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/lp/springer-journals/the-effects-of-tannins-containing-ground-pine-bark-diet-upon-nutrient-d0QO3NSZAb
- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2015 by Min et al.
- Subject
- Life Sciences; Agriculture; Biotechnology; Food Science; Animal Genetics and Genomics; Animal Physiology
- eISSN
- 2049-1891
- DOI
- 10.1186/s40104-015-0020-5
- pmid
- 26090105
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Background: Pine bark is a rich source of phytochemical compounds including tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and fatty acids. These phytochemicals have potential to significantly impact on animal health and animal production. The goal of this work is to measure the effects of tannins in ground pine bark as a partial feed replacement on feed intake, dietary apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, and mineral retention in meat goats. Results: Eighteen Kiko cross goats (initial BW = 31.8 ± 1.49 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (n = 6). Dietary treatments were tested: control (0 % pine bark powder (PB) and 30 % wheat straw (WS)); 15 % PB and 15 % WS, and 30 % PB and 0 % WS. Although dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility were not affected (P > 0.10) by feeding PB, neutral detergent fiber (linear; P = 0.01), acid detergent fiber (linear; P = 0.001) and lignin digestibility (linear; P = 0.01) decreased, and crude protein (CP) digestibility tended to decrease (P =0.09) as PB increased in the diet, apparent retention of Ca (P = 0.09), P (P =0.03), Mg (P =0.01), Mn (P = 0.01), Zn (P = 0.01) and Fe (P = 0.09) also increased linearly. Nitrogen intake and fecal N excretion were not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of PB in the diet, but N balance in the body was quadratically increased (P < 0.01) in the 15 % PB diet compared to other diets. This may be due to more rumen escape protein and less excreted N in the urine with the 15 % PB diet. The study showed that a moderate level of tannin-containing pine bark supplementation could improve gastrointestinal nitrogen balance with the aim of improving animal performance. Conclusion: These results suggest that tannin-containing PB has negative impact on fiber, lignin, and protein digestibility, but positively impacted on N-balance. Keywords: Digestibility, Goats, Phytochemicals, Tannins Background tannin-rich browse than sheep under similar conditions Condensed tannins (CT) are, prevalent in many plants [4] without any signs of toxicity [5]. Recently, Min et al. and, may reduce ruminal protein degradation, which can [6, 7] have described the improvement of animal perform- increase intestinal protein flow when provided at moder- ance and average daily gain (ADG) in meat goats fed CT- ate doses of 2 to 4 % CT in the dry matter (DM) [1]. containing ground pine bark (PB; 0, 15, and 30 % PB/kg of However, Barry and Manley [2] reported that digestibil- DMI) without any detrimental effects. Therefore, the ity of all nutrients was reduced when sheep were fed source of CT, as well as its concentration, needs to be high-CT (>5 % CT DM) containing Lotus pedunculatus. considered in studies involving protein degradation and Commercial Quebracho CT added to a CT-free diet simi- plasma blood metabolisms. The objective of this study larly reduced protein digestibility in a dose-dependent was to assess the effects of different levels of CT- manner in ruminants [3]. However, goats are predomin- containing PB on ruminal digestibility, nitrogen balance, antly browsers and able to consume larger amounts of and mineral retention in goats. * Correspondence: minb@mytu.tuskegee.edu Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2015 Min et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 2 of 8 Materials and methods of CT-containing ground PB and replaced ground WS. Experimental design Goats were provided diets that met all animal require- Eighteen Kiko-cross meat goats (Capra hircus; body ments for growth and gain [8]. weight (BW) = 31.0 ± 1.49 kg) were fed three different The fresh PB was donated by a wood processing com- levels of CT-containing ground PB (Pinus taeda L.) to pany (West Frazer, 2100 Industrial Blvd., P.O. Box 4230, study the effects of CT in ground PB upon nutrient di- Opelika, AL 36801), and air-dried in a shed before pro- gestion and metabolism and upon animal performance. cessing. Freshly dried PB and WS were finely (1.5- The study was conducted at the Caprine Research and 3 mm) ground (Hammer Mill Model 1250; Lorenz MFG Education Center, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL. Co., Benson, MN, USA) and incorporated in the grain Goat kids, approximately 5 month of age, were stratified mix portion of the diets to provide 1.9, 16.3, and 32 g by BW and randomly assigned to the experimental treat- CT/kg DM in 0, 15, and 30 % PB/WS diets, respectively ments in a completely randomized design with two dif- (Table 1). The Tuskegee University Animal Care and ferent periods. In the 2nd period, new animals were Use Committee approved all animal care, handling and randomly allocated to the experimental treatment with sampling procedures used in this study. the same dietary treatments. A preliminary period of at least 30 days was allowed for the animals to adjust to Sample collection and laboratory analysis each ration before 7 days of fecal collection periods. During the collection periods, total dietary, fecal and Animals were examined and drenched with anthelmin- urine samples were collected at 0900 h during 7 days. tic (Cydectin; Moxidectin, Fort Dodge Animal Health, For laboratory analysis, individual fecal samples were Fort Dodge, Iowa, USA). These goats were housed in- collected daily in a 10-L plastic bucket, weighed and doors in metabolism crates and offered a mixed diet composited for each animal (10 %) and stored at −20 °C (Table 1) with 15 % bermudagrass hay (BGH; Cynadon for later analysis. Urine, collected daily in 4-L jugs con- Dactylon). All the diets were weighed before and after taining 10 mL of 50 % HCl, was weighed and a sample being offered to measure DMI. Mixed diets contained of urine was composited for each animal (10 %) and different levels of the ground PB replacing ground wheat stored frozen for later analysis. Samples of feed and feces straw (WS; Triticum aestivum). Experimental treatments were dried at 55 °C to constant weight in a forced air included: the control diet–0 % PB plus 30 % WS, 15 % oven (model 420, NAPCO, Pittsburgh, PA) during 48 h. PB plus 15 % WS, and 30 % PB plus 0 % WS. Dietary and fecal samples were ground in a Thomas- An adjustment period of 4 weeks allowed goats to be Wiley mill (model 4, Thomas Scientific, Philadelphia, acclimated to pen living, routine feeding and to adapt to PA) to pass through a 1-mm mesh screen. Daily portions the environment and feed prior to collecting measure- of ground samples were composited for each animal and ments. Animals (n = 6) were individually fed at 0900 h analyzed for DM, crude protein (CP), NDF, acid deter- and feed offered and refused was monitored for 7 days gent fiber (ADF), lignin, ash, non-fiber carbohydrate of total fecal and urine measurements. Animals had ac- (NFC), ether extract, total digestible nutrient (TDN), net cess to water and trace mineral salt block ad libitum. energy for maintenance (NE ), net energy for gain Grain mixes containing ground PB/WS were commer- (NE ), and minerals according to the methods descri- cially mixed at the local feed mill (Eclectic Feed Mill, bed by AOAC [9]. NFC was calculated by difference 3180 Chana Creek Rd., Eclectic, AL 36024) and were of- [100 – (%NDF + %CP + %Fat + Ash)]. Nitrogen for diet fered daily at 85 % of the total ration, with the remaining and fecal samples was determined using Kjeldahl N, and 15 % consisting of BGH. Grain mix and long BGH were CP was calculated by multiplying N by 6.25. Urine sam- offered separately by weight basis and refusals were re- ples were analyzed for Kjeldahl N content. Dietary and corded daily. During the adjustment phase, the quantity fecal NDF and ADF were determined on composite sam- of diet offered was increased sequentially until refusals ples according to Van Soest et al. [10] using an Ankom reached or exceeded 5 % of that provided. Used as an es- 200 fiber analyzer and ANKOM F57 filter bags (Ankom timate of ad libitum consumption by each animal, this Technology Corp., Fairport, NY). intake level was maintained during the collection period. Two main dietary sources were used in this study; the Condensed tannin analysis first PB contains CT, whilst the second, WS contains lit- Aqueous acetone (70 %) extractable CT in the diets were tle or no CT. PB was used as a source of CT and was determined using butanol-HCl [11]. Tannin composition substituted for WS in the diet. For this study, WS were of whole PB, aqueous acetone extracts and PB residue chosen as a negative control because initial chemical after extraction were also analyzed by thiolytic degrad- analysis data (Table 1) showed that neutral detergent ation as described by Kommuru et al. [12, 13]; these are fiber (NDF) and non fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) con- described below as total CT, extractable and unextract- tents were similar to PB. Diets contained different levels able CT, respectively. Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 3 of 8 Table 1 Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets and diet ingredients, i.e. pine bark (PB), wheat straw (WS), and bermudagrass hay (BGH) Grain Mix (% PB), % Ingredient, % Item 0 15 30 SEM PB WS BGH Ingredient of the grain/pine bark mix, % as is Ground pine bark 0 15 30 - - - - Ground wheat straw 30 15 0 - - - - Corn 20 20 20 - - - - Soybean meal, 48 % CP 18.5 20 21 - - - - Soy hulls 4.5 5 4 - - - - Alfalfa meal 5 3 3 - - - - Molasses 6 6 6 - - - - Vitamins and mineral mix 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - NH Cl 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - BGH 15 15 15 - - - - Chemical composition, % DM (n =3) DM 89.7 87.8 87.3 0.77 83.6 83.5 91.4 CP 15.7 16.8 16.1 0.41 1.2 4.1 7.3 ADF 23.7 23.2 23.6 1.42 72.1 49.2 37.3 NDF 35.0 31.8 27.5 1.77 78.6 79.0 69.2 NFC 42.1 42.5 47.1 1.91 17.1 16.7 19.1 Ash 6.4 6.2 5.9 0.31 2.25 2.0 4.84 Lignin 5.9 9.9 12.4 0.85 21.3 8.01 6.29 Ether Extract 2.3 2.6 2.5 0.25 1.65 0.42 1.51 TDN 66.6 64.1 64.4 1.75 36.7 52.0 56.3 NE (Mcal/kg) 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.21 0.54 NE (Mcal/kg) 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.28 Ca 0.61 0.56 0.53 0.04 0.25 0.17 0.39 P 0.35 0.38 0.37 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.19 Mg 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.24 K 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.03 0.03 0.31 0.99 S 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.20 Na 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.01 Cu, ppm 34.7 25.3 19.7 8.01 1.0 5.0 3.0 Mn, ppm 118.3 108.3 94.3 12.0 30.0 63.0 43.0 Zn, ppm 133.0 142.3 152.0 14.6 11.0 5.0 20.0 Fe, ppm 192.7 203.6 196.6 19.09 384 111 211.3 CT, % DM 0.19 1.63 3.20 0.19 10.3 0.03 0.04 Guaranteed analysis: calcium, 9.0 %; phosphorus, 8.0 %; salt, 41 %; potassium, 0.10 %; copper, 1750 ppm; selenium, 25 ppm; zinc, 7500 ppm; vitamin A, 308,000 IU/kg; vitamin D, 24,200 IU/kg; vitamin E, 1650 IU/kg NFC non-fiber carbohydrate. NFC was calculated by difference [100 – (%NDF + %CP + %Fat + Ash)] Condensed tannins (CT) are relative to a purified Quebracho condensed tannins standard (on DM basis). TDN total digestible nutrient, DM dry matter, CP crude protein, NDF neutral detergent fiber, ADF acid detergent fiber, CT condensed tannins Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 4 of 8 Table 2 Condensed tannin and flavonol compositions of pine The following parameters were obtained: mean degree bark after thiolysis with benzyl mercaptan of polymerization (mDP), which describes the average Item Pine bark number of flavanol-3-ol monomers per tannin polymer, % prodelphinidin and % procyanidin (% PC or PD) Total Extractable Unextractable SD CT CT CT within CT and % cis and % trans-flavan-3-ols within CT Condensed tannins (CT) (% cis or trans) plus information on flavanol-3-ols in ex- tender and terminal positions of CT. CT (Bu-HCL) 10.3 8.7 1.7 0.15 CT (Thiolysis) Statistical analysis mDP 10.5 2.6 11.1 0.15 Data were analyzed by the Mixed Model procedure of %PC in CT 87.6 54.8 94.5 0.73 the SAS (SAS, Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) for a completely %PD in CT 12.4 45.2 5.5 0.36 randomized design with the factors examined being in- % cis-flavan-3-ols in CT 76.9 48.72 80.2 0.46 cluded treatments, periods, and treatment by periods in- teractions. Linear and quadratic effects were determined 23.1 51.28 19.8 0.57 % trans-flavan-3ols in CT utilizing poly-nominal orthogonal contrasts for equally spaced treatments. Animals were the experimental unit Flavan-3-ol composition of CT (%) and were treated as a random effect. The variables in- GC 2.0 30.4 0.0 0.15 cluded were diet-composition, feed intake, nutrient di- gestibility, N-balance, and mineral retention. Mineral EGC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 retention in the body was calculated from total mineral C 7.1 7.6 8.4 0.26 intake minus fecal mineral composition. Data are pre- EC 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.02 sented as least squares (LS) mean values together with GC-BM 1.5 4.3 0.0 0.12 the standard deviation (SD) and standard error of the EGC-BM 8.9 10.5 5.5 0.57 mean (SEM). There was no treatment x period interac- C-BM 12.7 9.0 11.4 0.55 tions (P > 0.10), hence only the main effects are reported for rumen digestibility in the result section. EC-BM 67.4 38.2 74.0 0.74 CT condensed tannins, PC procyanidins, PD prodelphinidins, GC gallocatechin, EGC epigallocatechin, C catechin, EC epicatechin, mDP mean degree of Results polymerization; flavan-3-ols composition is expressed in terms of relative molar Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental a percentages; : flavan-3-ols in terminal position of the tannins; BM benzylmercaptan diets and diet ingredients adduct, for flavan-3-ols in extender position Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets, PB, WS and BGH are presented in Table 1. Total by addition of PB in the diet (Table 3), but N balance in CT concentration in the PB and WS was 10.3 and the body was quadratically increased (P < 0.01) in the 0.03 % DM, respectively. However, grain mix analysis re- 15 % PB diet compared to other diets. This may be due sulted in 0.19, 1.63 and 3.2 % CT on % DM for the 0, 15 to increased rumen escape protein and less excreted and 30 % PB diets. All experimental treatments provided urinary N with the 15 % PB diet. similar nutrients, except for CT and lignin that were Average total dry matter intake (DMI), fecal DM out- higher in 15 and 30 % PB ration. put, nutrients digestibility and major mineral utilization Tannin analysis (Table 2) revealed that epicatechin was of diets are summarized in Table 4. Average body weight the major extended unit in the total CT (67.4 %), ex- tractable CT (38.2 %), and unextractable CT (74.0 %). Table 3 Nitrogen utilization by goats fed various levels of pine Catechin was the major terminal unit in the total CT bark (PB) supplementation (7.1 %) and extractable CT (8.4 %), but gallocatechin Treatment (% PB) P-value* was the major terminal unit (30.4 %) in extractable CT Item 0 15 30 SEM Linear Quadratic (30.4 %). PB CT were mostly procyanidins (Table 2): No. of animals 6 6 6 total CT consisted of 87.6 % PC and 12.4 % PD, extract- N intake, g/d 24.3 26.1 26.5 2.14 0.48 0.80 able CT of 54.8 % PC and 45.2 % PD and unextractable Fecal N, g/d 6.2 6.6 7.4 0.67 0.21 0.84 CT of 94.5 % PC and 5.5 % PD. Extractable CT had olig- omers with mDP-values of 2.64 and unextractable CT Urinary N, g/d 6.6 6.4 9.1 0.87 0.06 0.18 had polymers with mDP-values of 11.1. N-balance, g/d 11.5 13.1 10.0 1.01 0.33 0.01 N-balance, % N intake 47.0 50.0 37.0 3.92 0.28 0.05 In vivo intake and digestibility * Based on orthogonal contrast for equally spaced treatments Nutrients intake is summarized in Table 3. Nitrogen in- There were no treatment × period interactions (P > 0.10) hence only the main take and fecal N excretion were not affected (P > 0.05) effects are reported Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 5 of 8 Table 4 Apparent nutrient intake, digestibility and major mineral utilization of diets by goats consuming various levels of pine bark (PB) supplementation Treatment (% PB) P-value* Item 0 15 30 SEM Linear Quadratic No. of animals 6 6 6 Average BW 33.2 31.1 31.8 1.49 0.52 0.47 DMI, kg/d 1.02 1.01 1.10 0.80 0.49 0.68 Digestible DMI, kg/d 0.68 0.62 0.76 0.25 0.25 0.05 Digestible CP intake, 119.4 121.4 106.8 7.50 0.43 0.28 kg/d Intake, g/kg BW DM 31.3 28.8 34.3 1.36 0.12 0.03 CP 4.7 4.5 5.2 0.23 0.12 0.17 NDF 11.9 10.4 11.1 0.40 0.16 0.02 ADF 7.8 7.1 8.6 0.30 0.05 0.06 Lignin 1.94 3.2 4.0 0.10 0.01 0.07 NFC 12.1 11.1 14.3 0.66 0.02 0.06 Ash 1.96 1.75 1.97 0.08 0.94 0.04 CT (butanol-HCl) 0.06 0.44 1.11 0.02 0.001 0.01 TDN, % 66.6 64.1 64.5 0.78 0.06 0.16 Fecal DM output, g/d 347.8 334.0 373.9 32.56 0.58 0.51 Fecal DM output, g/BW 10.6 10.5 12.0 0.56 0.09 0.28 Digestibility, % DM 66.3 63.3 65.0 1.67 0.59 0.26 CP 73.5 71.1 69.6 1.64 0.09 0.84 NDF 48.8 39.4 36.5 2.84 0.01 0.36 ADF 47.4 34.2 29.7 3.45 0.001 0.30 NFC 63.1 58.2 60.1 2.12 0.33 0.19 Lignin 41.1 27.7 18.2 4.50 0.001 0.73 Ash 65.5 62.3 64.3 1.74 0.61 0.23 Digested mineral , g/d Ca 37.8 41.5 45.6 3.21 0.09 0.95 P 2.9 9.4 20.7 5.44 0.03 0.72 Mg 46.5 42.8 57.4 2.98 0.01 0.02 K 79.8 71.9 61.2 3.47 0.001 0.75 S 61.9 59.4 56.9 2.19 0.11 0.99 Na 27.0 41.8 33.5 5.03 0.13 0.11 Cu, mg/d 62.8 63.2 47.1 6.02 0.07 0.27 Mn, mg/d 20.3 33.9 36.8 4.35 0.01 0.33 Zn, mg/d 28.7 30.9 46.6 4.37 0.01 0.22 Fe, mg/d 12.6 20.2 21.8 3.68 0.09 0.51 * Based on orthogonal contrast for equally spaced treatments NFC non-fiber carbohydrate, DMI dry matter (DM) intake, CP crude protein, NDF neutral detergent fiber, ADF acid detergent fiber Digested mineral = Intake of minerals (g/DM)–fecal mineral contents (g/DM) during 24 h sample collection (BW) and NDF intakes were similar among treatments, increased as PB increased in the diets. In contrast, DM but ADF (P < 0.05), lignin (P < 0.01), NFC (P < 0.02), CT (P < 0.03), NDF (P < 0.02), and ash (P < 0.04) intakes (P < 0.001), and TDN (P < 0.06) intakes were linearly were quadratically decreased with PB supplementation. Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 6 of 8 Digestibility of DM, NFC and ash were similar among lower in the CT-containing lotus forage diet than in the treatment, but digestibility of CP (P = 0.09), NDF (P < 0.01), control (polyethylene glycol treatment; CT-inactive ADF (P < 0.001) and lignin (P < 0.001) declined linearly group) sheep. However, animals receiving the high levels as PB increased in the diets (Table 4). The lack of a of CT-containing big trefoil forage (Lotus pedunculatus; quadratic response in digestibility of CP, NDF, and ADF 1.4, 4.5 and 9.5 % CT DM) had the apparent digestibility to dietary concentration of PB suggests that protein of energy and readily fermentable carbohydrate (soluble and fiber digestibility responses were linear. Increasing carbohydrate + pectin) that decreased linearly with in- PB supplementation did not affect (P > 0.10) daily DMI creasing CT content in the diets [2]. Woodward and (g/d), daily fecal DM output (g/d), DM digestibility, NFC Reed [19] found that the lower CP digestibility in diets and ash digestibility. Across the BW (g DM/kg BW), how- containing the tanninferous Accacia brevispica was likely ever, DMI per gram of BW (quadratic; P < 0.03), digestible due to tannin-protein complexes [20]. Based on our ini- DMI (quadratic; P < 0.05), and fecal DM output (linear; tial findings animal performance was improved when fed P = 0.09) in the 15 % PB or non-PB supplemented animals at 15 or 30 % of the diet [6]. Thus, CT in ground PB were lower than in animals receiving the 30 % PB sup- affected DM intake as well as CP and fiber digestion. plemented group. The quadratic response in DMI per Min et al. [18] reported that the N intake, rumen non- kg BW in the present experiment may be interpreted to ammonia N pool size, rumen microbial N and abomasal indicate that DMI was proportionally more increased microbial N in Lotus corniculatus (2.2 % CT DM) forage when diets contained a higher concentration of dietary diets were similar between treatment groups, but the PB up to 30 %. rumen undegradable protein was greater in the CT- Amount of K digested decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as containing lotus forage diet than in the control (poly- did S (P = 0.1) and Cu (P = 0.07) with PB supplementa- ethylene glycol treatment; CT-inactive group) sheep. tion whereas amount of P digested increased linearly Similarly, our study showed that N intake and fecal N (P < 0.03), as did Mg (P < 0.01), Mn (P < 0.01), Zn excretion were not affected by addition of PB in the diet, (P < 0.01) and Fe (P = 0.09) as PB increased in the diets. but N balance in the body was quadratically increased by the 15 % PB compared to the other diets. This may Discussion be due to more rumen undegradable protein and less ex- The principal objectives of this study were to measure creted urinary N in the 15 % PB diet. the effects of CT-containing PB supplementation as a The mechanisms by which CT affect mineral retention feed replacement on feed intake, ruminal digestibility, are poorly understood. For example, it is well known nitrogen balance, and mineral retention in meat goats. that CT can precipitate proteins, but we do not know The most significant findings of this study were in- whether protein precipitation or metal chelation by the creased N-balance and slightly decreased CP digestibility polyphenolic groups CT can affect mineral absorption. when goats received moderate levels of CT-containing The lower linear K (P < 0.001), S (P = 0.1), and Cu (P = PB (15 %) diet. However, addition of PB up to 30 % to 0.07) retention in the PB supplemented group in the the diets negatively impacted N balance and fiber diges- present study (Table 4), compared with those receiving tion, likely due to the formation of CT nutrient com- the control WS diet, is consistent with another report plexes in the rumen. The linear (P < 0.06) and quadrate [17]. This effect may be primarily due to a low apparent response (P < 0.18) in urinary nitrogen excretion may re- absorption pre-abomasum in the CT-containing diet flect altered N metabolism in the rumen. compared with non-CT-containing control diet animal Puchala et al. [14] and Solaiman et al. [15] reported [17]. The CT monomers of catechins (high in green tea) that goats receiving CT-containing forage sericea lespe- and procyanidins (Pycnogenol extracted from PB, red deza (Lespedeza cuneata) based diet (2.2 and 17 % CT wine and cranberries) also have effects on plasma anti- oxidant activity, energy metabolism and vascular system DM diets, respectively) had greater DMI than those fed alfalfa hay based diet. Turner et al. [16] suggested that [21]. Lower absorption is probably a consequence of two increasing intake with time was a result of rumen adap- main factors: 1) complexation between CT and minerals preventing absorption; 2) effects of CT upon the intes- tation to low quality feed. The quadratic response in DMI per kg BW in the present experiment could be tinal mucosa resulting in impaired or delayed absorption interpreted to indicate that DMI was proportionally in- [22]. However, data in Table 4 show that apparent reten- tion of P (P < 0.03), Mg (P < 0.01), Mn (P < 0.01), Zn creased when diets contained higher concentration of dietary PB up to 30 %. (P < 0.01) and Fe (P = 0.09) increased linearly as PB Waghorn et al. [17] and Min et al. [18] reported that increased in the diets, and the effects were more pro- nounced with the 30 % PB diet, and suggest a nutrient- the DMI and DM digestibility in Lotus corniculatus (2.2 % CT DM) forage diets were similar between treat- specific effect of CT on minerals in the gastrointestinal ment groups, but the apparent digestion of nitrogen was track. The presence of CT in the diet has been shown to Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 7 of 8 increase (30 to 93 %) net absorption of essential AA Tuskegee University to encourage and enhance multistate, multidisciplinary research on critical issues that have a national or regional priority. AR and (threonin, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenyl- IM-H acknowledge financial support from the European Union through a alanine, histidine and lysine) but reduced non-essential Marie Curie Initial Training Network (PITN-GA-2011-289377, LegumePlus). AA absorption, compared with control sheep [17]. Simi- Author details lar mechanisms may be involved in the reactions be- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee tween dietary CT and minerals, with the minerals that University, Tuskegee, AL, USA. Agricultural Research Station, Fort-Valley State are more selectively absorbed offering more opportunity University, Fort-Valley, GA, USA. School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 236, Berkshire Reading RG6 for retention in the body to be improved through the ac- 6AT, UK. tion of CT. McNabb et al. [20] reported on the digestion of plant Received: 16 October 2014 Accepted: 29 April 2015 proteins in relation to different types of CT from Lotus corniculatus (Birdsfoot trefoil; CT that consist largely of References procyanidins) and Lotus pedunculatus (big trefoil; CT 1. Min BR, Barry TN, Attwood GT, McNabb WC. The effect of condensed that are largely prodelphinidins). The amount of tannins tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate required to precipitate all the plant proteins when incu- forages: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2003;106:3–19. 2. Barry TN, Manley TR. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value bated with CT from L. corniculatus and L. pedunculatus of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 2. Quantitative digestion of carbohydrates was similar. Although CT from both species were able and proteins. Br J Nutr. 1984;51:492–504. to reduce in vitro degradation of plant proteins, CT from 3. Hagerman AE, Robbins CT, Weerasuria Y, Wilson TC, McAarthur C. Tannin chemistry in relation to digestion. J Range Manag. 1996;45:57–62. L. pedunculatus were more effective than CT from L. 4. Silanikove N, Gilboa N, Nitsan Z, Perevolotsky A. Effects of a daily corniculatus at reducing protein degradation. Data from supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin- thiolysis revealed that epicatechin was the major exten- containing leaves (Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus and Ceratonia siliqua) by goats. J Agric Food Chem. 1996;44:199–205. sion unit in total CT (67.4 %), extractable CT (38.2 %), 5. Silanikove N, Gilboa N, Perevolotsky A, Nitsan Z. Goats fed tannin-containing and unextractable CT (74.0 %), while catechin and gallo- leaves do not exhibit toxic syndromes. Small Rum Res. 1996;21:195–201. catechin were the major terminal units. This means that 6. Min BR, Solaiman S, Gurung N, Behrends J, Eun JS, Taha E, et al. Effects of pine bark supplementation on performance, rumen fermentation, and PB tannins were mostly procyanidins. Our findings indi- carcass characteristics of Kiko crossbred male goats. J Anim Sci. cate that procyanidin content rather than just protein pre- 2012;90:3556–67. cipitation capacity may be important for determining the 7. Min BR, Solaiman S, Sange R, Eun JS. Gastrointestinal Bacterial and Methanogenic Archaea Diversity Dynamics Associated with Condensed ruminal digestibility of protein in livestock [3]. Tannins-containing Pine Bark Diet in Goats using 16S rDNA Amplicon Current research has indicated that CT in PB affect Pyrosequencing. Int J Microbiol. 2014;4:1–11. DMI, CP, minerals and fiber digestion, and impacted 8. NRC. Nutrient Requirement of Sheep, Goats. Washington, D.C.: Cervids and Camelids. Academy Press; 2007. positively on N balance when animals received a moder- 9. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Assoc. Off. ate level of PB in their diet. Nonetheless, the mechanism Anal. Chem.; 1998. for decreasing or increasing mineral retention in goats is 10. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal unknown at this time, and the potential value of CT- nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74:3583–97. containing PB associated with mineral partitioning needs 11. Terrill TH, Rowan AM, Douglas GB, Barry TN. Determination of extractable to be tested experimentally. Our findings emphasize the and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains. J Sci Food Agr. 1992;58:321–9. need to further test assumption for the biological role of 12. Stringano E, Gea A, Salminen JP, Mueller-Harvey I. Simple solution for a CT-containing PB in ruminants. complex problem: proanthocyanidins, galloyl glucoses and ellagitannins fit on a single calibration curve in high performance gel permeation Abbreviations chromatography. J Chromat. 2011;1218:7804–12. ADF: Acid detergent fiber; BW: Body weight; CP: Crude protein; 13. Kommuru DS, Barker T, Desai S, Burke JM, Ramsay A, Mueller-Harvey I, et al. CT: Condensed tannins; DM: Dry matter; NDF: Neutral detergent fiber; Use of pelleted sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for natural control of NFC: Non-fiber carbohydrate; PB: Pine bark; TDN: Total digestible nutrient; coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodes in weaned goats. Vet Parasitol. WS: Wheat straw. 2014;104:191–8. 14. Puchala R, Min BR, Goetsch AL, Sahlu T. The effect of a condensed tannin Competing interests containing forage on methane emission by goats. J Anim Sci. 2005;83:182–6. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 15. Solaiman S, Thomas J, Dupre Y, Min BR, Gurung N, Terrill TH. Effect of feeding sericea lespedeza hay on growth performance, blood metabolites, Authors’ contributions and carcass characteristics of Kiko crossbred male kids. Small Rum Res. BRM carried out the whole in vivo trial, participated in the paper writing and 2010;93:149–56. whole body sampling. SS participated in the paper writing, experimental 16. Turner KE, Wildeus S, Collins JR. Intake, performance, and blood parameters design, and measurement of growth performance. TT measured the rumen in young goats offered high forage diets of lespedeza or alfalfa hay. Small parameters and plant condensed tannins content. AR made crucial Rum Res. 2005;59:15–23. contributions to the phytochemical tannins analysis in the diets. All authors 17. Waghorn GC, Barry TN. Pasture as a nutrient source. In: Nicol AM, editor. read and approved the final manuscript. Livestock Feeding on Pasture, NZ Soc Anim Prod Occ Publ No. 10. 1987. p. 21–37. Acknowledgements 18. Min BR, Attwood GT, Barry TN, McNabb WC. Lotus corniculatus condensed We wish to express our appreciation to West Frazer Timber Co. for donation tannins decrease in vivo populations of proteolytic bacteria and affect of materials and George Washington Carver Research and Education Center, nitrogen metabolism in the rumen of sheep. Can J Microbiol. 2002;48:911–21. Min et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2015) 6:25 Page 8 of 8 19. Woodward A, Reed JD. Nitrogen metabolism of sheep and goats consuming Acacia brevispica and Sesbania sesban. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:1130–9. 20. McNabb WC, Aerts RJ, Brand A. Effect of condensed tannin in Lotus corniculatus and Lotus pedunculatus on digestion of rubisco in the rumen, Proc 18th Int. Grassl Cong 8–9. 1997. www.internationalgrasslands.org/files. 21. Williamson G, Manach C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am J Cl Nut. 2005;81:243S–55. 22. Waghorn GC, Reed JD, Ndlouv LR. Condensed tannins and herbivore nutrition, Proc 18th Int Grassl Cong, Saskatchewan, Canada. 1999. p. 153–66. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: • Convenient online submission • Thorough peer review • No space constraints or color figure charges • Immediate publication on acceptance • Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar • Research which is freely available for redistribution Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit
Journal
Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology – Springer Journals
Published: Jun 5, 2015