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/lp/springer-journals/nematicidal-potential-of-streptomyces-antibioticus-strain-m7-against-p1W0jOmSOf
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- Springer Journals
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- Copyright © 2019 by The Author(s)
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- Life Sciences; Microbiology; Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Biotechnology
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- 2191-0855
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- 10.1186/s13568-019-0894-2
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Abstract
Meloidogyne spp. are microscopic, obligatory endoparasites with worldwide distribution which cause severe damage to agricultural crops. The present study revealed the nematicidal activity of Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7 against Meloidogyne incognita. The culture supernatant of the isolate caused 100% J2 mortality after 24 h and inhibited egg hatching (only 3%). In addition, the nematicidal activity of actinomycins V, X and D purified from strain M7 was also checked. In vitro studies displayed 97.0–99.0% juvenile mortality and 28.0–44.0% egg hatching after 168 h at 240 µg/ ml of actinomycin, with LD (lethal dose) values of 28–120 µg/ml. In vivo study further validated the nematicidal activity of strain M7, where nematode infested tomato plants treated with culture supernatant/cells/solvent extract showed reduction in root galls and egg masses per plant by 50.0–62.06% and 53.48–76.74%, respectively, and signifi- cantly enhanced the shoot length (54.67–76.39%), root length (36.45–64.88%), shoot fresh weight (111–171.77%), root fresh weight (120–163.33%), shoot dry weight (54.45–145.45%), and root dry weight (100–133.3%) over the nema- tode infested plants treated with water. Furthermore, tomato plants treated with cells/culture supernatant/extract of strain M7 without nematode infestation also showed significant increase in various plant growth parameters. Thus, the outcome of the study revealed the potential of S. antibioticus strain M7 and actinomycins produced from it to be developed as safe nematicidal agents to control the root knot nematodes, and to increase the crop yield. Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita, Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7, Nematicidal, Actinomycins layers, the outer most vitelline layer (protein), the mid Introduction - Plant-parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are micro- dle chitinous layer and the inner lipid layer (Khan et al. scopic, obligatory endoparasites that take their nourish- 2004; Curtis 2008). In order to suppress M. incognita, ment from plant roots (Ruanpanun et al. 2010). They the life cycle of the nematode is interrupted by volatile cause severe damage to plants by root gall formation compounds which may be toxic to nematodes directly and root dysfunction leading to significant yield losses or they indirectly suppress nematode population by of agricultural crops (Caillaud et al. 2008). These plant- modifying the rhizosphere environment (Mishra et al. parasitic nematodes have surface coat and egg shells 1987). Chemical nematicides have been used to protect which are considered as the major targets for biocontrol the plants from their infection but since these are highly toxic, expensive and become risk factor for the environ strategies (Bird and McClure 1976; Wharton 1980). The - surface coat of nematodes, being the outermost layer of ment and human health, studies have been conducted to the cuticle, is composed mainly of proteins, chitin and replace these chemical nematicides with naturally avail- lipids. Also, the nematode egg shell is composed of three able biological agents (Jayakumar et al. 2005). A variety of rhizospheric microorganisms have been reported, char- acterized and evaluated for their biocontrol and plant *Correspondence: rkmanhas@rediffmail.com growth promoting activities (El-Tarabily and Sivasitham- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, param 2006). Among microorganisms, actinobacteria, Punjab, India high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, are found to be a rich Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Sharma et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:168 Page 2 of 8 source of novel, and chemically diverse bioactive second- was done using ethyl acetate. The organic phase was ary metabolites with potential applications in agricultural separated from aqueous phase and concentrated to com- field. Streptomyces spp. form the major group of actino- plete dryness under vacuum using rotary evaporator. bacteria which produce nematicidal metabolites against The orange colored ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract was plant-parasitic nematodes (Dicklow et al. 1993; Samac subjected to silica gel chromatography, size exclusion and Kinkel 2001). Streptomyces avermitilis, a soil bacte- chromatography and semi-preparative high performance rium produces a mixture of avermectin B1a (> 80%) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) to purify the active com- avermectin B1b (< 20%). This bioactive compound, used pounds. The purified compounds were characterized as under the name of Avicta and Agri-Mec, showed nemati- actinomycins V, X and D using various spectroscopic cidal activity against Meloidogyne spp. (M. incognita, M. techniques (Sharma and Manhas 2019). arenaria and M. javenica) (Burg et al. 1979). Similarly, many researchers have documented the nematicidal In vitro nematicidal activity potential of crude extracts and purified compounds from To check the nematicidal efficacy of S. antibioticus strain Streptomyces spp. against plant parasitic nematodes (Park M7, EtOAc extract and actinomycins (V, X and D) were et al. 2002; Yang et al. 2013; Jang et al. 2015; Kaur et al. dissolved in autoclaved water and used at different con - 2016). Keeping in mind the increasing trend towards the centrations (30, 60, 120, and 240 µg/ml) against J2s and use of microbial sources as biocontrol agents in agricul- egg masses of M. incognita to determine the juvenile ture sector, in the present study Streptomyces antibioticus mortality and egg hatching inhibition, respectively and all strain M7 exhibiting antibacterial activity against drug experiments were verified by repeating three times. resistant bacteria (Sharma and Manhas 2019) was evalu- ated for nematicidal potential against M. incognita. Juvenile mortality To check the juvenile mortality rate, the nematode cul- Materials and methods ture (200 J2s/50 µl) suspension was added to 35 mm Petri Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7 plate and treated with 2 ml of test samples viz. distilled Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7 (MTCC 12926; Gen- water (negative control)/culture supernatant/EtOAc Bank accession no. KY548390) was isolated from rhizos- extract/actinomycins. The plates were incubated at 25 °C pheric soil of Stevia rebudiana (Sharma and Manhas for 7 days with daily examination of dead juveniles. Light 2019), maintained on starch casein nitrate agar slants at microscopy was used to count the live and dead juveniles 4–8 °C in refrigerator and preserved the spores in 20% on the basis of immobility and malformation character- (v/v) glycerol suspension at − 20 °C. istics when probed with a fine needle. The juvenile mor - tality rate was calculated using the formula i.e. (Sun et al. Nematode culture 2006) The roots of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) were Mortality(%) = 100 × dead juveniles/total juveniles. used to recover the pure culture of Meloidogyne incog- nita. For in vitro assays, nematode egg masses were taken Egg hatching inhibition out from infected tomato roots which were surface steri- The egg masses (200 eggs/50 µl) obtained from the lized with 1.5% of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution infected tomato plants were treated with test samples with subsequent washing with distilled water (Hussey (culture supernatant/EtOAc extract/actinomycins), and and Barker 1973). Surface sterilized eggs were used for water was used as negative control. The Petri plates were egg hatching inhibition assay, and Baermann funnel incubated at 25 ± 3.0 °C for 168 h and daily examined method was used to extract second-stage juveniles (J2s) to calculate the egg hatch rate using formula (Sun et al. from egg masses by incubating egg masses in distilled 2006): water at 25 °C for 72–120 h (Siddiqui and Alam 1990). Egg hatching(%) = 100 × juveniles Production of actinomycins / egg masses + juveniles . To obtain actinomycins, fermentation was carried out for 4 days using starch casein nitrate (SCN) broth at 28 °C In vivo potential of S. antibioticus strain M7 against M. at 180 rpm. The culture broth was collected and cen - incognita trifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C using REMI In vivo experiments were performed to study the efficacy C-24PLUS centrifuge. The supernatant was used for of culture supernatant (CS), cells (CC) and EtOAc extract screening nematicidal activity against M. incognita. For (SE) of S. antibioticus strain M7 under greenhouse con- the recovery of nematicidal metabolites, the supernatant ditions in the month of March, 2017 at 28 ± 2.0 °C. For was adjusted to pH 5.0 using HCl (1 N) and extraction Sharma et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:168 Page 3 of 8 tomato seedlings, seeds susceptible to M. incognita and watered daily. After 90 days, plants were uprooted (N) (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. variety Pusa Ruby) carefully followed by washing with running tap water to were sown in sterile soil at 28 ± 2.0 °C for 2 weeks and remove the adhered soil. after true leaf stage, plants were transplanted singly into pots of 8 cm diameter containing 100 g sterile soil. Statistical analysis After 2 days, plants were given different treatments and The data was recorded as shoot and root lengths, root divided into 8 groups; Group 1: 10 ml of nematode cul- galls per root, number of egg masses per plant root (in ture (100 J2s/ml of M. incognita), Group 2: 10 ml of nem- cm), fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, and statis- atode culture (100 J2s/ml of M. incognita) and 10 ml of tical analysis was performed using Minitab (version 4.0) culture supernatant obtained from 4th day old fermenta- for one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s tion broth of S. antibioticus strain M7, Group 3: 10 ml of post hoc test was done using ASSISTAT (7.7 beta). nematode culture (100 J2s/ml of M. incognita) and 10 ml of culture cell suspension (1 ± 10 cells/ml) of S. antibi- Results oticus strain M7, Group 4: 10 ml of nematode culture Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7 demonstrated strong (100 J2s/ml of M. incognita) and 10 ml of EtOAc extract nematicidal activity against M. incognita (root-knot (250 µg/ml) of S. antibioticus strain M7, Group 5: water nematode). Culture supernatant (CS) and EtOAc extract (Negative control), Group 6: 10 ml of culture superna- (SE) of S. antibioticus caused significant J2s mortality and tant obtained from 4th day old fermentation broth of decreased egg hatching in M. incognita (Figs. 1a, 2a). At S. antibioticus strain M7, Group 7: 10 ml of culture cell 24 h of incubation, 50.0% egg hatching was observed in suspension (1 ± 10 cells/ml) of S. antibioticus strain M7, control, whereas in case eggs treated with culture super- and Group 8: 10 ml of EtOAc extract (250 µg/ml) of S. natant and EtOAc extract only 3% and 0.33% hatching antibioticus strain M7. Each treatment was replicated five was observed, respectively. Over the period of 168 h, times and the pots were kept in greenhouse (28 ± 2.0 °C) the egg hatching increased to 100% in control whereas Fig. 1 Juvenile mortality in M. incognita treated with S. antibioticus strain M7 metabolites: a EtOAc extract and culture supernatant, b actinomycin V, c actinomycin X , d actinomycin D 2 Sharma et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:168 Page 4 of 8 Fig. 2 Egg hatching inhibition in M. incognita treated with S. antibioticus strain M7 metabolites: a EtOAc extract and culture supernatant, b actinomycin V, c actinomycin X , d actinomycin D in culture supernatant egg hatching remained 3% and treated with culture cells also significantly enhanced the in presence of EtOAc extract, 36.0% egg hatching was shoot length (54.67–76.39%), root length (36.45–64.88%), observed at the highest tested concentration (240 µg/ml) shoot fresh weight (111–171.77%), root fresh weight (Fig. 2a). Similarly, culture supernatant caused 100% J2s (120–163.33%), shoot dry weight (54.45–145.45%), and root dry weight (100–133.3%) (Table 1 and Figs. 3a, mortality after 48 h whereas EtOAc extract resulted in 4) as compared to control plants. Furthermore, in the the maximum of 99.66% mortality after 168 h at a con- absence of nematode stress, soil drenching with culture centration of 240 µg/ml (Fig. 1a). cells/supernatant/EtOAc extract resulted in significant Among the actinomycins, actinomycin X caused increase in plant growth parameters. The treated plants 99.08% juvenile mortality and reduced egg hatching showed increase of 28.25–45.80% in the shoot length, to 28.0% at a concentration of 240 µg/ml after 168 h 108.33–115.59% in root length, 125.71–190% in shoot (Figs. 1b, 2b). On the other hand, actinomycin V which fresh weight, 563.63–690.90% in root fresh weight, was less effective as compared to actinomycin X , showed 108.33–323.80% in shoot dry weight and 400–600% 72.25% juvenile mortality and 30.0% egg hatching after in root dry weight over the control plants (Table 1 and 168 h at a concentration of 240 µg/ml (Figs. 1c, 2c). Figs. 3b, 4). However, when actinomycin V was evaluated at higher concentration (480 µg/ml), it showed 97% nematicidal activity after 168 h. Actinomycin D exhibited 97.16% Discussion juvenile mortality and 44.83% egg hatching (Figs. 1d, 2d.) In agriculture, use of microorganisms for the biological In vivo greenhouse pot experiments were carried out control offers sustainable solution to control the harm - to further evaluate the biocontrol efficiency of strain ful effects of pests (Davies 2005; Davies and Spiegel 2011) M7. The results showed that soil drenching with culture and many researchers have reported different microor - cells, supernatant and solvent extract (EtOAc extract) in ganisms possessing nematicidal activity (Gu et al. 2007; pots infested with nematode reduced the frequency of Huang et al. 2010). Actinobacteria are considered the root galls and egg masses per plant by 50.0–62.06% and most important microbial resources which produce bio- 53.48–76.74%, respectively. Nematode infested plants active metabolites that can inhibit or even kill nematodes Sharma et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:168 Page 5 of 8 Table 1 Eec ff t of S. antibioticus strain M7 on various growth traits of tomato seedlings infested with M. incognita Treatment Shoot length Root length Shoot fresh Root fresh Shoot dry Root dry No. of galls/ No. of egg (cm) (cm) weight (g) weight (g) weight (g) weight (g) cm root masses/cm root C 28.60 ± 0.8 bc 7.44 ± 1.2 c 2.45 ± 0.07 b 0.11 ± 0.00 b 0.21 ± 0.01 b 0.02 ± 0.00 d – – CC 39.08 ± 2.1 a 15.50 ± 2.3 ab 5.53 ± 0.40 a 0.83 ± 0.15 ab 0.65 ± 0.08 ab 0.11 ± 0.01 ab – – (36.64)*** (108.33)*** (125.71)*** (654.54)*** (204.52)*** (450)*** CS 41.70 ± 3.0 a 15.60 ± 1.0 ab 6.36 ± 1.27 a 0.87 ± 0.34 a 0.89 ± 0.27 ab 0.14 ± 0.03 abc – – (45.80)*** (109.67)*** (159.59)*** (690.90)*** (323.80)*** (600)*** SE 36.68 ± 1.8 ab 16.04 ± 1.6 ab 4.35 ± 0.24 ab 0.73 ± 0.10 ab 0.47 ± 0.05 a 0.10 ± 0.01 a – – (28.25)*** (115.59)*** (190.00)*** (563.63)*** (108.33)*** (400)*** M. incognita 24.40 ± 2.3 c 10.48 ± 0.3 bc 2.09 ± 0.44 b 0.30 ± 0.04 ab 0.22 ± 0.03 ab 0.03 ± 0 cd 11.6 ± 1.2 a 8.6 ± 0.5 a M. incog- 42.38 ± 1.4 a 17.28 ± 1.5 a 5.24 ± 0.34 a 0.79 ± 0.18 ab 0.42 ± 0.05 ab 0.06 ± 0.01 5.8 ± 0.3 b 4.0 ± 1.7 b nita + CC (73.68)** (64.88)** (150.71)** (163.33)** (90.90)** abcd (50.00)* (53.48)* (100.00)** M. incog- 43.04 ± 2.5 a 14.30 ± 1.0 ab 5.68 ± 0.44 a 0.66 ± 0.08 ab 0.54 ± 0.04 ab 0.07 ± 0.01 4.6 ± 1.0 b 2.0 ± 0.8 b nita + CS (76.39)** (36.45)** (171.77)** (120.00)** (145.45)** abcd (62.06)* (76.74)* (133.33)** M. incog- 37.74 ± 2.7 ab 16.58 ± 1.1 ab 4.41 ± 0.52 ab 0.72 ± 0.08 ab 0.34 ± 0.03 b 0.06 ± 0.01 bcd 4.4 ± 0.5 b 3.6 ± 0.5 b nita +SE (54.67)** (58.20)** (111.00)** (140.00)** (54.54)** (100.00)** (60.34)* (58.14)* Mean ± SE followed by different letters with in a column are significantly different. Tukey’s test P < 0.05 C water, CC culture cells, CS culture supernatant, SE EtOAc extract * Values indicate percentage reduction over nematode infested plants ** Values indicate percentage increase over nematode infested plants *** All other bracketed values indicate percentage increase over control plants Fig. 3 In vivo protective effect of S. antibioticus strain M7 and its metabolites on shoot growth of Solanum lycopersicum plants: a infested with M. incognita and b without nematode infestation: C (water), N (nematode), CC (culture cells), CS (culture supernatant), and SE (EtOAc extract) (Wang et al. 2010; Begum et al. 2011; Zeng et al. 2013). 15.73% after 72 h (Jayakumar 2009). In 2016, Kaur et al. Streptomyces spp. are the major group of actinobacteria demonstrated 90% J2 mortality and 1% egg hatching after which show activity against plant parasitic nematodes by 72 h treatment with culture supernatant of S. hydrogen- producing extracellular enzymes and other toxic com- ans strain DH16. In the present study, culture superna- pounds. The secondary metabolites from streptomycetes tant of S. antibioticus strain M7 was found to be more have got growing interest for the development of an ecof- effective, showing 100% juvenile mortality and 3% egg riendly and safe integrated crop management. hatching after 24 h and 144 h of incubation, respectively. The culture broth of S. avermitilis Manp isolate The EtOAc extract of strain M7 showed 92.83% juvenile induced 89.54% J2 mortality and reduced egg hatching to mortality and egg hatching of 17.33% at concentration of Sharma et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:168 Page 6 of 8 Fig. 4 In vivo protective effect of S. antibioticus strain M7 and its metabolites on root growth of Solanum lycopersicum plants infested with M. incognita; C (water), N (Nematode) CC (cells of strain M7), CS (culture supernatant) and SE (EtOAc extract) 240 µg/ml after 96 h. Jang et al. (2015) showed 83.5% J2 against M. incognita, and can be used as nematicides mortality in solvent extract of Streptomyces netropsis at to control root-knot nematodes (RNKs). Actinomycins concentration of 1000 µg/ml after 72 h. are one of the clinically important, chromopeptide lac- In the present study, among three actinomycins pro- tone anticancer drugs which have been generally used duced by Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7, actino- for the treatment of Wilms’ tumor and childhood rhab- mycin X was more effective, showing 99.08% juvenile domyosarcoma (Chen et al. 2012). These drugs are also mortality with LD of 28.36 µg/ml after 144 h, whereas in use against bacterial and fungal pathogens such as actinomycin D and V showed juvenile mortality of 97.16% S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and 72.25% with LD values of 60 µg/ml and 130 µg/ C. albicans, A. niger and A. flavus (Hamza et al. 2013; ml, respectively. Similarly, actinomycin X decreased egg Kulkarnia et al. 2017). Although, these drugs were dis- hatching to 17.50% whereas actinomycin D and actinomy- covered in 1940′s, but their biological and medicinal cin V reduced it to 35.66% and 21.66%, respectively after relevancies are still to be explored in many research 144 h at concentration of 240 µg/ml. Ruanpanun et al. areas. (2011) reported a Streptomyces sp. CMU-M021 produc- In 1979, Sawhney and Webster (1979) evaluated in vivo ing two antifungal compounds i.e. fervenuline and iso- effect of actinomycin D against Meloidogyne incognita coumarin exhibiting nematicidal activity. Out of the two and observed no gall formation in treated tomato plants. compounds, isocoumarin showed weak effect on J2 mor - In the present study, in vivo pot experiment demon- tality and no effect on egg hatching whereas fervenuline strated positive effect of treatment of plants with culture showed 100% juvenile mortality and 5% egg hatch after cells/supernatant/EtOAc extract (containing actinomy- incubation for 96 h and 160 h, respectively at concentra- cins) of strain M7 on plant growth by reducing the for- tion of 250 µg/ml which is comparable to nematicidal mation of root galls and egg masses in nematode infested activity of purified compound actinomycin X in the pre- tomato plants. Similarly, in the absence of nematode sent study. Kaur et al. (2016) reported a novel antifungal stress, treatment of plants improved the quality of plant, compound from Streptomyces hydrogenans strain DH16 showing enhanced root and shoot lengths, and root and possessing strong nematicidal activity, having L D of shoot weights as compared to control plants treated with 50 µg/ml for J2s mortality, and 14% egg hatching after water only. The culture supernatant was found to be 72 h of incubation at concentration 100 µg/ml. more effective as compared to cells and EtOAc extract, The results of in vitro experiments showed that nearly eliminated root-galling and reduced egg masses actinomycins exhibited significant nematicidal activity per plant. Sharma et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:168 Page 7 of 8 Burg RW, Miller BM, Baker EE, Birnbaum J, Currie SA, Hartman R, Kong YL, This study is the first report demonstrating the nemati - Monaghan RL, Olson G, Putter I, Tunac JB, Wallick H, Stapley EO, Oiwa R, cidal potential of Streptomyces antibioticus strain M7 Omura S (1979) Avermectins, new family of potent anthelmintic agents: against M. incognita. The results of in vitro and in vivo producing organism and fermentation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 15:361–367 studies indicate that culture cells and EtOAc extract Caillaud MC, Dubreuil G, Quentin M, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Lecomte P, de Almeida (actinomycins) have the potential to control nematode Engler J, Abad P, Rosso MN, Favery B (2008) Root-knot nematodes infestations and to reduce its ill effects on crop pro - manipulate plant cell functions during a compatible interaction. J Plant Physiol 165:104–113 duction. Therefore, the Streptomyces strain M7 and its Chen C, Song F, Wang Q, Abdel-Mageed WM, Guo H, Fu C, Hou W, Dai H, Liu X, metabolites might be developed as safe biopesticide and Yang N, Xie F, Yu K, Chen R, Zhang L (2012) A marine-derived Streptomy- effective fertilizer to control phytopathogens and pro - ces sp. MS449 produces high yield of actinomycin X2 and actinomycin D with potent anti-tuberculosis activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol mote plant growth. 95:919–927 Curtis RH (2008) Plant–nematode interactions: environmental signals detected by the nematode’s chemosensory organs control changes in the surface Abbreviations cuticle and behavior. Parasite 15:310–316 J2s: second-stage juveniles; SCN: starch casein nitrate; LD : lethal dose. Davies KG (2005) Interactions between nematodes and microorganisms: bridging ecological and molecular approaches. Adv Appl Microbiol Acknowledgements 57:53–78 We duly acknowledge University Grant Commission, New Delhi for the Davies KG, Spiegel Y (2011) Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes: financial support to accomplish this research work. One of the authors, Manish towards understanding field variation through molecular mechanisms. Sharma acknowledges the grant of fellowship under University with Potential In: Jones J, Gheysen G, Fenoll C (eds) Exploiting genomics to understand for Excellence scheme of University Grants Commission (UGC-UPE), New plant–nematode interactions. Springer, New York (in press) Delhi, India. Dicklow MB, Acosta N, Zuckerman BM (1993) A novel Streptomyces species for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes. J Chem Ecol 19:159–173 Authors’ contributions El-Tarabily K, Sivasithamparam K (2006) Non-streptomycete actinomycetes RKM as research supervisor of MS designed and planned the research work; as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant analysed and interpreted experimental data and was involved in drafting as growth promoters. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1505–1520 well as critical editing of the manuscript for intellectual subject matter. PO Gu YQ, Zhou JP, Zou CS, Mo MH, Zhang KQ (2007) Evaluation and identifica- helped in the designing and execution of the work, interpretation of data tion of potential organic nematocidal volatiles from soil bacteria. Soil Biol and manuscript writing. MS was involved in the planning and implementa- Biochem 39:2567–2575 tion of experimental work; analysis and interpretation of the data; writing of Hamza AA, Ali HA, Clark BR, Murphy CD, Elobaid EA (2013) Isolation and manuscript following the instructions of the research guide. SJ was involved characterization of actinomycin D producing Streptomyces spp. From in the execution of the work, and analysis of the data. All authors read and Sudanese soil. Afr J Biotechnol 12:2624–2632 approved the final manuscript. Huang Y, Xu CK, Ma L, Zhang KQ, Duan CQ, MingHe M (2010) Characterisa- tion of volatiles produced from Bacillus megaterium YFM3.25 and their Funding nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Eur J Plant Pathol This work was financially supported by the University Grants Commission 126:417–422 (UGC), New Delhi vide Letter No. (Letter No. F. No. 43-468/2014(SR) dated Hussey RS, Barker KR (1973) A comparison of methods of collecting 24/9/15). inocula of Meloidogyne spp., including a new technique. Plant Dis Rep 57:1025–1028 Availability of data and materials Jang JY, Choi YH, Joo YJ, Kim H, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Kim CJ, Cha B, Park HW, Kim All the data and materials have been provided in main manuscript. JC (2015) Characterization of Streptomyces netropsis showing a nemati- cidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Res Plant Dis 21:50–57 Ethics approval and consent to participate Jayakumar J (2009) Bio-efficacy of Streptomyces avermitilis culture filtrates Not applicable. against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and reniform nema- todes, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Karnataka J Agric Sci 22:567–571 Consent for publication Jayakumar J, Rajendran G, Ramakrishnan S (2005) Screening of Streptomyces Not applicable. avermitilis culture filtrates in in vitro against root knot and reniform nema- todes. Indian J Plant Prot 33:129–133 Competing interests Kaur T, Jasrotia S, Ohri P, Manhas RK (2016) Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo The authors declare that they have no competing interests. nematicidal potential of a multifunctional streptomycete, Streptomyces hydrogenans strain DH16 against Meloidogyne incognita. Microbiol Res Author details 192:247–252 Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, Khan A, Williams KL, Nevalainen HKM (2004) Eec ff ts of Paecilomyces lilacinus India. Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, protease and chitinase on the eggshell structures and hatching of Meloi- India. dogyne javenica juveniles. Biol Control 31:346–352 Kulkarnia M, Gorthia S, Banerjee G, Chattopadhyay P (2017) Production, Received: 16 August 2019 Accepted: 10 October 2019 characterization and optimization of actinomycin D from Streptomyces hydrogenans IB310, an antagonistic bacterium against phytopathogens. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 10:69–74 Mishra SK, Keller JE, Miller JR, Heisey RM, Nair MG, Putnam AR (1987) Insecti- cidal and nematicidal properties of microbial metabolites. 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Journal
AMB Express – Springer Journals
Published: Oct 22, 2019