Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Theoretical Implications on Visual (Color) Representation and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs

Theoretical Implications on Visual (Color) Representation and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs The rich concentration of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in the V1 (striate) primate visual cortex has never been explained. Although the distribution of CO blobs provided a persuasive example of columnar structure in the V1, there are contradictions about the existence of hypercolumns. Since photoreceptors and other retinal cells process and convey basically external visible photonic signals, it suggests that one of the most important tasks of early visual areas is to represent these external visible color photonic signals during visual perception. This representation may occur essentially in CO-rich blobs of the V1. Here we suggest that the representation of external visible photon signals (i.e. visual representation) can be the most energetic allocation process in the brain, which is reasonably performed by the highest density neuron al V1 areas and mitochondrial-rich cytochrome oxidases. It is also raised that the functional unit for phosphene induction can be linked to small clusters of Co —rich blobs in V1. We present some implications about distinction between the physics of visible photons/ light and its subjective experiences. We also discuss that amodal and modal visual completions are possible due to the visual perception induced visualization when the brain tries to interpret the unseen parts of objects or represent features of perceived objects that are not actually visible. It is raised that continuously produced intrinsic bioluminescent photons from retinal lipid peroxidation may have functional role in initial development of retinogeniculate pathways as well as initial appearance topographic organizations of V1 before birth. Finally, the metaphysical framework is the extended version of dual-aspect monism (DAMv) that has the least number of problems compared to all other frameworks and hence it is better than the materialism that is currently dominant in science. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Activitas Nervosa Superior Springer Journals

Theoretical Implications on Visual (Color) Representation and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs

Bókkon, István; Vimal, Ram
Activitas Nervosa Superior , Volume 55 (2) – Feb 21, 2017
Download PDF
23 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/springer-journals/theoretical-implications-on-visual-color-representation-and-cytochrome-2fzOyrozfS
Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 by Springer International Publishing
Subject
Psychology; Cognitive Psychology; Neuropsychology; Psychology Research; Psychology, general; Experimental Psychology
ISSN
1802-9698
eISSN
1802-9698
DOI
10.1007/BF03379594
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

The rich concentration of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in the V1 (striate) primate visual cortex has never been explained. Although the distribution of CO blobs provided a persuasive example of columnar structure in the V1, there are contradictions about the existence of hypercolumns. Since photoreceptors and other retinal cells process and convey basically external visible photonic signals, it suggests that one of the most important tasks of early visual areas is to represent these external visible color photonic signals during visual perception. This representation may occur essentially in CO-rich blobs of the V1. Here we suggest that the representation of external visible photon signals (i.e. visual representation) can be the most energetic allocation process in the brain, which is reasonably performed by the highest density neuron al V1 areas and mitochondrial-rich cytochrome oxidases. It is also raised that the functional unit for phosphene induction can be linked to small clusters of Co —rich blobs in V1. We present some implications about distinction between the physics of visible photons/ light and its subjective experiences. We also discuss that amodal and modal visual completions are possible due to the visual perception induced visualization when the brain tries to interpret the unseen parts of objects or represent features of perceived objects that are not actually visible. It is raised that continuously produced intrinsic bioluminescent photons from retinal lipid peroxidation may have functional role in initial development of retinogeniculate pathways as well as initial appearance topographic organizations of V1 before birth. Finally, the metaphysical framework is the extended version of dual-aspect monism (DAMv) that has the least number of problems compared to all other frameworks and hence it is better than the materialism that is currently dominant in science.

Journal

Activitas Nervosa Superior – Springer Journals

Published: Feb 21, 2017

References

  • Fifty years of Yang-Mills theory
  • Singlet-oxygen chemiluminescence in peroxide reactions
    Adam, W; Kazakov, DV; Kazakov, VP
  • Complete pattern of ocular dominance columns in human primary visual cortex
    Adams, DL; Sincich, LC; Horton, JC
  • Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning
    Ahissar, M; Hochstein, S
  • Mechanisms of modal and amodal interpolation
    Albert, MK
  • The theory of multistage integration in the visual brain
    Bartels, A; Zeki, S
  • The architecture of the colour centre in the human visual brain: new results and a review
    Bartels, A; Zeki, S
  • Mapping multiple features in the population response of visual cortex
    Basole, A; White, LE; Fitzpatrick, D
  • A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter
    Bohm, D
  • Phosphene phenomenon: a new concept
    Bókkon, I
  • Retinal phosphenes and discrete dark noises in rods: a new biophysical framework
    Bókkon, I; Vimal, RLP
  • Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration, structure and synchronization
    Bókkon, I; Vimal, RLP
  • Visible light induced ocular delayed bioluminescence as a possible origin of negative afterimage
    Bókkon, I; Vimal, RLP; Wang, C; Dai, J; Salari, J; Grass, F; Antal, I
  • A history of psychology in autobiography
    Boring, EG; Gardner, L
  • Visual mental imagery and visual perception: structural equivalence revealed by scanning processes
    Borst, G; Kosslyn, SM
  • Unconscious processing of orientation and color without primary visual cortex
    Boyer, JL; Harrison, S; Ro, T
  • The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex
    Brindley, GS; Lewin, WS
  • Mental Imagery and the Varieties of Amodal Perception
    Briscoe, RE
  • Visual Pigments in Single Rods and Cones of the Human Retina
    Brown, PK; Wald, G
  • Self: An adaptive pressure arising from self-organization, chaotic dynamics, and neural Darwinism
    Bruzzo, AA; Vimal, RLP
  • The Handbook of Multisensory Processes
    Calvert, GA; Spence, C; Stein, EB
  • Rod contributions to color perception: linear with rod contrast
    Cao, D; Pokorny, J; Smith, VC; Zele, AJ
  • Immunocytochemical characterization of AMPA-selective glutamate receptor subunits: laminar and compartmental distribution in macaque striate cortex
    Carder, RK
  • Neuronal characterization, compartmental distribution, and activity-dependent regulation of glutamate immunoreactivity in adult monkey striate cortex
    Carder, RK; Hendry, SH
  • An overview of lipid peroxidation with emphasis in outer segments of photoreceptors and the chemiluminescence assay
    Catalá, A
  • Cross-adaptation combined with TMS reveals a functional overlap between vision and imagery in the early visual cortex
    Cattaneo, Z; Bona, S; Silvanto, J
  • Retinotopic maps and hemodynamic delays in the human visual cortex measured using arterial spin labeling
    Cavusoglu, M; Bartels, A; Yesilyurt, B; Uludag, K
  • Retinal waves are unlikely to instruct the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections
    Chalupa, LM
  • Human primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus activation during visual imagery
    Chen, W; Kato, T; Zhu, XH; Ogawa, S; Tank, DW; Ugurbil, K
  • Imagery and perception share cortical representations of content and location
    Cichy, RM; Heinzle, J; Haynes, JD
  • Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers
    Cowey, A; Walsh, V
  • Handbook of physiology: The Nervous System
    Valois, RL; Jacobs, GH
  • Who’s on first? Heterophenomenology explained
    Dennett, DC
  • Orientation tuning of cytochrome oxidase patches in macaque primary visual cortex
    Economides, JR; Sincich, LC; Adams, DL; Horton, JC
  • Colour tuning in human visual cortex measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging
    Engel, S; Zhang, X; Wandell, B
  • Visual and spatial mental imagery: dissociable systems of representation
    Farah, MJ; Hammond, KM; Levine, DN; Calvanio, R
  • Residual vision in a scotoma: implications for blindsight
    Fendrich, R; Wessinger, CM; Gazzaniga, MS
  • The primary visual cortex, and feedback to it, are not necessary for conscious vision
    Ffytche, DH; Zeki, S
  • Characterization of visual percepts evoked by noninvasive stimulation of the human posterior parietal cortex
    Fried, PJ; Elkin-Frankston, S; Rushmore, RJ; Hilgetag, CC; Valero-Cabre, A
  • Visual imagery in cerebral visual dysfunction
    Ganis, G; Thompson, WL; Mast, FW; Kosslyn, SM
  • Auditory-visual integration during multimodal object recognition in humans: a behavioral and electrophysiological study
    Giard, MH; Peronnet, F
  • Feedforward and feedback connections between areas V1 and V2 of the monkey have similar rapid conduction velocities
    Girard, P; Hupé, JM; Bullier, J
  • Higher Level Visual Cortex Represents Retinotopic, Not Spatiotopic, Object Location
    Golomb, JD; Kanwisher, N
  • Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8
    Hadjikhani, N; Liu, AK; Dale, AM; Cavanagh, P; Tootell, RB
  • Zur Lehre vom Lichtsinn. IV. Über die sogenannte Intensitat der Lichtempfindung und uber die Empfindung des Schwarzen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe
    Hering, E
  • Can Mind Affect Matter Via Active Information?
    Hiley, BJ; Pylkkänen, P
  • View from the top: hierarchies and reverse hierarchies in the visual system
    Hochstein, S; Ahissar, M
  • Rapid vision is holistic
    Hochstein, S; Barlasov, A; Hershler, O; Nitzan, A; Shneor, S
  • The cortical column: a structure without a function
    Horton, JC; Adams, DL
  • Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex
    Hubel, DH; Wiesel, TN
  • Sequence regularity and geometry of orientation columns in the monkey striate cortex
    Hubel, DH; Wiesel, TN
  • Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex
    Hubel, DH; Wiesel, TN
  • Mechanisms Underlying Development of Visual Maps and Receptive Fields
    Huberman, AD; Feller, MB; Chapman, B
  • Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals
    Hunt, DM; Carvalho, LS; Cowing, JA; Davies, WL
  • Human Color Vision. (2nd ed.), Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C
    Kaiser, PK; Boynton, RM
  • Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship
    Kammer, T
  • Activity -dependent neural tissue oxidation emits intrinsic ultraweak Photons
    Kataoka, Y; Cui, Y; Yamagata, A; Niigaki, M; Hirohata, T; Oishi, N; Watanabe, Y
  • Striate cortex periodicity
    Kennedy, H; Dehay, C; Horsburgh, G
  • Retinotopic organization of visual mental images as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging
    Klein, I; Dubois, J; Mangin, JF; Kherif, F; Flandin, G; Poline, JB; Denis, M; Kosslyn, SM; Bihan, D
  • In vivo imaging of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from a rat’s brain correlated with cerebral energy metabolism and oxidative stress
    Kobayashi, M; Takeda, M; Sato, T; Yamazaki, Y; Kaneko, K; Ito, K; Kato, H; Inaba, H
  • Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist
    Koch, C
  • Visual feature binding: the critical time windows of V1/V2 and parietal activity
    Koivisto, M; Silvanto, J
  • The role of early visual cortex (V1/ V2) in conscious and unconscious visual perception
    Koivisto, M; Mäntylä, T; Silvanto, J
  • Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate
    Kosslyn, SM
  • Cardinal directions of color space
    Krauskopf, J; Williams, DR; Heeley, DW
  • Hypercolumns in primate visual cortex can develop in the absence of cues from photoreceptors
    Kuljis, RO; Rakic, P
  • Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge New essays on Consciousness and Physicalism
    Levin, J
  • Taking Type-B Materialism Seriously
    Levin, J
  • Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap
    Levine, J
  • Phenomenal states
    Loar, B
  • The Nature of Consciousness
    Loar, B
  • Functional organization of color domains in V1 and V2 of macaque monkey revealed by optical imaging
    Lu, HD; Roe, AW
  • Anatomical substrates for functional columns in macaque monkey primary visual cortex
    Lund, JS; Angelucci, A; Bressloff, PC
  • Modulation of human visual cortex by crossmodal spatial attention
    Macaluso, E; Frith, CD; Driver, J
  • Phosphenes induced by magnetic stimulation over the occipital brain: description and probable site of stimulation
    Marg, E; Rudiak, D
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an investigative tool in the study of visual function
    Merabet, LB; Theoret, H; Pascual-Leone, A
  • Temporal mechanisms underlying flicker detection and identification for red-green and achromatic stimuli
    Metha, AB; Mullen, KT
  • Red-Green and achromatic temporal filters: a ratio model predicts contrast-dependent speed perception
    Metha, AB; Mullen, KT
  • Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat’s somatic sensory cortex
    Mountcastle, VB
  • Development of cytochrome oxidase blobs in visual cortex of normal and visually deprived cats
    Murphy, KM; Duffy, KR; Jones, DG; Mitchell, DE
  • Spacing of cytochrome oxidase blobs in visual cortex of normal and strabismic monkeys
    Murphy, KM; Jones, DG; Fenstemaker, SB; Pegado, VD; Kiorpes, L; Movshon, JA
  • Setting boundaries: brain dynamics of modal and amodal illusory shape completion in humans
    Murray, MM; Foxe, DM; Javitt, DC; Foxe, JJ
  • The spatiotemporal dynamics of illusory contour processing: combined high-density electrical mapping, source analysis, and functional magnetic resonance imaging
    Murray, MM; Wylie, GR; Higgins, BA; Javitt, DC; Schroeder, CE; Foxe, JJ
  • Self-organization model of cytochrome oxidase blobs and ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex
    Nakagama, H; Tanaka, S
  • Low-level chemiluminescence during lipid peroxidations and enzymatic reactions
    Nakano, M
  • Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
    Nanay, B
  • Radicals excess in the retina: A model for light flashes in space
    Narici, L; Martino, A; Brunetti, V; Rinaldi, A; Sannita, WG; Paci, M
  • Bovine rod rhodopsin
    Narici, L; Paci, M; Brunetti, V; Rinaldi, A; Sannita, WG; Martino, A
  • Color vision in the dog
    Neitz, J; Geist, T; Jacobs, GH
  • Anderson R.E. Rabbit photoreceptor outer segments contain high levels of docosapentaenoic acid
    Nielsen, JC; Maude, MB; Hughes, H
  • A laminar analysis of the number of neurons, glia, and synapses in the visual cortex (area 17) of adult macaque monkeys
    O’Kusky, J; Colonnier, M
  • Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism
    Papineau, D
  • The Unity of Brain, Mind and World: Current perspectives on a science of consciousness
    Pereira, A
  • Some aspects of the functional organisation of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture
    Powell, TPS; Mouncastle, VB
  • Cytochrome oxidase ‘blobs’ and other characteristics of primary visual cortex in a lemuroid primate, Cheirogaleus medius
    Preuss, TM; Kaas, JH
  • Neural substrates of blindsight after hemispherectomy
    Ptito, A; Leh, SE
  • The basic uniformity of structure of the neocortex
    Rockel, AJ; Hoirns, RW; Powell, TPS
  • Cerebral cortex: Extrastriate cortex in primates
    Rockland, KS
  • Neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that area V2 is necessary for visual awareness
    Salminen-Vaparanta, N; Koivisto, M; Noreika, V; Vanni, S; Revonsuo, A
  • Feedforward and recurrent processing in scene segmentation: electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging
    Scholte, HS; Jolij, J; Fahrenfort, JJ; Lamme, VA
  • Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology
    Sheehy, N
  • Striate cortex (V1) activity gates awareness of motion
    Silvanto, J; Cowey, A; Lavie, N; Walsh, V
  • The circuitry of V1 and V2: integration of color, form, and motion
    Sincich, LC; Horton, JC
  • Neurons in V1 patch columns project to V2 thin stripes
    Sincich, LC; Jocson, CM; Horton, JC
  • Mind that abides: Panpsychism in the new millennium
    Skrbina, D
  • Visual cortex excitability increases during visual mental imagery—a TMS study in healthy human subjects
    Sparing, R; Mottaghy, FM; Ganis, G; Thompson, WL; Töpper, R; Kosslyn, SM; Pascual-Leone, A
  • Mechanisms of chromatic rod vision in scotopic illumination
    Stabell, U; Stabell, B
  • Experience in early infancy is indispensable for color perception
    Sugita, Y
  • Expression of immediate-early genes reveals functional compartments within ocular dominance columns after brief monocular inactivation
    Takahata, T; Higo, N; Kaas, JH; Yamamori, T
  • The neural signature of phosphene perception
    Taylor, PC; Walsh, V; Eimer, M
  • What delay fields tell us about striate cortex
    Tehovnik, EJ; Slocum, WM
  • Systematic Psychology: Progelomena
    Titchener, EB
  • An information integration theory of consciousness
    Tononi, G
  • Neuroimaging weighs in: humans meet macaques in “primate” visual cortex
    Tootell, RBH; Tsao, D; Vanduffel, W
  • The binding problem
    Treisman, A
  • Individual differences in object and spatialimagery: Personality correlates
    Vannucci, M; Mazzoni, G
  • Orientation tuning of the spatial-frequency-tuned mechanisms of the Red-Green channel
    Vimal, RLP
  • Color-luminance interaction: data produced by oblique cross masking
    Vimal, RLP
  • Spatial-frequency tuning of sustained nonoriented units of the Red-Green channel
    Vimal, RLP
  • Spatial color contrast matching: broad-bandpass functions and the flattening effect
    Vimal, RLP
  • Spatial frequency discrimination: a comparison of achromatic and chromatic conditions
    Vimal, RLP
  • Spatial frequency tuned mechanisms of the Red-Green channel estimated by oblique masking
    Vimal, RLP
  • Proto-experiences and Subjective Experiences: Classical and Quantum Concepts
    Vimal, RLP
  • Matching and selection of a specific subjective experience: conjugate matching and subjective experience
    Vimal, RLP
  • On the Quest of Defining Consciousness
    Vimal, RLP
  • Necessary ingredients of consciousness: integration of psychophysical, neurophysiological, and consciousness research for the red -green channel
    Vimal, RLP
  • Scientific religions: science-religion unification through extended dual-aspect monism and its novel critiques
    Vimal, RLP
  • The Unity of Mind, Brain and World: Current Perspectives on a Science of Consciousness
    Vimal, RLP
  • Ancient historical scripture and color vision
    Vimal, RLP; Pandey-Vimal, M-UC
  • Temporal color contrast matching: the flattening effect and color-contrast-constancy
    Vimal, RLP; Pandey, R; McCagg, AC
  • Appearance of steadily viewed light
    Vimal, RLP; Pokorny, JM; Smith, VC
  • Computational neuroimaging of human visual cortex
    Wandell, BA
  • First experimental demonstration of spontaneous and visible light-induced photon emission from rat eyes
    Wang, C; Bókkon, I; Dai, J; Antal, I
  • Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and nocturnal primates
    Wikler, KC; Rakic, P
  • Neurochemical organization of the macaque striate cortex: correlation of cytochrome oxidase with Na+K+ATPase, NADPH-diaphorase, nitric oxide synthase, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1
    Wong-Riley, M; Anderson, B; Liebl, W; Huang, Z
  • Cytochrome oxidase: an endogenous metabolic marker for neuronal activity
    Wong-Riley, MT
  • Projections from primary visual cortex to cytochrome oxidase thin stripes and interstripes of macaque visual area 2
    Xiao, Y; Felleman, DJ
  • Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications
    Youdim, KA; Martin, A; Joseph, JA
  • Simultaneous anatomical demonstration of the representation of the vertical and horizontal meridians in areas V2 and V3 of rhesus monkey visual cortex
    Zeki, SM