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/lp/springer-journals/dietary-addition-of-a-standardized-extract-of-turmeric-turmafeedtm-RRxgUjU51B
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- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2018 by The Author(s).
- Subject
- Life Sciences; Animal Genetics and Genomics; Agriculture
- eISSN
- 2055-0391
- DOI
- 10.1186/s40781-018-0167-7
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Abstract
Background: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming has caused emergence of new pathogenic strains. The situation has warrented the development of safe and alternative growth promoters and immunity enhancers in livestock. Herbal additives in animal and bird feed is a centuries-old practice. Thus, the present study investigated the efficacy of a standardized formulation of lipophilic turmeric extract containing curcumin and turmerones, (TF-36), as a natural growth promoter poultry feed additive. Methods: The study was designed on 180 one-day old chicks, assigned into three groups. Control group (T ) kept on basal diet and supplemented groups T and T fed with 0.5% and 1% TF-36 fortified basal diet for 42 days. 0.5 1 Each dietary group consisted of six replicates of ten birds. Body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio, skin colour, blood biochemical analysis and antioxidant status of serum were investigated. Results: Body weight improved significantly in T with a 10% decrease in FCR as compared to the control. TF-36 supplementation in T enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity significantly (p < 0.05) with a decrease (p < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation. It also caused a slight yellow skin pigmentation without any change in meat color, indicating the bioavailability of curcumin from TF-36. However, no significant change in the concentration of serum creatinine, total protein and liver enzyme activities were observed, indicating the safety. Conclusion: In summary, we concluded that TF-36 can be a natural feed additive to improve growth performance in poultry, probably due to the better antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects contributed by the better bioavailability of curcuminoids and turmerones. Besides, curcuminoids and turmerones were also known to be gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents. Keywords: Turmeric, Antioxidant activity, Phytogenics, Growth promoter, Carcass traits, Broiler Background of antibiotic-resistant strains and severity of human In veterinary medicine, there exists a practice of sub- infections [2]. European Union (EU) had most of the therapeutic use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) antimicrobial growth promoters banned in 1999 with a as disease preventive in livestock [1, 2]. However, there are strict implementation of the ban from January 2006 disagreements over the use of AGPs, since it mainly onwards [3]. USA is soon to follow the suit with U.S. includes a spectrum of human antibiotics whose flagrant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as per the recent and injudicious use in livestock may lead to the emergence Veterinary Feed Directive [4]. Thus, the regulations have imposed a great need for the development and adoption of newer and safer practices for growth promo- * Correspondence: Krishnakumar.IM@akay-group.com tion and disease prevention in livestock as natural growth R&D Centre, AKAY Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd, Malayidamthuruthu P.O., promoters or non-antibiotic growth promoters (NGPs). Cochin, Kerala 683561, India Most of the current research in this direction is centered © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 2 of 9 around the use of gut conditioners and feed additives formulation of turmeric extract containing both curcu- employing probiotics, prebiotics, in-feed enzymes, essen- min and turmerones (TurmaFEED™; hereinafter re- tial oils, herbal extracts and antioxidants [5, 6]. ferred to as ‘TF-36’) as a cost-effective natural The use of botanicals (maily spices and herbs) in antibiotic feed additive for chicken. traditional or folk veterinary medicinal system is a widely accepted practice in various countries, with a regional Methods preferences of herbs depending on their availability [7]. TF-36 was obtained from M/s Akay Flavours & Aromatics, Dried powders or extracts or phytochemicals with Pvt. Ltd., Cochin, Kerala, India. Identification, confirmation significant bioactivities (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti- and quantification of TF-36 has been carried out as per the inflammatory, appetizing, immune-modulatory, and validated methods, employing high performance liquid gastroprotective) suitable for use as NGPs in feed have chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled already been classified as ‘Phytogenics’ [6, 8]. Phytogenics with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Analytical are natural in origin, categorized Generally Recognized as reference standards of curcumin (CAS# 458-37-7; purity > Safe (GRAS), with desirable pharmacological activities 98%), DMC (CAS# 22608-11-3; purity > 98%) BDMC suitable to tackle microbial threats and to promote intes- (CAS# 33171-05-0; purity > 95%) and Ar-turmerone tinal health thereby optimizing growth performance and (CAS # 532-65-0; purity 95%) were obtained from profitability in livestock [6]. Many in vitro and in vivo Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India. HPLC procedure studies have confirmed the safety and efficacy of phyto- employed Shimadzu model LC 20 AT, with an M20A genics in animal nutrition. Various kitchen spices and photo diode array (PDA) detector (Shimadzu Analytical their essential oils and extracts including oregano, ginger, India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), fitted with a reverse black cumin, turmeric, fenugreek, thyme, coriander, garlic, phase C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) (Phenomenex, cinnamon, pepper, clove, rosemary, sage and thyme have Hyderabad, India). Ar-Turmerone content was analysed already been used singly or in combination as feed addi- on a gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890B) coupled to tives in animal feeds [9, 10]. with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Among the various culinary spices, turmeric (Curcuma G7010A). DB-WAX column (0.25 mm, length: 30 m, longa L), also known as the Golden spice, is of special film thickness: 0.25 u) was used for analysis. The carrier interest owing to its wide range of beneficial pharmaco- gas was helium and the injector port temperature was logical effects in supportive of the health and well-being 250 °C, transfer line temperature: 280 °C, and ion-source- of both animals and humans [11]. Typical composition heating at 230 °C. Interpretation and identification of the of dried turmeric rhizomes includes 6-10% (w/w) of fragmentation mass spectrum was carried out by compari- hexane soluble fat, 3-6% (w/w) of volatile oil rich in son with the Wiley NBS mass spectrum data base. terpenes and terpenoids, 6-8% (w/w) of proteins, 3-6% Standardized poultry feed was procured from M/s. Suguna dietary fibre and 60-70% carbohydrates [12]. Curcumin or Poultry Feeds, Kerala, India. One day old commercial diferuloylmethane, [1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- broiler chicks were purchased from local hatchery (M/s 1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione], the yellow pigment in turmeric Suguna Foods Limited, Kerala, India). at 3-6% (w/w), has been identified as the major bioacative principle in turmeric with a multitude of effects including Birds and experimental design antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, gastropro- The chicks were weighed on arrival (mean weight of tective, antiproliferative, antiarthritic and neuroprotective 40.21 g) and were randomly assigned to three groups, activities [11]. Turmeric oil is yet another source of bio- with each group containing six replicates of 10 birds active molecules, comprising mostly of ar-turmerone each. The birds were reared in accordance to the Animal (60%), curlone (12%), and ar-curcumene (6%) along with Ethical guidelines and were kept in wire floor cages. The more than 200 molecules in relatively low levels [13]. room was equipped with pre-heating facilities and adjust- Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihyperli- able temperature settings with relative humidity between pidemic and wound healing properties of turmeric oil rich 65 to 70%, under continuous incandescent white light. The in ar-turmerones has been demonstrated in various house temperature zones were set at 31-33 °C for the first studies [13–16]. Thus, the activity profile and safety of week and was gradually decreased and reached 24 ± 1 °C the major lipophilic molecules in turmeric supports its by the end of fourth week and then remained constant. plausible phytobiotic potential. The present study is Three weight matched replicates were used for each based on the hypothesis that the dietary addition of curcu- dietary group as per the completely randomized design. min and turmerones can act as a natural antibiotic in Group I (T ) was provided with basal diet alone, Group II poultryfeedand mayhelpgrowthpromotion andcarcass (T ) with 0.5% of TF-36 fortified basal diet and Group III 0.5 traits of meat. Thus, we investigated the growth promot- (T ) with 1% TF-36 fortified basal diet for a period of 6 ing and disease preventive potential of a standardized weeks (42 days). Broilers were provided with the starter NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 3 of 9 basal diet for 14 days and then provided with the finisher into both EDTA and non-EDTA tubes. The blood sam- diet for remaining 28 days. Both starter and finisher diet ples were kept for 2 h at room temperature and centri- were fortified with TF-36 to provide to the experimental fuged at 2000 g for 5 min at 4 °C. Separated serum was groups. Feedand water wereprovided adlibitum. stored in Eppendorf vials at -20 °C until analysis. Serum Nutritional factors of the diet is given in Table 1. levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione Animal experiments were in accordance with the (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbitu- protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics ric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured Committee, recognized by the Committee for the Purpose using colorimetric methods with a spectrophotometer of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (UV-2600: Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) as in- (CPCSEA), Government of India (Registration No:149/99/ dicated [17–20]. Liver function markers [(Serum glu- CPCSEA). tamic oxaloacetic transaminase or Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT or AST), serum glutamate- Performance measurements pyruvate transaminase or alanine transaminase (SGPT or Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio ALT)] as well as plasma total protein and serum creatinine (FCR) and mortality were evaluated as a primary measure were analysed using respective kits provided by M/s of the growth performance of chickens during 42 days of Agappe Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India (Catalog study period. Chickens were weighed individually at days no. 12005020, 12,005,021, 12,005,022 and 11,009,001). 1, 14 and 42 and feed consumption per cage was recorded on a weekly basis for each replicate in the groups. The Carcass traits and morphometric measurements FCR (feed intake/weight gain) was calculated as feed At the end of the study (Day 42), birds with nearest consumed per unit of body weight gain. Behavioral average live body weight were randomly selected from changes, mortality and signs of any adverse effects per each replicate and were deprived of feed for 16 h, then cage have been checked on a daily basis, during the humanely harvested, de-feathered, eviscerated and dressed. morning and evening times. Additionally, the average The birds were weighed, feet were removed and carcasses daily weight gain (DWG) was calculated for each group. were manually eviscerated and the abdominal fat, and After the duration of the experiment, (42 days), three birds giblets (liver, gizzard, heart, kidney, pancreas, intestine) were randomly chosen from each replicates, sacrificed and were removed. The organs and meat was washed with their liver, gizzard, heart, pancreas, intestine and kidney saline and were weighed to calculate dressing and edible were collected, weighed and calculated as a percentage of organs weights as reported earlier [21]. Three broilers per body weight. replicate were randomly selected for skin and meat color evaluation. Blood sampling and biochemical analysis At the end of the study period (Day 42), blood samples Histopathological studies from each replicates were collected from the wing veins Liver and heart were dissected out and washed with ice cold PBS, patted dry and fixed in 10% formalin for histo- pathological examination. Paraffin embedded tissues Table 1 Nutritional information of the basal diet used were sectioned to 5-6 μm thickness and stained with Nutritional factors Chick -starter diet Chick-Grower diet haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological 1. ME Kcal/ kg 2915 2915 examinations. 2. Crude protein % 17.50 15.00 3. Fat % 3-4 3-4 Statistical analysis 4. Fibre % 3-4 3-4 The results were subjected to statistical analysis using One-way ANOVA for completely randomized design. 5. Lysine % 0.70 0.75 Treatment means were compared by Least Significance 6. Methionine % 0.40 0.35 Difference test through SPSS. p < 0.05 was considered as 7. Calcium % 1.00 1.00 statistically significant. 8. Total Phosphorus % 0.70 0.60 9. Vitamin A (I.U.) 4550 4450 Results 10. Vitamin D (I.U.) 1600 1600 TF-36 is a standardized extract of turmeric rhizomes prepared from the solvent extracts employing acetone, 11. Vitamin E (I.U.) 15.0 15.0 hexane, ethylacetate, isopropanol or ethanol, either alone 12. Vitamin K (mg) 1.00 1.00 or in combination. TF-36 may be prepared in both liquid 13. Choline (mg) 45.0 45.0 and powder form, to allow the easiness in commercial 14. Linoleic acid % 1.00 1.00 applications. HPLC analysis using standard analytical NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 4 of 9 standards was used for the identification and quantifi- diet, since chicks consumed fortified diet as equally as cationofcurcuminoidsinTF-36.Itwas foundthat the basal diet. However, there was some degree of hesi- TF-36 contains all the three curcuminoids (curcumin, tation when fortified at 2% (w/w). In the case of powder demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) with form, the chicks were able to consume even at 8 to 10% a total curcuminoids content of 3.1% (w/w). GC-MS/MS (w/w) fortified level, indicating the flavor and aroma analysis revealed 6.2% (w/w) of ar-turmerones with a total masking efficiency when converted to powder. Since the volatile oil content of 13.2% (w/w)(Fig. 1a and b). Scan- liquid form of TF-36 can be easily manufactured with ning electron microscopic studies (SEM) of the powder relatively low cost of production than the powder form form of TF-36 revealed highly encapsulated spherical par- which requires special techniques such as vacuum ticles with a large porous surface (Fig. 1c). drying or spraydrying, thepresent studyemployed the liquid form of TF-36 and fortified the diet at 0.5 and Dosage 1% (w/w) levels. The dosage of TF-36 (liquid) or powder was decided on the basis of the readiness by which the chicks consumed Growth performance study the diet. It was found that the most suitable dosage of The results of thepresent studyshowedthatTF-36 the liquid form as 0.5% or 1% (w/w) of the poultry basal supplementation at a dose of 1% significantly improved body weight gain (p < 0.05) when compared to the normal control group (T ) and 0.5% dosage group (T ). 0 0.5 While 0.5% TF-36 fortified diet supplemented group showed no significant changes as compared to the control group (p > 0.05), 1% TF-36 supplementation group (T )showedhighest totalbodyweightgain (2285 g) as compared to the control group which showed the lowest total body weight (2078 g) (Table 2). The growth performance in T was also visible from the first week itself and continues to increase progressievely. Figure 2 shows the body weight variation of chicks in a weekly basis. Food intake (FI) in T1 group (average of 438 g for 42 days) showed a slight deviation from the T group 0.5 (average of 432 g for 42 days) which was not significant with respect to the control T group (average of 430 g for 42 days) (Table 2). Supplementation of TF-36 showed a significant decrease in FCR (1.56) in T when compared with the T control group (1.69). But, FCR of T (1.68) 0 0.5 was not significant (p > 0.05)inT (Table 2). In other 0.5 words, we found 10% increase in body weight with 7.6% decrease in FCR when supplemented with the diet forti- fied with 1% (w/w) of TF-36 (T ), whereas these changes were considerably lesser in T with only 2% increase in 0.5 body weight and 1.7% decrease in FCR, as compared to the normal control (T ). Carcass and visceral organ weight of individual organs were also noted (Table 3). There was a significant increase in the body weight of chicks when supplemented with Table 2 Growth performance of the birds FCR Average weight gain (in g) FI- average of 42 days (in g) a a T 1.69 2078.3 ± 139 430.48 ± 6.91 ab a T 1.66 2119.6 ± 129 432.78 ± 5.67 0.5 Fig. 1 Characterization of TF-36. (a) HPLC chromatogram of TF-36 show- b b T 1.56 2285.2 ± 154 437.42 ± 9.88 ing curcuminoids. (b) Gas chromatogram of the oil fraction of TF-36 indi- Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Values not sharing a common superscript cating α, β and ar-turmerones. (c) SEM of the powder form of TF-36 significantly differ by p < 0.05 NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 5 of 9 Fig. 2 Body weight of the chicks from Day 0 to Day 42. Weight is given in g TF-36 fortified at 1% (w/w) level (T ). However, no signifi- Biochemical studies in serum cant difference was observed in the individual organ The studies on total protein revealed no significant weight in relation to their total body weight indicating the difference due to TF-36 supplementation in both the absence of any pathology. But the meat of birds, treated groups T and T when compared to the control 0.5 1 with TF-36, showed a visible yellowish pigmentation of (Fig. 5b). Further analysis of the liver function marker the skin as compared to the T , which has no yellowish enzymes, SGPT and SGOT also showed no significant hue (Fig. 3a and b). None of the groups showed any variation upon supplementation with TF-36 (Fig. 5a). The adverse signs or behavioral changes during the course of relative changes in creatine levels were also remained the study; except a mortality of 2 chicks in the normal within the healthy range indicating the absence of toxicity basal diet treated group on day 3 and day 5. or adverse effect of TF-36 on metabolism (Fig. 5b). Histological studies on liver Assessment of endogenous antioxidants Histopathology of heart showed normal endocardium, The effect of supplementation of TF-36 on the antioxi- myocardium and pericardium both for normal and dant status of birds is given in Fig. 4. The antioxidant TF-36 supplemented groups. Histopathology of liver tissues enzyme, SOD showed a significant increase in activity in also showed normal portal triads and hepatic veins with T (p < 0.05) and those for T was not significant when normal liver morphology upon supplementation with 1 0.5 compared to the control T (Fig. 4a). GSH and GPx levels TF-36 (Fig. 6). were also elevated significantly upon TF-36 treatment as compared to untreated normal chicks (Fig. 4b and c). The Discussion extent of lipid peroxidation was measured as TBARS Currently, feed additives for poultry fortified with natural levels and was decreased significantly both in T and T bioactives are being researched aggressively due to the 0.5 1 (p < 0.05) groups as compared to the control group T regulation being imposed on the use of AGPs for veterinary (Fig. 4a). Thus, an elevation in endogeneous antioxidant purpose. Besides, there is an increased awareness of the risk levels with a decrease in lipid peroxidation was observed to human health posed by antibiotics in livestock, propel- among TF-36 supplemented birds, with significant (p< ling research in phytogenic alternatives. Earlier research 0.05)variationsinT group as compared to T . works suggest the effect of plant extracts in increasing gut 1 0.5 Table 3 Weight of the organs on day 42 Liver (in g) Gizzard (in g) Heart (in g) Pancreas (in g) Intestine (in g) Kidney (in g) T 68.8 ± 1.3 28.5 ± 1.4 11.5 ± 0.8 4.4 ± 0.2 138.1 ± 1.7 15.6 ± 0.8 T 69.7 ± 1.5 30.3 ± 1.4 11.9 ± 0.8 4.8 ± 0.2 139.2 ± 2.1 15.9 ± 0.8 0.5 * * * * * * T 74.6 ± 2.0 34.1 ± 1.5 14.0 ± 0.5 5.1 ± 0.4 144.2 ± 4.5 16.8 ± 1 Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Values not sharing a common superscript significantly differ at p > 0.05 NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 6 of 9 microflora and hence better absorption of nutrients with positive results on host nutrition, health, and growth [22]. The digestion stimulating properties and intrinsic bio- activities on animal physiology and metabolism might contribute to the nutritional effects of botanicals [23]. Therhizomeof turmeric is atraditional spiceand medicine in India for more than 5000 years and the hallmarked yellow colour of turmeric in Indian curries has turned as the signature of a healthy cusine [11, 24]. Curcumin has bbeen researched extensively with more than 5000 publications and is known for its antibacterial, anti-parasitic and antimicrobial actions which render it an effective growth promoter in poultry farming, preventing the incidences of diseases in birds [8]. Turmeric oil, yet another bioactive fraction of turmeric rhizomes with anti- microbial, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant proper- ties have not been so far exploited for its phytogenic potential [13–15]. The major terpenes in turmeric oil, viz. turmerones were reported to be the reason for its bioactivity [16, 25]. Thus, the present study investigated the natural antibiotic potential of a formulation of turmeric extract with standadised levels of curcumin and turmerones when use as a feed additive in poultry. Earlier studies on broiler chicken fed with phytogenic blends of coriander, turmeric, thyme have indicated con- siderable improvement in growth performance, immune indicators and carcass characteristics in both broiler chicken and ducks [26, 27]. The present results were in agreement with these studies and showed significant Fig. 3 Skin color and meat color of the carcass. Normal increase in body weight gain when supplemented with pigmentation of skin and meat in T . Yellow pigmentation of skin TF-36 at 1% (w/w) in chicks. The present study also and normal pigmentation of meat in T showed a significant improvement in FCR when treated with TF-36 at 1% level of basal diet. Thus, TF-36 fortified Fig. 4 Endogenous antioxidant status. (a) Variations in SOD activity and lipid peroxidation as determined by TBARS values, (b) Gpx activity and (c) GSH activity. SOD and GPx expressed as IU/mL; TBARS as nmols/mL and GSH as mmols/mL. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Values not sharing a common superscript significantly differ at p > 0.05, when the T or T is compared to T 1 0.5 0 NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 7 of 9 Fig. 5 a SGOT, SGPT activities and b the levels of serum creatinine and total protein. SGOT and SGPT given as IU/mL; total protein as g/dL and creatinine as g/L. . Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Values not sharing a common superscript significantly differ at p > 0.05, when the T or T 1 0.5 is compared to T diet implicated a significant effect on growth performance more economical way, especially the natural pigments, to as measured in terms of feed intake, body weight gain and impart yellow color to chicken skin is desirable in poultry food conversion ratio. The reason for the better growth production. The present study demonstrated a clear yellow might be attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pigmentation to the skin of the chickens treated with antimicrobial, and gastroprotective effect of curcumin and TF-36. However, the meat does not show any undesirable turmerones and their synergic effects [13]. colour or flavor characteristics. The yellow pigmentation of Yellowish skin color in chicken is a desirable characteris- the skin is due to the better absorption of the curcuminoids tic among the chicken consumers in United States and from TF-36. It has already been reported that the oral bio- Mexico [28, 29]. Since the yellow colour is known to be availability of curcuminoids can be significantly improved imparted by the carotenoids in the diet, regular commercial upon the co-administration of turmeric oil at significantly poultry diet usually fail to provide the colour to birds. high levels of 8 to10% (w/w) of the curcuminoids level [11]. Hence, there exist a practice of supplementing carotenoids, Thepresenceof turmericoil rich in turmerones in TF-36 either natural or synthetic, to the diet to get them deposited causes the better absorption of the bioactive yellow pigment in the skin and fat [30]. Since carotenoids are expensive, a curcuminoids, which in turn may enhance the skin colour Fig. 6 Histopathology of heart and liver. Heart tissue- normal endocardium, normal myocardium and normal pericardium in T and T . Liver 0 1 tissue- normal portal triads, normal hepatic veins, intact liver morphology in T and T 0 1 NM et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:8 Page 8 of 9 and quality of the meat by enhancing the antioxidant status Abbreviations AGP: Antimicrobial growth promoters; ALT: Alanine transaminase BDMC: and immunity of chicken. Bisdemethoxycurcumin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BW: Body weight; The demand for pre-cooked, refrigerated and/or ready- DMC: Demethoxycurcumin; DWG: Daily weight gain; EU: European Union; to-eat food has witnessed a tremendous growth recently. FCR: Food conversion ratio; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; FI: Food intake; GC-MS/MS: Gas chromatography-tandem masspectrometer; But, preparation of such food products involves processes Gpx: Glutathione peroxidase; GRAS: Generally recognised as safe; such as mincing and cooking prior to refrigeration which GSH: Glutathione; HPLC: High performance liquid charomatography; are known to accelerate lipid peroxidation of meat causing NGP: Natural growth promoters; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; SGOT: Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; SGPT: Serum glutamate rancidity and therby a deterioration of quality [31]. Poultry pyruvate transaminase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TBARS: Thiobarbituric meat was reported to be more susceptable to such oxida- acid reactive substance tive deterioration [32]. Addition of synthetic antioxidants Acknowledgements to either feed as feed additive or to meat products has been We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Babu, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., showntoimprove thequalityofmeat[29]. But, reports on Cochin for helping with the management of chicken during the study period. the carcinogenicity of synthetic antioxidants paved the way Availability of data and materials for identification of natural antioxidants as feed additives Authors approved the data and materials availability. [33]. Dietary supplementation of rosemary, sage and organo has shown to improve the oxidative stability and Authors’ contributions JNM was mainly carried out this study and drafted the manuscript. AJ reduce lipid peroxidation of raw and precooked broiler formulated and characterized the turmeric extract TF-36. BM and KIM conceived meat during refrigeration [34, 35]. Recently, it has been of the study and developed the protocol and coordinated the study. JNM and shown that the use of oregano extract as a poultry feed KIM drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. additive improved growth performance and systemic anti- Ethics approval and consent to participate oxidative capacity of the chicks with an effective inhibition All animal experiments were in accordance with the protocol approved by of lipid peroxidation leading to better quality of the meat the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Amala Cancer Research Centre, recognized by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of and bird’shealth [36]. The present study demonstrated a Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Government of India (Registration significant enhancement in the endogeneous antioxidant No:149/99/CPCSEA). status (SOD, GSH and Gpx) and a significant inhibition of Competing interests lipid peroxidation when supplemented with 1% (w/w) of Authors disclose the conflict of interest. TurmaFEED™ is a proprietary TF-36 as feed additive. Enhancement in the total antioxi- formulation of turmeric extract developed by M/s Akay Flavours & Aromatics dant capacity in broilers shall lead to the reduction in Pvt. Ltd., Cochin, India. oxidative stress and inflammation with improvement in digestibility and hence in growth performance [37]. How- Publisher’sNote Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in ever, no apparent change was observed in the liver function published maps and institutional affiliations. marker enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) when treated with TF-36. Earlier study had also reported no changes in liver Received: 19 December 2017 Accepted: 5 April 2018 enzymes when supplemented with turmeric powder indi- cating the absence of adverse effects [26]. Histopathology References analysis also confirmed the absence of adverse effects 1. Laxminarayan R, Van Boeckel T, Teillant A. 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Journal
Journal of Animal Science and Technology – Springer Journals
Published: May 28, 2018