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Sustainable Desalination and Water ReuseState-of-the-Art RO Membranes & Modules

Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse: State-of-the-Art RO Membranes & Modules CHA PT ER 3 State-of-the-ArtRO Membranes&Modules 3.1 RO/NFMEMBRANEMATERIALS Polyamide thin film composite RO membranes now dominate the RO membrane market be- causeoftheirlow-costfabrication,broadchemicalstability,excellentselectivityandhighwater permeability.Thissectionwillbrieflyhighlightthestate-of-the-artmembranes(Table 3.1)used forbrackishwaterdesalinationwithcorrespondingmembranechemistryandperformance.For moredetailedreviewsandhistoricalperspectivesthereaderisdirectedtoreviewsbyPetersonet al. [41] and Lee et al. [42]. To date, most commercially available NF/RO membranes are based on polyamide thin- film composite (TFC) materials, but some other chemistries exist like poly-sulfonamides and polyamide-ureas, integrally-skinned cellulosic (cellulose acetate, di-/tri-acetate, and their blends)andsulfonatedpoly(ethersulfone)(sPES).Integrally-skinnedasymmetriccellulosicRO membranesarepreparedbynon-solventinducedphaseseparation(NIPS),whiletheTFC-RO membranes are fabricated by polymerizing a thin, dense polyamide layer directly on top of a porous support such as polysulfone via an in situ polycondensation reaction between a di- or tri-functional amine and a di- or tri-functional acid chloride [36]. 3.1.1 MEMBRANESURFACEPROPERTIESANDFOULING Comparedwithcellulosemembrane,theTFCaromaticpolyamidemembraneexhibitssuperior water flux and salt rejection, resistance to pressure compaction, wider operating temperature range and pH range, and higher stability to biological attack [52, 53]. However, one of the obstacles to the widespread use of TFC polyamide RO membrane is fouling [54], which is governed by interactions between the membrane surface and foulants in the feed stream [55]. Membranesurfacechemistrydirectlyaffectsfoulingpropensity[43,56–61].Thephysicochem- icalpropertiesofROmembranesurfaces,suchashydrophilicity,roughnessandcharge,arealso major factors influencing membrane fouling [61–67]. Membrane fouling in RO systems is closely related to surface characteristics [62, 63], amongwhichsurfaceroughnessandhydrophilicityareconsideredthetwomostimportantfac- tors [4, 39, 61, 62, 65, 71–75]. Membranes with smooth http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png

Sustainable Desalination and Water ReuseState-of-the-Art RO Membranes & Modules

Part of the Synthesis Lectures on Sustainable Development Book Series
Editors: Hoek, Eric M. V.; Jassby, David; Kaner, Richard B.
Wu, Jishan; Wang, Jingbo; Liu, Yiming; Rao, Unnati
Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse — Jan 1, 2021
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Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Copyright
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
ISBN
978-3-031-79507-7
Pages
15 –27
DOI
10.1007/978-3-031-79508-4_3
Publisher site
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Abstract

CHA PT ER 3 State-of-the-ArtRO Membranes&Modules 3.1 RO/NFMEMBRANEMATERIALS Polyamide thin film composite RO membranes now dominate the RO membrane market be- causeoftheirlow-costfabrication,broadchemicalstability,excellentselectivityandhighwater permeability.Thissectionwillbrieflyhighlightthestate-of-the-artmembranes(Table 3.1)used forbrackishwaterdesalinationwithcorrespondingmembranechemistryandperformance.For moredetailedreviewsandhistoricalperspectivesthereaderisdirectedtoreviewsbyPetersonet al. [41] and Lee et al. [42]. To date, most commercially available NF/RO membranes are based on polyamide thin- film composite (TFC) materials, but some other chemistries exist like poly-sulfonamides and polyamide-ureas, integrally-skinned cellulosic (cellulose acetate, di-/tri-acetate, and their blends)andsulfonatedpoly(ethersulfone)(sPES).Integrally-skinnedasymmetriccellulosicRO membranesarepreparedbynon-solventinducedphaseseparation(NIPS),whiletheTFC-RO membranes are fabricated by polymerizing a thin, dense polyamide layer directly on top of a porous support such as polysulfone via an in situ polycondensation reaction between a di- or tri-functional amine and a di- or tri-functional acid chloride [36]. 3.1.1 MEMBRANESURFACEPROPERTIESANDFOULING Comparedwithcellulosemembrane,theTFCaromaticpolyamidemembraneexhibitssuperior water flux and salt rejection, resistance to pressure compaction, wider operating temperature range and pH range, and higher stability to biological attack [52, 53]. However, one of the obstacles to the widespread use of TFC polyamide RO membrane is fouling [54], which is governed by interactions between the membrane surface and foulants in the feed stream [55]. Membranesurfacechemistrydirectlyaffectsfoulingpropensity[43,56–61].Thephysicochem- icalpropertiesofROmembranesurfaces,suchashydrophilicity,roughnessandcharge,arealso major factors influencing membrane fouling [61–67]. Membrane fouling in RO systems is closely related to surface characteristics [62, 63], amongwhichsurfaceroughnessandhydrophilicityareconsideredthetwomostimportantfac- tors [4, 39, 61, 62, 65, 71–75]. Membranes with smooth

Published: Jan 1, 2021

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