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/lp/springer-journals/effect-of-waiting-time-for-placing-resin-composite-restorations-after-JRvnlDct1H
- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2015 by Pimentel et al.
- Subject
- Material Science; Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films; Mechanical Engineering; Biomaterials
- eISSN
- 2196-4351
- DOI
- 10.1186/s40563-015-0051-3
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
moraesrr@gmail.com Graduate Program This study investigated the influence of the waiting time for placing resin composite in Dentistry, Federal (RC) restorations after dental bleaching on the shear bond strength (SBS) to enamel. University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Seventy bovine incisors were obtained, of which 60 were stained in coffee solution RS, Brazil Full list of author information for 1 week and then bleached with the whitening agent Lase Peroxide Sensy (DMC is available at the end of the Equipments, Brazil), following the manufacturer directions of use. Next, all teeth were article allocated into seven groups (n = 10) according to the waiting time after bleaching for placing the RC: immediately (0 h), 24 h, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days (d). Ten teeth were not bleached to serve as control. The specimens were prepared for SBS test and also for failure mode analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images were taken in non- bleached and bleached specimens. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The SBS means (standard deviations), in MPa, were: control = 8.5 (5.8); a a a a a 0 h = 14.5 (5.9); 24 h = 18.8 (7.4); 3 d = 15.7 (0.1); 7 d = 15.6 (7.0); 14 d = 15.0 (6.7); and 28 d = 17.9 (7.7). All bleached groups resulted in similar SBS to enamel (p ≥ 0.221), but higher than the control (p ≤ 0.004). Adhesive failures were predomi- nant in all groups. Bleaching produced an acid-etching pattern (enamel prisms expo- sure) on enamel, differently to the non-bleached teeth, which showed an unaltered surface. In conclusion, dental bleaching did not affect resin-enamel bond strength, regardless of the waiting time to place the restoration after bleaching. Keywords: Tooth bleaching, Dental enamel, Shear strength, Microscopy Background Esthetic restorative treatments in dentistry commonly involve dental bleaching before use of direct or indirect restorative materials. Bleaching is performed in an attempt to return the white appearance and natural color shade of stained teeth, whereas the resto- ration corrects the anatomical shape and function of teeth, as well as the harmony of a defective smile [1]. Tooth bleaching is an oxidative process of high-molecular weight molecules adhered to enamel and dentin. This process is characterized by two main steps: first, peroxide molecules found in whitening agents diffuse into the tooth producing free radicals, reac - tive oxygen molecules, and hydrogen peroxide anions [2]. Next, all these molecules ini- tiate the oxidation process, breaking the pigments down into smaller parts [3]. After © 2015 Pimentel et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Pimentel et al. Appl Adhes Sci (2015) 3:23 Page 2 of 7 this process, the release of oxygen species from the teeth is not immediate, which may remain arrested for several days [4]. Consequently, polymerization of resin-based mate- rials (e.g., dental adhesives, resin composites, and resin cements) may be compromised since oxygen is a well-known inhibitor of polymerization reactions [5], thus affecting negatively the bond strength between resin materials and the tooth. Taking this into account, the literature advices that it would be prudent to wait for a period of time between the end of bleaching treatment and placement of adhesive restorations, unless if antioxidant substances are applied on the tooth in an attempt to completely remove the remaining oxygen molecules [4, 6–9]. Several studies have demonstrated that the bond strength between restorative mate- rials and teeth is improved when a period of time after bleaching is waited to proceed with placement of the restoration [10–15], although they diverge regarding to the mini- mum waiting time necessary for that effect to take place. By contrast, other studies have found no significant difference in bond strength results between specimens restored immediately after bleaching or after waiting an interval period [13, 16, 17]. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the waiting time between placement of a resin composite restoration and the end of the bleaching procedure has an influence on the enamel bond strength. The hypothesis tested was that longer wait - ing times for placing the composite restoration would be associated with higher bond strength to enamel. Methods Preparation of specimens and groups tested Seventy bovine incisors were obtained, cleaned, and stored in 0.5 % chloramine-T aque- ous solution for 1 week. The roots were cut off and each crown was wet ground using 600-grit SiC abrasive papers in order to standardize the enamel surface. Sixty specimens were then stained in coffee solution for 7 days, as previously described [18]. Next, these 60 specimens were randomly allocated into six groups, according to the waiting time for placing the resin composite restoration after bleaching treatment: immediately (0 h), 24 h, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days (d). The ten non-bleached specimens were used in the negative control group. Bleaching and restorative procedures The teeth were bleached using 35 % hydrogen peroxide gel (Lase Peroxide Sensy, DMC Equipments, São Carlos, SP, Brazil), whose manufacturer’s information, lot number, and directions of application are described in Table 1. After bleaching, the specimens were restored with resin composite (Filtek Z350, 3 M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). Before plac- ing the composite, the specimens were acid-etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s, rinsed with distilled water for 30 s, dried with compressed air for 15 s, coated with two layers of Single Bond 2 (3 M ESPE), dried again with compressed air for 5 s, and covered with a silicone mold containing four orifices (1.5 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in thickness). The specimens were light-activated with a light-emitting diode curing unit (Radii, SDI, Bayswater, VIC, Australia, 1200 mW/cm irradiance) for 20 s in each orifice, and the composite was used to fill the orifices, followed by light-activation for 20 s. Next, speci - mens were stored for 24 h in distilled water, at 37 °C. Pimentel et al. Appl Adhes Sci (2015) 3:23 Page 3 of 7 Table 1 Manufacturer information, lot number, and directions of application of the hydro- gen peroxide agents used in the study Material Manufacturer Lot Instructions of application Lase peroxide sensy DMC equipments 40113 Gel preparation: mix 3 drops of peroxide (phase 1) for every drop of thickener (phase 2) with the aid of a spatula Gel application: apply the gel from 1 mm to 2 mm of thickness using a spatula or syringe Gel irradiation: irradiate with Whitening Lase II for 1 min; let the gel to rest for 3 min, repeating the irradiation and resting procedures twice more Gel removal: after 10 to 15 min of application, remove the gel with the aspirator tip and clean the surface with gauze Repeat the previous procedures up to two times more, depending on the result obtained Shear bond strength (SBS) test and fracture mode analysis The SBS of each specimen was tested as previously described [19]. Briefly, a thin metal wire was looped around each composite cylinder and subjected to a shear load using a mechanical testing machine (DL500; EMIC, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil) at a cross- head speed of 1 mm/min until failure. SBS data were expressed in MPa. Data were sub- mitted to a One-Way Analysis of Variance and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05) using SigmaPlot v.12 software (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). For fracture mode analysis, each specimen was observed at 20× magnification under a light stereomicroscope, and the failure modes were categorized as adhesive (failure at the composite-enamel interface), cohesive in enamel, or mixed failure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation Two specimens were also prepared and wet-ground using 320, 600, and 1500-grit SiC papers, followed by polishing with felt disc for 5 min, cleansing in ultrasonic water bath, and drying with compressed air for 30 s. The specimens were separated into two groups: one that remained non-bleached and one that was bleached as described before. After dehydration in ascending ethanol concentrations (70, 80, 90, and 100 %) for 15 min each, the specimens were dried for 15 s with compressed air and kept in contact with a filter paper at room temperature. After 24 h, the specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and sputter-coated with gold/palladium alloy for SEM evaluation (SSX-550; Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The enamel surface morphology was evaluated qualitatively. Results and discussion According to results displayed in Fig. 1, all bleached groups had similar SBS regardless of the waiting time before placement of the restoration (p ≥ 0.221). Therefore, the hypoth - esis tested was rejected. One of the main aspects that may explain this finding is the absence of residual oxygen molecules at the enamel surface/structure, thus allowing a proper polymerization of the adhesive and the resin composite used. According to previ- ous studies, oxygen may not necessarily accumulate within the near enamel surface [20, 21], whereas dentin may act as a true reservoir of oxygen molecules [22]. This suggests that the different waiting time intervals investigated in the present study did not modify the enamel, explaining the similar results obtained. Pimentel et al. Appl Adhes Sci (2015) 3:23 Page 4 of 7 Fig. 1 Bond strength means and standard deviations of the groups investigated. No significant statistical differences were observed across groups The research question of this study is still questionable in the literature, since while some studies demonstrate that adhesive procedures should not be performed immedi- ately or even after a few days or weeks after bleaching [10–15, 23], other studies state that there is no need to wait a specific time interval to proceed with the restorative treat - ment [13, 16, 17]. These divergent results may perhaps be material-dependent, that is, the bonding process to bleached teeth depends on the type of whitening agent used [13, 24], as well as on the type of adhesive systems and/or restorative materials applied [25]. Regarding to the “whitening agent” factor, materials may vary according to their hydro- gen peroxide concentration, time of application, and pH of the gel; considering that only pH would more importantly influence SBS, the present study also evaluated the mor - phology of enamel after bleaching. According to the SEM imagens shown in Fig. 2, the gel exposed the prism rods of enamel in a similar way that phosphoric acid does. More- over, a clear rougher surface could be observed when compared to the non-bleached specimen. Considering that the enamel bond strength is a process still dependent on the micro- mechanical interlocking between the resin monomers and substrate [26, 27], it can be suggested that a satisfactory resin-enamel interaction was obtained in all bleached speci- mens, resulting in the similar SBS results observed here. By contrast, the non-bleached specimens (negative control group) had significantly lower SBS than all bleached groups, probably because the staining molecules adhered to enamel and were not bleached out from the surface, interfering with proper action of phosphoric acid for optimal adhesion. Moreover, although the most frequent fracture mode was adhesive (i.e., at the interface), mixed and cohesive failures were detected only in bleached teeth (Fig. 3), which cor- roborates the SBS results indicating better mechanical keying to bleached compared to non-bleached enamel surfaces. Interestingly, some recent studies have demonstrated that bleaching agents contain- ing varied content of hydrogen peroxide may be successfully used for increasing the Pimentel et al. Appl Adhes Sci (2015) 3:23 Page 5 of 7 Fig. 2 SEM micrographs of non-bleached (a) and bleached (b) enamel surfaces Fig. 3 Distribution of failure modes between groups Pimentel et al. Appl Adhes Sci (2015) 3:23 Page 6 of 7 bonding ability of glass fiber-reinforced posts to the root canal since they are able to etch the post surface [28–30]. Furthermore, whitening agents vary in pH, and gels with a more acidic nature would etch the tooth surface in a similar way that phosphoric acid or self-etch adhesives do, as demonstrated by the present study (particularly the SEM images). Conclusion The bond strength between resin composite and enamel does not seem to be influenced by in-office bleaching using 35 % hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that clinicians may restore teeth immediately after bleaching is completed. Authors’ contributions LLV and CPI participated in the supervision of the experiments and in the writing of the manuscript. AHP participated in performing the experiments. EAM participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. EV and RRM supervised the laboratory work, participated in its design and coordination, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Author details School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Postal 96015-560 Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 16 November 2015 Accepted: 9 December 2015 References 1. Ittipuriphat I, Leevailoj C. Anterior space management: interdisciplinary concepts. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013;25:16–30. 2. Dahl JE, Becher R. 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Journal
Applied Adhesion Science – Springer Journals
Published: Dec 18, 2015