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In Memoriam Terje Sagvolden

In Memoriam Terje Sagvolden Sergeant et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011, 7:5 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/7/1/5 EDITORIAL Open Access 1 2 3 4 5 6 Joseph Sergeant , Heidi Aase , Stephen V Faraone , Espen Johansen , Raj Kalaria , Anneke Meyer , 7* 8 9 10 Vivienne Russell , Adolfo Sadile , Edmund Sonuga-Barke , Rosemary Tannock It is with great sadness that we note the sudden passing European Brain and Behaviour Society (EBBS) and of our colleague and friend Professor Terje Sagvolden, a Society for Neuroscience meetings. Terje became the highly accomplished neuroscientist, well known across secretary of EBBS and gave an enormous impulse to the the world for his contribution to our understanding of growth of that society. At Eunethydis meetings, the Oslo the neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disor- and Naples groups developed fruitful novel questions, der (ADHD). Here we pay tribute to this magnificent experimental approaches, and produced innovative man and scientist in an intercontinental recognition of results, which have been applied to human ADHD. his contribution to science. Terje was a wonderful car- Animal models in ADHD were something new in the ing person, a kind considerate friend and a brilliant 1980s, hence the challenge on their clinical relevance. researcher. Terje was inspiring and creative, as well as a By comparing ADHD traits between the SHR and the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) reference strain, Terje was able to visionary. He pioneered collaborative research and forged links between basic and clinical researchers in establish unequivocally a genetic basis for ADHD traits different disciplines, across different countries. in the SHR [1], mRNA expression profiles in the brain With Terje’s help, the European Network for Hyperki- [2], the genetics of intra-individual variability [3,4] and netic Disorders (Eunethydis), of which he was a found- the effects of methylphenidate on dopamine transporter ing member, obtained a major EU grant in 1993 that density [3,4]. Terje made important contributions enabled the then participating centres to work on the toward understanding the genetics of ADHD. Because same ADHD project cross-nationally. The effect of this the brains of ADHD patients cannot be studied, some was to harmonize research efforts in several European work would not have been possible without a valid ani- groups. This forged the basis for the later projects on mal model of the disorder. Terje validated the SHR as a genetics and intervention evaluation. In the discussions suitable model of ADHD, although several such models held at Eunethydis meetings, Terje took up the chal- had been proposed, the SHR stands alone it its ability to lenge with his characteristic enthusiasm to demonstrate mimic the fundamental behavioural characteristics of that the animal model he was using had considerable ADHD, conform to a theoretical rationale for ADHD, clinical relevance to ADHD. and predict aspects of ADHD behaviour, genetics, and Terje’s seminal work was to demonstrate the relevance neurobiology [5-7]. of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) for human In the premature last phase of his research, Terje ADHD. As Figure 1 shows, a PubMed search indicates made another key discovery that will make lasting con- that from 1980 to 2010, there was an exponential tributions to the genetics of ADHD. Although WKY rats growth of research using the SHR as an animal model had routinely been used as a reference strain without regard to source, Terje showed substantial behavioural of ADHD or hyperactivity. and genetic differences in strains from different labora- In 1998 there is the first major spike. This was pri- marily due to a special issue of Behavioural Brain tories [8,9]. This led to the further discovery that WKY Research that Terje edited with Joseph Sergeant and rats from Charles River, Germany (WKY/NCrl) showed contained the particularly important contribution from inattention, but no overactivity or impulsiveness and the Naples group, led by Adolfo Sadile, who Terje met thus were asuitablemodel of inattentive ADHD. In in 1980 in Erice, Sicily. They forged a partnership in the contrast, he showed that WKY rats from Harlan, UK were asuitablereference strain forboththe SHRand the WKY/NCrl [8,9]. By providing researchers with * Correspondence: Vivienne.Russell@uct.ac.za Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South genetic rat models of both combined-type (SHR) and Africa inattentive (WKY/NCrl) ADHD, Terje will continue to Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2011 Sergeant et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sergeant et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011, 7:5 Page 2 of 3 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/7/1/5 important epidemiological study was completed, invol- ving six different ethnic groups. More cross-cultural neuropsychological projects followed. He was co-super- visor for a number of PhD students, who will sadly miss his expert guidance and warm encouragement. In 2008 he organised a week long workshop on scientific writing in Oslo for the PhD students from Limpopo. This was an unforgettable event as for most of them it was their first time to travel outside South Africa. He will be sadly missed at this institution as a co-worker, teacher, and mentor, but above all for his warm-hearted interest and friendship. Terje’s approach to research was collaborative and Figure 1 Number of PubMed Publications about the SHR and multidisciplinary. He facilitated several collaborative ADHD. projects across the world. In the academic year 2004- 2005, he led an international research group at the Cen- tre for Advanced Studies at the Norwegian Academy for influence the course of ADHD genetics research for Science and Letters which for so many of us was a key decades to come. catalyst in generating new ideas and new lines of Through his work within Eunethydis, he profoundly research thus enhancing our international collaborations influenced the work of a younger generation of ADHD (as illustrated by joint publications and the establish- researchers, especially through his enthusiastic promo- ment of Behavioral and Brain Functions in 2005). In tion of reinforcement and learning as an important 2005 he also established the Oslo ADHD Group, inte- focus for human ADHD research. This insight has grating basic studies of anatomy, neurophysiology, neu- played a seminal role in the fundamental shift in focus ropsychology, genetics, and behaviour. The group from cognitive to motivational models of ADHD that presented their research at a symposium in Oslo in has occurred in the field. In that process of change, 2010, together with researchers from Canada, South Terje took students and new colleagues under his wings Africa, the US and Europe. Terje believed in collabora- and gave them the opportunity to take part in his own tion, openness and willingness to share one’s knowledge, research and networks to form their own careers. Terje’s insights and ideas in order to move science forward. ability to be always true to himself was a hallmark of his Always innovative and creative, Terje played a major character. role in designing experiments for children that were Africa would like to offer a special tribute to Terje. He directly analogous to the behavioural studies with ani- was a great friend of the late Professor James Kamani mals. Through building a response apparatus that could and one of the founders of neuroscience in Africa. He be operated by children in much the same way as that played a significant role in the establishment of the for the rats, behavioural responses could be analyzed in Society of Neuroscientists of Africa (SONA) in 1993. the same way across species [10]. Ultimately, beha- Terje continued to support the promotion of neu- vioural patterns obtained with the rats could be vali- roscience in Africa. He served on the International dated against the clinical case of ADHD. The task was Advisory Committee of SONA and, together with Raj further developed into computer-based tasks that were Kalaria, Michael Zigmond, Beth Fischer, Marina Benti- st used both in Norway and in South-Africa, showing that voglio, Anneke Meyer, and others, organized the 1 basic behavioural mechanisms operated the same way IBRO school in Africa which was hosted by the Univer- across cultures [11,12]. sity of the North in 2000, in Pietersburg, South Africa. The list of contributions to the field of ADHD is Terje remained a faithful supporter of IBRO, particularly impressive but fails to capture the passion with which in African activities, organizing ADHD workshops and he worked and interacted with his colleagues, who will establishing an ADHD network in Africa. sorely miss him (Figure 2). Terjehad verycloselinks with theUniversityofthe North, which became the University of Limpopo in 2005.Heheldhis firstworkshopthere in 1997 and was Author details Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The instrumental in obtaining funds from theNorwegian Netherlands. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Universities’ Committee for Development Research and Health, Oslo, Norway. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, State Education (NUFU), which kept the ADHD project in University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA. 4 5 Akershus University College, Kjeller, Norway. Institute for Ageing and Limpopo going for 12 years. Under his guidance a very Sergeant et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011, 7:5 Page 3 of 3 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/7/1/5 the importance of selecting the appropriate reference strain. Neuropharmacology 2009, 57(7-8):619-626. 10. Sagvolden T, Aase H, Zeiner P, Berger D: Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav.Brain Res 1998, 94:61-71. 11. Aase H, Sagvolden T: Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour. Behav.Brain Funct 2005, 1:12. 12. Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T: Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour in South African children. Behav.Brain Funct 2006, 2:11. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-5 Cite this article as: Sergeant et al.: In Memoriam Terje Sagvolden. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011 7:5. Figure 2 Professor Terje Sagvolden. Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. School of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa. Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, 9 10 Italy. School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Received: 25 February 2011 Accepted: 17 March 2011 Published: 17 March 2011 References 1. Mill J, Sagvolden T, Asherson P: Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains. Behav Brain Funct 2005, 1:24. 2. DasBanerjee T, Middleton FA, Berger DF, Lombardo JP, Sagvolden T, Faraone SV: A comparison of molecular alterations in environmental and genetic rat models of ADHD: a pilot study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008, 147B(8):1554-1563. 3. Perry GM, Sagvolden T, Faraone SV: Intra-individual variability in genetic and environmental models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010, 153B(5):1094-1101. 4. Roessner V, Sagvolden T, Dasbanerjee T, Middleton FA, Faraone SV, Walaas SI, Becker A, Rothenberger A, Bock N: Methylphenidate normalizes elevated dopamine transporter densities in an animal model of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type, but not to the same extent in one of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive type. Neuroscience 2010, 167:1183-1191. 5. Sagvolden T: Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/ HD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000, 24(1):31-39. 6. Sagvolden T, Russell VA, Aase H, Johansen EB, Farshbaf M: Rodent models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005, Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central 57(11):1239-1247. and take full advantage of: 7. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA: A dynamic developmental theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) predominantly • Convenient online submission hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci 2005, 28(3):397-419, discussion 419-68. • Thorough peer review 8. Sagvolden T, Dasbanerjee T, Zhang-James Y, Middleton F, Faraone S: • No space constraints or color figure charges Behavioral and genetic evidence for a novel animal model of Attention- • Immediate publication on acceptance Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype. Behav Brain Funct 2008, 4:56. • Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar 9. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Woien G, Walaas SI, Storm-Mathisen J, • Research which is freely available for redistribution Bergersen LH, et al: The spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD– Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Behavioral and Brain Functions Springer Journals

In Memoriam Terje Sagvolden

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Springer Journals
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Copyright © 2011 by Sergeant et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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Biomedicine; Neurosciences; Neurology; Behavioral Therapy; Psychiatry
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Abstract

Sergeant et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011, 7:5 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/7/1/5 EDITORIAL Open Access 1 2 3 4 5 6 Joseph Sergeant , Heidi Aase , Stephen V Faraone , Espen Johansen , Raj Kalaria , Anneke Meyer , 7* 8 9 10 Vivienne Russell , Adolfo Sadile , Edmund Sonuga-Barke , Rosemary Tannock It is with great sadness that we note the sudden passing European Brain and Behaviour Society (EBBS) and of our colleague and friend Professor Terje Sagvolden, a Society for Neuroscience meetings. Terje became the highly accomplished neuroscientist, well known across secretary of EBBS and gave an enormous impulse to the the world for his contribution to our understanding of growth of that society. At Eunethydis meetings, the Oslo the neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disor- and Naples groups developed fruitful novel questions, der (ADHD). Here we pay tribute to this magnificent experimental approaches, and produced innovative man and scientist in an intercontinental recognition of results, which have been applied to human ADHD. his contribution to science. Terje was a wonderful car- Animal models in ADHD were something new in the ing person, a kind considerate friend and a brilliant 1980s, hence the challenge on their clinical relevance. researcher. Terje was inspiring and creative, as well as a By comparing ADHD traits between the SHR and the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) reference strain, Terje was able to visionary. He pioneered collaborative research and forged links between basic and clinical researchers in establish unequivocally a genetic basis for ADHD traits different disciplines, across different countries. in the SHR [1], mRNA expression profiles in the brain With Terje’s help, the European Network for Hyperki- [2], the genetics of intra-individual variability [3,4] and netic Disorders (Eunethydis), of which he was a found- the effects of methylphenidate on dopamine transporter ing member, obtained a major EU grant in 1993 that density [3,4]. Terje made important contributions enabled the then participating centres to work on the toward understanding the genetics of ADHD. Because same ADHD project cross-nationally. The effect of this the brains of ADHD patients cannot be studied, some was to harmonize research efforts in several European work would not have been possible without a valid ani- groups. This forged the basis for the later projects on mal model of the disorder. Terje validated the SHR as a genetics and intervention evaluation. In the discussions suitable model of ADHD, although several such models held at Eunethydis meetings, Terje took up the chal- had been proposed, the SHR stands alone it its ability to lenge with his characteristic enthusiasm to demonstrate mimic the fundamental behavioural characteristics of that the animal model he was using had considerable ADHD, conform to a theoretical rationale for ADHD, clinical relevance to ADHD. and predict aspects of ADHD behaviour, genetics, and Terje’s seminal work was to demonstrate the relevance neurobiology [5-7]. of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) for human In the premature last phase of his research, Terje ADHD. As Figure 1 shows, a PubMed search indicates made another key discovery that will make lasting con- that from 1980 to 2010, there was an exponential tributions to the genetics of ADHD. Although WKY rats growth of research using the SHR as an animal model had routinely been used as a reference strain without regard to source, Terje showed substantial behavioural of ADHD or hyperactivity. and genetic differences in strains from different labora- In 1998 there is the first major spike. This was pri- marily due to a special issue of Behavioural Brain tories [8,9]. This led to the further discovery that WKY Research that Terje edited with Joseph Sergeant and rats from Charles River, Germany (WKY/NCrl) showed contained the particularly important contribution from inattention, but no overactivity or impulsiveness and the Naples group, led by Adolfo Sadile, who Terje met thus were asuitablemodel of inattentive ADHD. In in 1980 in Erice, Sicily. They forged a partnership in the contrast, he showed that WKY rats from Harlan, UK were asuitablereference strain forboththe SHRand the WKY/NCrl [8,9]. By providing researchers with * Correspondence: Vivienne.Russell@uct.ac.za Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South genetic rat models of both combined-type (SHR) and Africa inattentive (WKY/NCrl) ADHD, Terje will continue to Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2011 Sergeant et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sergeant et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011, 7:5 Page 2 of 3 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/7/1/5 important epidemiological study was completed, invol- ving six different ethnic groups. More cross-cultural neuropsychological projects followed. He was co-super- visor for a number of PhD students, who will sadly miss his expert guidance and warm encouragement. In 2008 he organised a week long workshop on scientific writing in Oslo for the PhD students from Limpopo. This was an unforgettable event as for most of them it was their first time to travel outside South Africa. He will be sadly missed at this institution as a co-worker, teacher, and mentor, but above all for his warm-hearted interest and friendship. Terje’s approach to research was collaborative and Figure 1 Number of PubMed Publications about the SHR and multidisciplinary. He facilitated several collaborative ADHD. projects across the world. In the academic year 2004- 2005, he led an international research group at the Cen- tre for Advanced Studies at the Norwegian Academy for influence the course of ADHD genetics research for Science and Letters which for so many of us was a key decades to come. catalyst in generating new ideas and new lines of Through his work within Eunethydis, he profoundly research thus enhancing our international collaborations influenced the work of a younger generation of ADHD (as illustrated by joint publications and the establish- researchers, especially through his enthusiastic promo- ment of Behavioral and Brain Functions in 2005). In tion of reinforcement and learning as an important 2005 he also established the Oslo ADHD Group, inte- focus for human ADHD research. This insight has grating basic studies of anatomy, neurophysiology, neu- played a seminal role in the fundamental shift in focus ropsychology, genetics, and behaviour. The group from cognitive to motivational models of ADHD that presented their research at a symposium in Oslo in has occurred in the field. In that process of change, 2010, together with researchers from Canada, South Terje took students and new colleagues under his wings Africa, the US and Europe. Terje believed in collabora- and gave them the opportunity to take part in his own tion, openness and willingness to share one’s knowledge, research and networks to form their own careers. Terje’s insights and ideas in order to move science forward. ability to be always true to himself was a hallmark of his Always innovative and creative, Terje played a major character. role in designing experiments for children that were Africa would like to offer a special tribute to Terje. He directly analogous to the behavioural studies with ani- was a great friend of the late Professor James Kamani mals. Through building a response apparatus that could and one of the founders of neuroscience in Africa. He be operated by children in much the same way as that played a significant role in the establishment of the for the rats, behavioural responses could be analyzed in Society of Neuroscientists of Africa (SONA) in 1993. the same way across species [10]. Ultimately, beha- Terje continued to support the promotion of neu- vioural patterns obtained with the rats could be vali- roscience in Africa. He served on the International dated against the clinical case of ADHD. The task was Advisory Committee of SONA and, together with Raj further developed into computer-based tasks that were Kalaria, Michael Zigmond, Beth Fischer, Marina Benti- st used both in Norway and in South-Africa, showing that voglio, Anneke Meyer, and others, organized the 1 basic behavioural mechanisms operated the same way IBRO school in Africa which was hosted by the Univer- across cultures [11,12]. sity of the North in 2000, in Pietersburg, South Africa. The list of contributions to the field of ADHD is Terje remained a faithful supporter of IBRO, particularly impressive but fails to capture the passion with which in African activities, organizing ADHD workshops and he worked and interacted with his colleagues, who will establishing an ADHD network in Africa. sorely miss him (Figure 2). Terjehad verycloselinks with theUniversityofthe North, which became the University of Limpopo in 2005.Heheldhis firstworkshopthere in 1997 and was Author details Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The instrumental in obtaining funds from theNorwegian Netherlands. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Universities’ Committee for Development Research and Health, Oslo, Norway. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, State Education (NUFU), which kept the ADHD project in University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA. 4 5 Akershus University College, Kjeller, Norway. Institute for Ageing and Limpopo going for 12 years. Under his guidance a very Sergeant et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011, 7:5 Page 3 of 3 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/7/1/5 the importance of selecting the appropriate reference strain. Neuropharmacology 2009, 57(7-8):619-626. 10. Sagvolden T, Aase H, Zeiner P, Berger D: Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav.Brain Res 1998, 94:61-71. 11. Aase H, Sagvolden T: Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour. Behav.Brain Funct 2005, 1:12. 12. Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T: Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour in South African children. Behav.Brain Funct 2006, 2:11. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-5 Cite this article as: Sergeant et al.: In Memoriam Terje Sagvolden. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2011 7:5. Figure 2 Professor Terje Sagvolden. Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. School of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa. Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, 9 10 Italy. School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Received: 25 February 2011 Accepted: 17 March 2011 Published: 17 March 2011 References 1. Mill J, Sagvolden T, Asherson P: Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains. Behav Brain Funct 2005, 1:24. 2. DasBanerjee T, Middleton FA, Berger DF, Lombardo JP, Sagvolden T, Faraone SV: A comparison of molecular alterations in environmental and genetic rat models of ADHD: a pilot study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008, 147B(8):1554-1563. 3. Perry GM, Sagvolden T, Faraone SV: Intra-individual variability in genetic and environmental models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010, 153B(5):1094-1101. 4. Roessner V, Sagvolden T, Dasbanerjee T, Middleton FA, Faraone SV, Walaas SI, Becker A, Rothenberger A, Bock N: Methylphenidate normalizes elevated dopamine transporter densities in an animal model of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type, but not to the same extent in one of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive type. Neuroscience 2010, 167:1183-1191. 5. Sagvolden T: Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/ HD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000, 24(1):31-39. 6. Sagvolden T, Russell VA, Aase H, Johansen EB, Farshbaf M: Rodent models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005, Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central 57(11):1239-1247. and take full advantage of: 7. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA: A dynamic developmental theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) predominantly • Convenient online submission hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci 2005, 28(3):397-419, discussion 419-68. • Thorough peer review 8. Sagvolden T, Dasbanerjee T, Zhang-James Y, Middleton F, Faraone S: • No space constraints or color figure charges Behavioral and genetic evidence for a novel animal model of Attention- • Immediate publication on acceptance Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype. Behav Brain Funct 2008, 4:56. • Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar 9. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Woien G, Walaas SI, Storm-Mathisen J, • Research which is freely available for redistribution Bergersen LH, et al: The spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD– Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit

Journal

Behavioral and Brain Functions – Springer Journals

Published: Mar 17, 2011

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