. Modelling studies Hence below pH 4.46 the surface of grains positively In order to determine the kinetics of the dye removal charged that was favourable for attracting the anionic processes the kinetic data obtained were analyzed using dye. As the pH of the medium increases the number pseudo first order (Eq. 4), pseudo second order (Eq. 5), of positively charged sites decreases on the adsorbent intraparticle diffusion (Eq. 6) and Elovich (Eq. 7) kinetic surface that render the dye adsorption less favourable. models. Similar pH trends were reported for removal of Reactive q = q [1 − exp (−k t)] (4) Red 198 by Potamogeton crispus [7], Reactive Blue 49 by t e 1 waste beer yeast [12], Reactive Blue 19 by Panus tigrinus t 1 1 [26] and Reactive Red 239, Reactive Black B, Direct Blue = + t (5) q k q q t e e 85 by waste beer yeast [15]. Higher dye removal percentages were obtained at all 1/2 q = k t + C (6) pH values with living kefir grains as compared with the t p inactivated ones. This result may be attributed to the 1 1 active microflora of the living kefir. q = ln (αβ) + ln t t (7) β β The effect of temperature on the biosorption of Rema - zol Navy by living and inactivated kefir grains were pre - To further explore the mechanism of dye biosorption sented in Fig. 1b. the experimental data were analysed by Langmuir (Eq. 8), A significant change on dye removal due to the tem - Freundlih (Eq. 9) and Temkin (Eq. 10) isotherm models. perature increase was not observed in temperature range 1 1 1 1 18–32 °C with living kefir grains. The percentage dye = + (8) removal by living grains in this range were obtained appx. q q q K C m L e e m as 42%. But with a further increase on temperature from 32 to 39 °C, the percentage dye removal was significantly lnq = lnK + lnC e F e (9) rise to 70%. On the other hand, the increase on tempera- ture, from 32 to 39 °C, does not effect the efficiencies of the inactivated kefir grains and almost the same results RT RT q = ln K + ln C e T e (10) were obtained at all temperatures examined. The differ - b b T T ent temperature trends obtained with living and inacti- vated grains support the idea the active microflora of the Results and discussion living kefir grains contributes to dye removal. Optimization of biosorption Initial dye concentration is an important parameter in The point of zero charge (PZC) or isoelectric point of adsorption as the concentration difference is the driving adsorbent is the pH that cause a net zero charge on the force to overcome the mass transfer resistances between adsorbent surface. The PZC of kefir grains is obtained as the solid and liquid phases. The effect of initial dye con - pH 4.46 by measuring zeta potentials at various pH levels centration on the biosorption was investigated in the (results are available as Additional file 1: Fig. S1). range from 50 to 400 mg/L at pH 2 at 25 °C by using 1.2 g The effect of initial pH on removal of reactive dye (dry weight)/L kefir grains. The results were presented in Remazol Navy by living and inactivated kefir grains Fig. 1c. were presented in Fig. 1a. Maximum dye removal by liv- Percentage dye removal by living and inactivated grains ing and inactivated kefir grains were obtained at pH 2 as decreased while the adsorption capacities increased as Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 6 of 11 ab 100 100 Living kefir grains 90 90 Living kefir grains Inacvated kefir grains Inacvated kefir grains 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 22,5 3468 18 °C 25°C 32°C 39°C pH Temperature cd 100 100 Living kefir grains Living kefir grains 90 90 Inac. kefir grains 80 Inacvated kefir grains 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 10 10 0 0 50 mg/L 75 mg/L 100 mg/L 200 mg/L 400 mg/L 1st2nd 3rd4th 5th6th 7th Ini al Dye Concentra on Cycle Fig. 1 Dye removal % by kefir grains: a at different pH values (C = 100 mg/L, C = 2.4 g/L, T = 25 °C), b at different temperatures dye Kefir (C = 100 mg/L, C = 2.4 g/L, pH = 3), c at different initial dye concentrations (C = 1.2 g/L, T = 25 °C, pH = 2), d in consecutive batch processes dye Kefir Kefir (C = 2.4 g/L, C = 100 mg/L, T = 25 °C, pH = 2) Kefir dye the initial dye concentration increased. The biosorp - without any nutrition supplement for living kefir grains tion capacities by living and inactivated kefir grains or regeneration for inactivated ones and indicate that the respectively reached maximum values of 134.59 mg/g reusability of kefir grains can be improved and feasible and 56.92 mg/g at 400 mg/L initial dye concentration. for long term usage. The biosorption capacity increased with the increase of dye concentration as the mass transfer driving force Kinetics of dye removal increased. The decrease in the percentage dye removal The kinetic data obtained at different process condi - with increasing dye concentration might be caused by the tions were presented in Fig. 2. Pseudo first order, pseudo saturation of the binding sites on the biomass surface. second order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich kinetic models were tested to determine the kinetics of the Reuse potential dye removal processes. The coefficient of determina - Figure 1d shows the results of consecutive batch biosorp-tion (R ) is a measure of the degree of fit. The high val - tion processes of Remazol Navy by living and inactivated ues of the determination coefficients R (> 0.90) indicate kefir grains. The dye removal efficiency of the living kefir a high degree of correlation between the experimental grains for 4 cycles maintained at a high level (above and model values. The experimental data (except for 90%) and in subsequent 3 cycles decreased to 76.01, experiments carried out at pH 6 and pH 8 with inacti- 59.73 and 42.02% while the efficiency of the inactivated vated kefir grains) showed well compatibility with the grains decreased gradually in 3 cycles. At the end of the pseudo first order (0.93 < R < 0.99), pseudo second order 2 2 7th cycle the living kefir grains were cultured and it was (0.82 < R < 0.99) and Elovich kinetic (0.92 < R < 0.99) observed that they maintain their vitality and growth models but did not fit well to intraparticle diffusion ability. The results obtained from consecutive batch stud - model (0.69 < R < 0.99). However, as the obtained data ies are promising since the experiments were carried out for the models were evaluated as a whole for different Dye Removal % Dye Removal % Dye Removal % Dye Removal % Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 7 of 11 ab pH 2 pH 2.5 pH 2 pH 2.5 40 32 pH 3 pH 4 pH 3 pH 4 pH 5 pH 6 pH 6 pH 8 35 28 pH 8 30 24 25 20 15 12 10 8 5 4 0 0 020406080100 120140 160180 020406080100 120140 160180 t(min) t(min) cd 18˚C 25˚C 18˚C 25˚C 2 32˚C 39˚C 32˚C 39˚C 0 0 020406080100 120140 160180 020406080100 120140 160180 t(min) t(min) ef 50 mg/L 75 mg/L 100 mg/L 50 mg/L 75 mg/L 100 mg/L 200 mg/L 400 mg/L 200 mg/L 400 mg/L 0 0 04080120 160200 240280 320360 400 050100 150200 250300 350400 t(min) t(min) Fig. 2 Kinetic data (points represent experimental data, solid lines represent pseudo-first-order model data) of removal of Remazol Navy: at different pHs by a living and b inactivated grains (C = 100 mg/L, C = 2.4 g/L, T = 25 °C); at different temperatures by c living and d inactivated dye Kefir granis (C = 100 mg/L, C = 2.4 g/L, pH = 3); at different initial dye concentrations by e living and f inactivated grains (C = 1.2 g/L, T = 25 °C, dye Kefir Kefir pH = 2) experimental conditions, it was seen that the pseudo first (pseudo first order rate constants, k and theoretical order kinetic model provided the best fits (based on R values of amount of dye removed per unit mass of kefir values) among the three models. The plots of the first grains, q ) and statistical data (coefficient of determina - order kinetic model were shown on the Fig. 2 (the solid tions, R and standard deviations, s) obtained for the lines on the figures represents the model). The constants model were given in Table 2. q (mg/g) t q (mg/g) q (mg/g) q (mg/g) q (mg/g) q (mg/g) t Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 8 of 11 Table 2 Pseudo-first-order kinetic model parameters for removal of Remazol Navy by kefir grains at different process conditions Living grains Inactivated grains −1 2 −1 2 k (min ) q (mg/g) s R k (min ) q (mg/g) s R 1 e 1 e pH pH2 0.0263 39.936 0.8725 0.9981 0.0266 31.252 1.7494 0.9869 pH2.5 0.0143 29.995 1.0343 0.9942 0.0119 22.318 0.8509 0.9923 pH3 0.0250 16.217 1.1072 0.9810 0.0186 17.225 0.9280 0.9873 pH4 0.0378 11.005 0.7914 0.9793 0.0956 3.993 0.4647 0.9307 pH6 0.0396 6.828 0.3660 0.9886 0.5485 1.171 0.2371 0.8187 pH8 0.0598 4.852 0.3431 0.9809 0.1146 0.055 0.2028 0.6590 Temp. 18 °C 0.0363 15.520 1.0143 0.9826 0.0260 15.3778 0.8574 0.9869 25 °C 0.0250 16.217 1.1072 0.9810 0.0186 17.2250 0.9280 0.9873 32 °C 0.0293 16.175 1.1348 0.9796 0.0265 16.1644 0.7997 0.9899 39 °C 0.0241 27.738 1.0280 0.9946 0.0297 14.8776 0.9772 0.9817 Dye conc. 50 mg/L 0.0181 40.987 1.1384 0.9969 0.0099 32.8742 2.0170 0.9832 75 mg/L 0.0122 58.928 2.0451 0.9952 0.0089 43.890 2.6351 0.9829 100 mg/L 0.0124 69.707 3.0545 0.9922 0.0090 46.6072 2.7159 0.9846 200 mg/L 0.0162 92.763 6.1896 0.9809 0.0112 48.3197 3.3129 0.9794 400 mg/L 0.0214 123.417 8.5246 0.9792 0.0123 52.4215 4.5461 0.9656 The well compatibility of the experimental data with defined by Temkin model while its biosorption onto inac - three models suggest that the biosorption of Remazol tivated grains is better defined by the Langmuir model. Navy by kefir grains are complex and may involve more The high compatibility of the experimental data with than one mechanism. As a result of the highest compat- the Langmuir model suggested the occurrence of mon- ibility of the experimental data with the pseudo-first- olayer biosorption of reactive dye on homogeneous bio- order kinetic model it could be concluded that the rate mass surface. The determined K values, fell within 0–1, of occupation of sorption sites is proportional to the indicates favourable adsorption of Remazol Navy onto amount of available active sites on the kefir grains. Since the kefir grains. The Freundlih model also provided rea - the experimental data did not show well compatibility sonably good fit with the experimental data suggested with the intraparticle diffusion model, the intraparticle heterogeneous adsorbent surface. Since the experimental diffusion is not the rate controlling step and the adsorp - data showed well compatibility with both models it can tion kinetics may be controlled by two or more steps. be concluded that the surface of kefir grains are made up Further the compatibility of the experimental data with of homogenous and heterogeneous adsorption patches. the Elovich kinetic model suggest that chemisorption The determined values of exponents, n, for the Freun - might also be the controlling step during the biosorption dlich model are between 1 and 10, indicating dyes were processes. favourably adsorbed onto kefir grains. On the other hand the good representation of equilibrium data with the Biosorption isotherm Temkin model suggested that adsorption heat of all mol- Adsorption isotherms investigate the interaction ecules in the layer decreases linearly with coverage. between the adsorbate and the adsorbent at equilibrium The surface of the kefir grains was characterized by and help to understand the mechanism of the adsorp- SEM before and after the biosorption. The SEM images tion process. In the present study, the experimental data were shown in Fig. 4. As seen from the images the sur- were modelled with the Langmuir, Freundlih and Temkin face of the kefir grains is rough and has macro and micro isotherms. The results were presented in Fig. 3. Although pores and after biosorption the surface of the grains all models showed high compliance with the experimen- became less rough since the reactive dye was diffused tal data, based on R values it can be concluded that the into pores and was completely covered the grain surface. biosorption of reactive dye onto living grains is better Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 9 of 11 a b 6.0 0.030 5.5 y = 0.1979x + 3.8059 0.025 5.0 R² = 0.9416 y = 0.0792x + 0.0188 4.5 R² = 0.9859 0.020 4.0 0.015 y = 0.0184x + 0.0093 3.5 y = 0.1087x + 3.3998 R² = 0.9245 R² = 0.8781 3.0 0.010 Living grains (KL=0.505, qm=107.53) Living grains (KF=44.97, n=5.05) 2.5 Inac. grains (KL=0.237, qm=53.2) Inac. grains (KF=29.96, n=9.19) 0.005 2.0 0.00.1 0.20.3 0.40.5 0.60.7 0.8 012345 6 ln(C ) 1/C Living grains (KT=12.97, bT=156.3) Inac. grains (KT=296.6, bT=513.3) y = 15.828x + 40.564 R² = 0.9576 y = 4.827x + 27.477 R² = 0.911 012345 6 ln(C ) Fig. 3 Linearized form of isotherm models; a Langmuir, b Freundlich, c Temkin Fig. 4 SEM images of kefir grains a before and b after biosorption The result of UV–Vis spectral scan of dye solutions in untreated dye solution disappeared in living kefir grain before and after 180 min treatment with living and inacti- treated solution and decreased in inactivated kefir grain vated grains (results are available as Additional file 1: Fig. treated solution. These results indicate the dye removal S2) showed that the main peak in visible region at 612 nm is mainly through biosorption. On the other hand the 1/q ln(q ) e Erdoğdular and Apar Appl Biol Chem (2019) 62:22 Page 10 of 11 Gracilaria persica biomasses from aqueous solutions. Int Biodeterior minor peak observed at 286 nm in untreated dye solution Biodegrad 67:56–63 shift to 263 in living kefir treated one which indicates the 2. Mona S, Kaushik A, Kaushik CP (2011) Biosorption of reactive dye by decolourization may also include biodegradation. waste biomass of Nostoc linckia. Ecol Eng 37:1589–1594 3. Ooi J, Lee LY, Hiew BYZ, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Lim SS, Gan S (2017) Kefir grains were used for dye removal for the first time Assessment of fish scales waste as a low cost and eco-friendly adsorbent in this study. Effects of various parameters on removal of for removal of an azo dye: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic stud- reactive dye Remazol Navy by living and inactivated kefir ies. Bioresour Technol 245:656–664 4. Esmaeli A, Jokar M, Kousha M, Daneshvar E, Zilouei H, Karimi K (2013) grains were evaluated. The living kefir grains exhibited Acidic dye wastewater treatment onto a marine macroalga, Nizamuddina higher dye removal efficiencies compared with the inacti - zanardini (Phylum: Ochrophyta). Chem Eng J 217:329–336 vated grains. 96.3% dye removal was obtained with living 5. Cengiz S, Tanrıkulu F, Aksu S (2012) An alternative source of adsorbent for the removal of dyes from textile waters: Posidonia oceanica (L.). Chem Eng grains in a relatively short contact time of 180 min. The J 189:32–40 results of consecutive batch biosorption processes show 6. Esmaeli A, Kalantari M (2012) Bioremoval of an azo textile dye, Reactive that the living kefir grains are reusable and their reusa - Red 198, by Aspergillus flavus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 8:1125–1131 7. Gulnaz O, Sahmurova A, Kama S (2011) Removal of Reactive Red 198 from bility can be improved further. Kefir grains offered great aqueous solution by Potamogeton crispus. Chem Eng J 174:579–585 potential as an efficient, eco-friendly and cost effective 8. Du LN, Zhao M, Li G, Zhao XP, Zhao YH (2012) Highly efficient decoloriza- adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solu- tion of Malachite Green by a novel Micrococcus sp strain BD15. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:2898–2907 tions. The present results in this study will encourage the 9. Saratale RG, Gandhi SS, Purankar MV, Kurade MB, Govindwar SP, Oh SE, further studies of decolourization ability of kefir grains. Saratale GD (2013) Decolorization and detoxification of sulfonated azo dye C.I. Remazol Red and textile effluent by isolated Lysinibacillus sp. RGS. J Biosci Bioeng 115:658–667 10. Araghi MS, Olya ME, Marandi R, Siadat SD (2016) Investigation of enhanced biological dye removal of colored wastewater in a lab-scale Additional file biological activated carbon process. Appl Biol Chem 59(3):463–470 11. Das A, Mishra S (2017) Removal of textile dye reactive green-19 using Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Point of zero charge of kefir grains. Fig. S2. UV- bacterial consortium: process optimization using response surface meth- Vis spectra of dye solutions before and after 180 minutes treatments. odology and kinetics study. J Environ Chem Eng 5:612–627 12. Wang B, Guo X (2011) Reuse of waste beer yeast sludge for biosorptive decolorization of Reactive Blue 49 from aqueous solution. World J Micro- List of symbols biol Biotechnol 27:1297–1302 b : Temkin isotherm constant related to the heat of adsorption (J g/mol mg); 13. Wu YH, Hu Y, Xie ZW, Feng SX, Li B, Mi XM (2011) Characterization of C: constant (mg/g); C : equilibrium dye concentration (mg/L); C : initial dye biosorption process of Acid Orange 7 on waste Brewery’s Yeast. Appl e 0 concentration (mg/L); C : dye concentrations at processing time t (mg/L); k : Biochem Biotechnol 163:882–894 t 1 pseudo first order rate constant (1/min); k : pseudo second order rate con- 14. Kim TY, Lee JW, Cho SY (2015) Application of residual brewery yeast for 1/2 stant (g/mg min); k : intraparticle rate constant (mg/g min ); K : Freundlich adsorption removal of Reactive Orange 16 from aqueous solution. Adv p F 1−1/n 1/n constant (mg L /g); K : Langmuir constant (L/mg); K : Temkin constant Powder Technol 26:267–274 L T −1 (L/mg); n : Freundlich constant related to adsorption intensity (–); α: initial 15. Castro KC, Cossolin AS, Reis HCO, Morais EB (2017) Biosorption of anionic adsorption rate (mg/g min); β: Elovich constant (g/mg); M: weight of dry textile dyes from aqueous solution by yeast slurry from brewery. Braz kefir grains (g); q : amount of dye removed per unit mass of kefir grains at Arch Biol Technol 60:e1716010 equilibrium (mg/g); q : maximum dye removal capacity (mg/g); q : amount of 16. Martorell MM, Pajot HF, Ahmed PM, Figueroa LIC (2017) Biodecoloration m t dye removed per unit mass of kefir grains at time t (mg/g); R: gas constant (J/ of Reactive Black 5 by the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii MM ) 2 mol K ; R : coefficient of determination (–); R%: percentage dye removal (–); s: 4035. J Environ Sci 53:78–87 standard error (–); t: time (min); T: temperature (K); V: volume (L). 17. El-Kassas HY, Sallam LA (2014) Bioremediation of the textile waste effluent by Chlorella vulgaris. Egypt J Aquat Res 40:301–308 Authors’ contributions 18. Vafaei F, Khataee AR, Jannatkhah M (2013) Biosorption of three textile DKA designed the study. AOE performed 90% of the experiments. DKA per- dyes from contaminated water by filamentous green algal Spirogyra sp.: formed 10% of the experiments. Both authors analyzed the data. DKA wrote kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. 83:33–40 19. Zuorro A, Maffei G, Lavecchia R (2017) Kinetic modeling of azo dye adsorption on non-living cells of Nannochloropsis oceanica. J Environ Competing interests Chem Eng 5:4121–4127 The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 20. Kaushik P, Malik A (2011) Process optimization for efficient dye removal by Aspergillus lentulus FJ172995. J Hazard Mater 185:837–843 21. Gül UD, Dönmez G (2012) Eec ff ts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bro - Publisher’s Note mide surfactant on decolorization of Remazol Blue by a living Aspergillus Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub- versicolor strain. J Surfactants Deterg 15:797–803 lished maps and institutional affiliations. 22. Lin Y, He X, Han G, Tian Q, Hu W (2012) Removal of Crystal Violet from aqueous solution using powdered mycelial biomass of Ceriporia lacerata Received: 25 February 2019 Accepted: 30 March 2019 P2. J Environ Sci 23:2055–2062 23. Xin B, Zhang Y, Liu C, Chen S, Wu B (2012) Comparison of specific adsorp - tion capacity of different forms of fungal pellets for removal of Acid Bril- liant Red B from aqueous solution and mechanisms exploration. Process Biochem 47:1197–1201 References 24. Almeida EJR, Corso CR (2014) Comparative study of toxicity of azo dye 1. 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Journal
Applied Biological Chemistry – Springer Journals
Published: Dec 1, 2019
Keywords: applied microbiology; bioorganic chemistry; biological techniques