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[MetropolisationMetropolisationprocessesMetropolitan areasposePolandaUrban Agenda challenge for public policies at all hierarchical levels. This is clearly visible in PolandPoland, which can be considered as a semi-peripheral country that is more affected by globalisation, including foreign capital flows, than highly developed countries. Since public policies are weak in PolandPoland, market forces have become the main factor shaping its spatial structures. Public policies related to the formation and development of metropolitan areasMetropolitan areas are characterised by low effectiveness and seem to be subordinated to the implementation of European UnionEuropean Union policies. At the national level, awareness of the needs of metropolitan areasMetropolitan areas does not translate into effective legal or organisational solutions for management (with minor exceptions) nor the spatial and strategic planningPlanning of these areas. At the regional level, self-government authorities struggle to reconcile metropolitan areaMetropolitan areas development and the needs of peripheral parts of the regional hinterland. Bottom-up initiatives within metropolitan areasMetropolitan areas are hindered by a number of obstacles, including a lack of effective legal and financial tools. This shows the importance of effective multi-level governanceGovernance in implementation of metropolitan policyMetropolitan policies. Although the need for such policy has been widely acknowledged in Poland, the implementation has encountered series of obstacles in recent years.]
Published: Nov 1, 2019
Keywords: Metropolitan area; Urban agenda; Multi-level governance
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