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/lp/springer-journals/gliricidia-leaf-meal-and-multi-enzyme-in-rabbits-diet-effect-on-oT404xcyoj
- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2018 by The Author(s).
- Subject
- Life Sciences; Animal Genetics and Genomics; Agriculture
- eISSN
- 2055-0391
- DOI
- 10.1186/s40781-018-0182-8
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- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Background: Following the ban on the importation of import-dependent fed ingredients in most developing countries, the need to look inward for local content is now compelling. Thus, leaf meals that have phytogenic additive potentials are envisaged will be a viable feed ingredient in rabbit diets. Methods: The effect of dietary inclusion of gliricidia leaf meal (GLM) with or without multi-enzyme (E) supplementation in rabbits was investigated using ninety-six 35-day old rabbits of crossbreed (Newzealand and Chinchilla). One basal diet that met the requirements of growing rabbit was formulated (Diet 1). Thereafter, another two diets were formulated to contain 15% GLM and 15% GLM plus multi-enzyme at 1 g/kg and designated as diets 2 and 3 respectively. The rabbits were randomly distributed into the 3 diets (32 rabbits/treatment; 4 rabbits/ replicate) and fed their respective experimental diets for 8 weeks. Results: The body weight and daily weight gain of the rabbits fed on GLM free diet and those on GLM-based diets (diets 1 and 2) were similar at finishing period of 63–91 day but have lower (P < 0.01) values than those rabbits fed GLM + E based diet (diet 3) at finishing period (63–91 days) and whole fattening period (35-91 days). The apparent dry matter and crude protein digestibility of rabbits fed control diet and those fed 15% GLM based diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those fed 15% GLM + E-based diet. Triglycerides concentration of rabbits fed 15% GLM-based diet without enzyme addition were lower (P < 0.05) than those observed for rabbits on the rest test diets. Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein levels of rabbits fed 15% GLM and 15% GLM + E-based diets were lower (P < 0.05) than those fed the GLM free diet. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase of rabbits fed the GLM free diet (diet 1) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those fed the 15%GLM and 15% GLM + E-based diets. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of GLM at 15% of the diet did not have a negative effect on the rabbits postweaning period (35–63 days) but will require multi-enzyme supplementation to enhance growth indices at finishing period (63–91 day) without precipitating negative effect on the rabbits’ health status. Keywords: Leaf meals, Rabbits, Exo-enzyme, Performance, Health status * Correspondence: oloruntoladavid@gmail.com; olugbenga.oloruntola@aaua.edu.ng Animal Science Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Oloruntola et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:24 Page 2 of 8 Background Preparation of leaf meal and experimental diets The use of plants in different forms as alternatives to the Fresh gliricidia leaves were harvested within the pre- relatively expensive and scarce conventional feed resources cinct of The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. in the production of monogastric animals is becoming The leaves were air dried for 3 weeks and milled more popular in the tropics. This is because these plants using hammer mill (3.0 mm sieve) to make Gliricidia and their parts could serve as an indispensable source of leaf meal (GLM). Thereafter, the GLM was analyzed protein, phytobiotics and antioxidants in monogastric nu- for the proximate composition using the methods of trition [1, 2]. Some phytochemicals in plants improve anti- AOAC [14] and tannin using the procedure de- oxidant, anti-microbial, feed flavour and palatability which scribed by Markkar and Goodchild [15]. The gross could result in increased feed intake and performance in energy was determined with combustion calorimeter animals [3]. These tropical plants are available because of (Model:e2k combustion calorimeter, www.cal2k.com). their rapid growth which is enhanced by the prevailing and The commercial enzyme (Biozyme PH) used was environmental factors. Their dietary inclusion in form of procured from a reputable vendor in Ado Ekiti, meals is capable of reducing the cost of commercial feeds, Nigeria. It was manufactured by Biomix S.A, Carrera with a resultant reduction in the cost of animal protein and 47C, Sabaneta-Colombia and has a minimum of improvement in animal health [2, 4, 5]. cellulase (700,000 U.A), phytase (1,200F.T.U), prote- Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) provide large quan- ase (8,000,000 U.P), α-amylase (800,000 U.A), tities of high-quality biomass all year round; contain β-glucanase (300,000 U.BG), lipase (20,000 U.I) and high-quality protein and minerals in adequate concen- xylanase (500,000 U.X). A basal diet (Diet 1) was tration [5, 6]. Gliricidia leaves have also been reported formulated to meet the minimum requirement of a to contain compounds such as flavonoids, polypheno- growing rabbit (16.88% crude protein, 17.59% crude lics and saponin [7] which could serve as drawbacks/ fibre and 2670.52 Kcal/kg Metabolizable energy). An- feed ingredients in compounding their use as animal other diet was formulated to include 15% GLM and feeds at relatively high inclusion level. However, the balanced for crude protein, crude fibre and addition of exogenous enzymes is envisaged could metabolizable energy. This diet was thoroughly help alleviate the deleterious effects of these second- mixed and divided into two portions. The first por- ary metabolites an animal [8], improve nutrient avail- tion was designated Diet 2 while the second portion ability [9], reduce ileal flow and mortality of the was supplemented with 1 g/kg of the commercial rabbits [10]. enzyme and designated Diet 3. All the diets were pel- The effects of nutrition on performance traits and letized (4 mm in diameter and 8 mm long). The composi- haematological traits [11, 12] and the general well- tions of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. being of an animal cannot be underscored. Effect of some herbs on general performance, nutrient Animal, housing and experimental procedure utilization, antioxidants, haematological indices and Ninety-six, 35-day old weaner rabbits (32 rabbits/ serum enzymes in monogastric animals have been treatment; 4 rabbits/replicate) of cross-breed (New-- documented [2]. However, report on the effect of Zealand and Chinchilla) of equal sexes and weighed gliricidia leaf meal on growth indices, blood and 675.03 ± 8.02 g were randomly distributed to 3 dietary serum metabolite as well as the antioxidant status treatments. The rabbits were housed in galvanized in the rabbit is rear when the diet is supplemented wire meshed cages (60x60x30 cm) in a well-ventilated with exo-enzyme. The later thus formed the basis pen and fed ad libitum throughout the experimental for this study. period (56 days) with their respective experimental diets. The rabbits were managed in line with the rec- ommendations and guidelines for applied nutrition Methods experiments in rabbits [16]. The body weight and feed Experimental site consumption of the rabbits were determined and The experimental procedures involving animals were ap- recorded on 7 days interval and used to calculate the proved by the Agricultural Technology Department Re- daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Also, the search and Ethics Committee, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado mortality was checked daily. At 45 days into the trial, Ekiti, Nigeria. This study was carried out at the Livestock eight (8) rabbits were selected randomly from each Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of The Federal dietary group and caged individually in metabolism Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The experimental site is cages (55x35x26 cm). The rabbits were adapted for o o 437 mm above sea level and on latitudes 7 37 N and longi- 7 days and thereafter, hard faeces were collected from o o tude 5 11 E, with the annual temperature of 26.2 °C and the them daily into polythene bags at approximately annual rainfall of 1247 mm [13]. 08:00 h each morning before serving daily ration for Oloruntola et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:24 Page 3 of 8 Table 1 Composition of experimental diet (%) indices were determined with a Reflectron ® Plus 8C79 (Roche Diagnostic, GonbH Mannheim, Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 0%GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E Germany) using kits. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) Ingredients (%) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum sample were determined as earlier described by Maize 8.00 6.00 6.00 Rotruck et al. [19] and Misra and Fridovich, [20], re- Wheat offals 8.00 7.00 7.00 spectively. Catalase activity was also determined as Soybean meal 16.10 10.80 10.80 previously described by Aebi, [21]. Maize husk 22.00 21.00 21.00 Gliricidia leaf meal 0.00 15.00 15.00 Chemical and statistical analyses Cassava peels 22.00 20.00 20.00 The three diets were analysed for their crude protein and crude fibre as described by AOAC [14]. The neu- Brewers dried grain 21.70 18.00 18.00 tral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid Bone meal 1.10 1.10 1.10 detergent lignin were also determined [22]. Data gen- Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 erated in the animal trial were analyzed using SPSS Methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 2011 package (version 20) following standard proced- Lysine 0.10 0.10 0.10 ure for analysis of variance. Statistical significance Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 was assessed at (P < 0.05) while the means were separated using Duncan multiple range test of the Vegetable oil 0.30 0.30 0.30 same statistical package. Determined analysis (%) Crude protein 16.88 16.91 16.89 Results Crude fibre 17.59 17.93 17.95 Table 2 shows that the body weight (BW), daily weight Neutral detergent fiber 39.18 38.91 38.95 gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion Acid detergent fiber 17.59 17.22 1726 ratio (FCR) of rabbits fed the control diet (GLM free diet) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those fed Acid detergent lignin 3.68 6.65 6.62 the test diets at postweaning period (35-63d). However, Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 2670.52 2670.56 2670.56 the BW of the rabbits on the control diet and those on Calculated analysis 15% GLM without exo-enzyme (E) supplementation were 4 days. The faeces were stored in a freezer (-18 °C) statistically similar but have lower (P < 0.01) value than until chemical analysis. On day 55 of the experiment, those fed 15% GLM + E at finishing (63–91 days) and 2 rabbits per cage (16 rabbits per diet) were selected, whole fattening period (35–91 days). tagged, starved overnight, weighed and sacrificed (at Table 3 shows that only apparent digestibility (AD) approximately 8:00 h in the morning) as described by of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were Blasco et al. [17]. The skin, limb and head were removed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the dietary before evisceration of the carcass. The dressing weight treatment. For instance, while the apparent DM di- and weights of the internal organs (lungs, kidney, liver, gestibility of rabbits fed the GLM free diet (64.30%) heart and spleen) were determined. Thereafter, the dress- and 15% GLM–E (67.11%) supplemented diet were ing percentage and the relative weights of the internal similar (P > 0.05), the AD of the DM of those rabbits organs were calculated as the percentage of slaughter fed 15% GLM were significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight. (59.93%) than those fed 15% GLM + E diet but simi- On day 56 of the experiment, blood samples were lar to those fed the GLM free diet (64.30%). The collected from the marginal ear vein of the rabbits same trend was also observed for the apparent CP (2 rabbits/cage; 16 rabbits/diet) as described by Bru- digestibility. In both the DM and CP apparent di- nett et al. [18]. Each blood sample collected (about gestibility, rabbits fed on the 15% GLM + E diet con- 7 ml) was divided into two. One portion was placed sistently had the highest values with rabbits fed on in potassium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid the15% GLM-baseddiethavingthe lowest values. (KEDTA) sample tube (for haematology) and the Also, Table 4 shows that the slaughter weight, hot other in the plain tube (for serology and antioxidant carcass weight, commercial slaughter weight, liver, kidney, enzyme determination). Thereafter, Shenzhen Mind lung, heart and gallbladder of rabbits fed the GLM free ray Auto Haematology Analyser (Model Bc-3200, diet and those fed the two test diets were not significantly Shenzhen Mind ray Biomedical Electronics Co. Ham- (P > 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. burg 20,537, Germany) was used to determine the The mean values of the various haematological indi- haematological indices while the serum chemistry ces of rabbits studied were not significantly (P > 0.05) Oloruntola et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:24 Page 4 of 8 Table 2 Effects of Gliricidia leaf meal and exo-enzyme supplementation on performance traits of rabbits Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 SEM P value 0% GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E No of rabbits 32 32 32 Post-weaning period (35–63 d) Body weight at 35 d (g) 672.44 674.88 677.73 2.67 0.77 Body weight at 63 d (g) 1544.15 1582.90 1630.62 29.93 0.56 Daily weight gain (g/d) 31.13 32.42 34.03 1.01 0.57 Daily feed intake (g/d) 78.31 76.87 81.31 4.11 0.93 Feed conversion ratio 2.53 2.41 2.39 0.15 0.94 Finishing period (63–91 d) b b a Body weight at 91 d (g) 2171.50 2239.90 2358.16 29.42 0.01 Daily weight gain (g/d) 22.41 23.46 25.98 0.99 0.36 Daily feed intake (g/d) 82.53 82.19 90.31 5.44 0.83 Feed conversion ratio 3.70 3.56 3.52 0.27 0.97 Whole fattening period (35–91 d) b b a Daily weight gain (g/d) 26.76 27.94 30.01 0.51 0.01 Daily feed intake (g/d) 77.64 76.79 82.85 4.51 0.87 Feed conversion ratio 3.01 2.85 2.86 0.17 0.94 Means within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) GLM Gliricidia leaf meal, E exogenous enzyme different (Table 5), while the triglycerides, cholesterol Discussion and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) values were sig- Thesimilarityin theperformanceindices ofrabbits nificantly (P < 0.05) affected of the entire serum me- fed 15% GLM with or without enzyme-based diets tabolites measured (Table 6). Serum triglycerides and the control diet at post-weaning period concentration of rabbits fed 15%GLM supplemented (35-63 days) in this study is a pointer to the pos- diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those observed for sible suitability of gliricidia leaf meal as a good rabbit on the rest test diets. The serum cholesterol feedstuff which can be used as replacer to the and LDL levels of rabbits fed 15%GLM and 15%GLM import-dependent feed resources in rabbits’ diets at + E supplemented diets were lower (P < 0.01) than post-weaning period. The use of leaf meals in the those fed the control. Table 7 shows the effect of formulation of monogastrics’ and or rabbit feeds GLM and enzyme supplementation on the oxidative had been identified as a helpful way of alleviating status of the experimental rabbits. The superoxide the problem emanating from competition between dismutase and glutathione peroxidase of rabbits fed human and animals for some conventional feedstuff the GLM free diet were consistently significantly (P < [6, 9, 23]. Furthermore, the superiority of the rab- 0.003, 0.01) lower than those fed the 15% GLM and bits fed gliricidia leaf meal based diet supplemented GLM + E diets. with exogenous multi-enzyme in terms of higher Table 3 Effects of Gliricidia leaf meal and exo-enzyme supplementation on dry matter (DM) intake and apparent digestibility (%) Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 SEM P value 0% GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E No of rabbits 8 8 8 Feed intake (g DM/d) 73.38 71.41 75.43 1.15 0.41 ab b a Dry matter 64.30 59.93 67.11 1.27 0.03 ab b a Crude protein 65.62 63.52 66.32 1.00 0.02 Crude fibre 28.99 28.58 30.26 0.92 0.79 Neutral detergent fibre 47.29 46.53 48.58 1.04 0.77 Acid detergent fibre 27.91 27.62 28.51 0.57 0.85 Means within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) GLM Gliricidia leaf meal, E exogenous enzyme Oloruntola et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:24 Page 5 of 8 Table 4 Effects of Gliricidia leaf meal and enzyme supplementation on carcass and relative organ (% slaughter weight) of rabbits Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 SEM P value 0% GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E No of rabbits 16 16 16 Slaughter weight (g) 1953.80 1966.16 1943.65 10.69 0.74 Hot carcass weight 58.37 62.13 62.53 0.98 0.16 Commercial slaughter weight 16.59 15.28 14.41 0.86 0.65 Liver 3.29 3.19 3.40 0.04 0.09 Kidney 0.66 0.60 0.61 0.01 0.06 Lung 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.01 0.97 Heart 0.23 0.26 0.23 0.01 0.64 Gallbladder 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.33 Means within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) GLM Gliricidia leaf meal, E exogenous enzyme body weight at day 91(finishing period: 63-91d) and enzyme composition used in the trials. The daily weight gain during the whole fattening period observed lower dry matter (DM) and crude protein (35–91 d) support the efficacy of the exo-enzyme to (CP) apparent digestibility recorded in rabbits fed enhance the utilization of the nutrients (DM and on 15% GLM based diet (diet 2) when compared to CP) in the diet for better growth performance [24]. those fed 15% GLM + E based diet (diet 3) might be Dietary enzymes supplementation in monogastrics due to the activities of secondary metabolites (anti-- enhances the breaking down of compounds in ani- nutrients) and fibre which were not sufficiently bio- mal feeds which may not be effectively broken down logically degraded; as the multi-enzyme used in the by the animals’ own digestive enzyme and thereby current study (diet 3) contained varying degrees of improve the productivity of animals. This is phytase, cellulose, protease, α-amylase, β-glucanase, lipase achieved following the disruption of cell-matrix of and zylanase activities of which their inclusion could fibrous feedstuffs by the exogenous enzymes; result in increased anti-nutrients degradation and im- thereby giving easy access of the endogenous en- proved nutrient utilization [28]. In this study, the inclusion zymes to digest the entrapped nutrients [25]. This of 15%GLM led to 0.2 g tannin/100 g in the diets 2 and 3 result is consistent with the report of Eiben et al. (Table 8) and tannin has long been implicated in the [26] but the contrast with a report of Ayodele et al. reduction of protein utilization in animal [29]. The nega- [9], who reported a non-significant effect of enzyme tive effect of this anti-nutritional factor seems to have supplementation on performance of rabbits. The ob- been removed by the relatively higher crude protein served variations in the two reports can be attrib- digestibility value recorded in multi-enzyme supplemented uted to many factors among which are the dietary diet and this is consistent with the current report of component and age of the animals [9, 27]and the Ayodele et al. [9]. Table 5 Effects of Gliricidia leaf meal and exo-enzyme supplementation on haematological indices of rabbits Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 SEM P value 0% GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E White blood cells (× 10 /l) 7.85 5.79 7.07 0.41 0.11 Monocytes (×10 /l) 0.58 0.49 0.49 0.07 0.86 Granulocytes (×10 /l) 4.17 3.74 3.46 0.16 0.22 Lymphocytes (×10 /l) 3.09 1.55 3.11 0.39 0.18 Red blood cells (× 10 /l) 5.93 6.44 6.01 0.16 0.44 Haemoglobin concentration (g/dl) 14.00 13.65 13.40 0.23 0.62 Packed cell volume (%) 39.46 39.96 38.11 0.81 0.69 MCV (fl) 65.50 62.00 62.67 1.22 0.31 MCH (pg) 23.65 21.15 22.13 0.58 0.23 MCHC (g/dl) 35.50 34.15 35.20 0.34 0.27 Means within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) GLM Gliricidia leaf meal, E exogenous enzyme, MCV Mean cell volume, MCH Mean cell haemoglobin, MCHC Mean cell haemoglobin concentration Oloruntola et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:24 Page 6 of 8 Table 6 Effects of Gliricidia leaf meal and enzyme supplementation on serum metabolites of rabbits Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 SEM P value 0% GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E Total protein (g/l) 57.80 59.50 61.55 1.17 0.48 Urea (μmol/l) 15.25 11.40 8.92 1.20 0.07 a b a Triglycerides (mg/dl) 1.17 1.10 1.15 0.01 0.03 a b b Cholesterol (mg/dl) 5.62 2.93 3.09 0.48 0.01 a b b LDL (mg/dl) 4.44 0.94 1.70 0.56 0.01 HDL (mg/dl) 0.49 0.43 0.57 0.03 0.27 Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 92.20 60.55 49.60 8.61 0.09 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 45.45 51.10 53.85 2.36 0.38 Bilirubin total (mg/dl) 11.45 10.52 12.40 0.48 0.32 Creatinine (mg/dl) 66.05 77.55 73.10 2.79 0.26 Means within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) GLM Gliricidia leaf meal, E exogenous enzyme, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, HDL High-density lipoprotein Beyond reduced weight gain; animals have been re- particular indicating the safety of the treatment ap- ported to have an abnormal change in the weight and plied in supporting the normal haemapoietic process morphology of their internal organs as the response to in the experimental rabbits. Elevated and or highly el- toxicity situation. In this study, the slaughter weight, hot evated triglyceride level may be a risk factor for ath- carcass weight, commercial slaughter weight and the erosclerosis, pancreatitis and liver disease. In this relative weights of liver, kidney, lung, heart and gallblad- study, reduced level of triglycerides in rabbits fed 15% der were similar across the treatment groups, suggesting GLM diet compared to the rest test diets signifies the that the inclusion of GLM and GLM + E promoted simi- possible presence of some bioactive compounds in lar muscle and organ development and that the organ’s GLM which impaired fat absorption and consequent integrity of the rabbits was not compromised. This dis- fat depletion. This is further supported by the re- agreed with an earlier report of Ayodele et al. [9], that duced cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein level the use of Alchornea leaf meal had an effect on carcass (LDL) in rabbits fed 15%GLM and 15%GLM + E- and relative weights of the organ of growing rabbits. based-diets compared to the control diet in this study Nutrition has a strong influence on the haemato- as this is also of health benefit to the consumers, es- logical traits; and values of these haematological traits pecially those predisposed to heart disease. The inclu- are indicators of the nutritional status of the animals sion of GLM in the diets vis-a-vis decreased uptake [30–32]. In this study, values of all the haematological of cholesterol or increased loss or catabolism of chol- indices fall within the normal range [18]and were esterol [33] further confirms the health benefits of in- not different across the dietary groups. Contrary to cluding GLM in rabbit’s diet. The observed decreased the present report, Adeyeye et al. [31]reported a in cholesterol level in this study may be linked to the variation in the haemoglobin concentration, red blood presence of saponins, one of the components of gliri- cells and mean cell volume when processed cocoa cidia which exerts inhibitory effects on cholesterol pod husk meal was fed to rabbits. Oloruntola and uptake in the gut through intra-lumenal physiochem- Ayodele [32] also reported a variation in white blood ical interaction [29]. However, the present findings cells, lymphocytes and platelets in rabbits fed 0% and agreed with earlier reports of Oloruntola et al., [30]; 10% pawpaw leaf meal inclusive diet. However, this Adeyeye et al. [31] and Oloruntola and Ayodele [32], present study further confirms the nutritional ad- who all reported a reduced cholesterol level in rabbits equacy of the diets used in this study and in fed Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal based diets, Table 7 Effects of Gliricidia leaf meal and enzyme supplementation on oxidative status of rabbits Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 SEM P value 0% GLM 15%GLM 15%GLM + E b a a Superoxide dismutase (%) 22.71 33.91 40.48 2.79 0.003 b a a Glutathione peroxidase (μg /g) 62.26 81.53 89.17 4.38 0.005 Catalase (mM/ml/min) 0.006 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.643 Means within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) GLM Gliricidia leaf meal, E exogenous enzyme Oloruntola et al. Journal of Animal Science and Technology (2018) 60:24 Page 7 of 8 Table 8 Chemical composition (%) and energy (Kcal/kg) of duty feed ingredients used in rabbit feed formulation Gliricidia leaf meal in this sub-Sahara Africa where the shortage of ani- Parameters Quantity mal protein is endemic. Dry matter 93.03 Abbreviations Crude protein 24.75 AD: Apparent digestibility; AOAC: Association of Analytical Chemist; BW: Body weight; CP: Crude protein; DFI: Daily feed intake; DM: Dry matter; DWG: Daily Crude fibre 12.65 weight gain; E: Multi-enzyme; FCR: Feed conversion ratio; GLM: Gliricidia leaf meal; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; KEDTA: Potassium ethylene diamine Ash 8.65 tetraacetic acid; LDL: Low density lipoprotein;; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; Ether extract 1.61 SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences Nitrogen-free extract 45.37 Availability of data and materials Tannin 1.31 The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Energy 3840 Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. ODO, SOA processed cocoa pod husk meal based diet and and JOA designed the study. ODO, SOA, ESA, OTD and DAO carried out the feeding trial and sample collection. ODO performed the statistical analysis. pawpaw leaf meal inclusive diet, respectively. DAO carried out the blood analysis. ODO, JOA, SOA and DAO wrote the One of the major causes of retarded growth in protocol and first draft of the manuscript. ODO and JOA managed the livestock is oxidative stress. However, the use of literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. herbal based antioxidants to ameliorate the stress is Ethics approval becoming popular [34]. Antioxidants significantly All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted in delay or prevent oxidation of lipids, protein, carbo- accordance with Animal Experimental Guidelines provided by The Animal Research and Ethics Committee of The Agricultural Technology Department, hydrates and DNA [35]. For instance, an antioxidant The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. enzyme like glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dis- mutase and catalase can prevent oxidation either by Consent for publication 2+ Not applicable. stabilizing transition metal radicals such as Fe or Cu or by scavenging initiated free radicals such as Competing interests superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, the most reactive The authors declare that they have no competing interest. free radical in vivo [36]. In this study, the 15% GLM and 15% GLM + E based diets were found to pro- Publisher’sNote mote the scavenging of superoxide ion by increasing Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. superoxide dismutase activity. In the same trend, the higher plasma values of glutathione peroxidase, a Author details catalyst for various peroxides degradation in rabbits Animal Science Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria. Animal Production and Health Department, The Federal University fed 15% GLM and 15% GLM + E based diets com- of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Department of Agricultural Technology, The pared to the control further revealed the antioxidant Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Microbiology Department, The properties of the leaf meal in use in this study. This Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. further confirms the use of GLM as safe feed ingre- Received: 5 November 2017 Accepted: 27 September 2018 dients in the diets of growing rabbit. References Conclusion 1. Oloruntola OD, Daramola OT, Omoniyi SO. Effect of forages on Dietary inclusion of GLM at 15% of the diet had no performance, carcass cuts and haematological profile of weaner rabbits. effect on rabbits’ performance at post-weaning Arch Zootec. 2015;64(245):87–92. 2. 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Journal
Journal of Animal Science and Technology – Springer Journals
Published: Oct 6, 2018