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1 1,2 1 Helen M. Byrne, I.M.M. van Leeuwen, Markus R. Owen, Tom´ as 3 4 Alarc´ on, and Philip K. Maini Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK helen.byrne@nottingham.ac.uk, markus.owen@nottingham.ac.uk Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK ingeborg@maths.dundee.ac.uk Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, 180 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 2AZ, UK a.tomas@imperial.ac.uk Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles’, Oxford OX1 3LB, and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK maini@maths.ox.ac.uk 17.1 Introduction Biological function arises from complex processes interacting over a large range of spatial and temporal scales. For example, within vascularised tumours, local oxygen levels, determined at the tissue scale by vascular density and blood flow, influence subcellular processes that include progress through the cell cycle and the expression of proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Since VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor, its intracellular production, release by the cells and transport through the extracellular space stimulate vascular adaptation at the macroscale. This remodelling, in turn, controls oxygen delivery to the tissue.
Published: Aug 21, 2008
Keywords: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; Wall Shear Stress; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level; Multiscale Modelling; Quiescent Cell
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