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/lp/springer-journals/on-the-lower-radical-construction-Jv1kXblFLI
- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright
- Subject
- Mathematics; Mathematics, general
- ISSN
- 0001-5954
- eISSN
- 1588-2632
- DOI
- 10.1007/BF01901743
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Acta Mathematiea Academiae Seientiarum Hungaricae Tomus 25 (1--2), (1974), pp. 31--32. LOWER RADICAL~CONSTRUCTION ON THE By P. N. STEWART (Adelaide) Let J{ be a non-empty, homomorphically closed class of zero (R z =(0)) rings. Put JCl 1 =rig, and for integers i>1, define dd 1 to be the class of all associative rings R such that every non-zero homomorphic image of R contains a non-zero ideal in J/{~_~. In this way we obtain an ascending chain d//~/~e___ .... the union of which is the smallest radical class containing J/l [2]. We shall denote this radical class by L(dg), it is the lower radical class determined by all. GARDNER proves that L(d//)----dl 4 [1], and in [2] an example is given of a class J/{ of zero rings such that L(~)~ Jr 2 . In this note we prove: L(JZ) =~3. PROOF. 1'~ Let k be an integer _->4 and R be a ringin Jr There is a chain of sub- rings A= As CA2 c C Ak= R such that A~ is an ideal of Ai+l for l<-_i<=k-1, and A~Cd//i for l<=i<=k [2]. Let A=A +AR+RA +RAR be the ideal of R which is generated by A. It is
Journal
Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungarica – Springer Journals
Published: Jun 18, 2005