Abstract
This paper is about intelligent Program Management Information System (iPMIS) to support decision- making and management of urban renewal mega projects over their life cycle in Korea. Program management focuses on soft issues i.e. benefits, stakeholders, and governance. A challenge is the diversity of urban renewal projects in terms of process and organization structure. The authors clarify the general requirements of systems to support program management while coping with diversity as follows: openness, clearness, convenience and consistency. As solutions, the authors present a conceptual model for iPMIS featuring the following characteristics: a web-based platform in which general modules and external integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) with decision support logical models are operated; interfaces; cooperative operating IT and IS in urban planning and construction; and a protocol for managing data cooperatively at the level of nation, district, project and facility. Two main unique features are: a user-created ontological process map that provides the operation scenario and menus of the iPMIS; and plug & play techniques by which modules are selected and then operated immediately. These core concepts have been implemented as a prototype system and have been applied to a real construction project. The evaluation result shows that this technique can reduce systems implementation time by 90%. Keywords: information systems (IS); program management; urban renewal; Korea 1. Introduction or town level urban renewal as these are believed to Like other leading developing countries, Korea balance public and private land usage under a master is experiencing, paradigm shifts in urban renewal plan for enhancing regional living, socio-economic and and maintenance. More attention has been given to environmental conditions. Renewal of old commercial enhancements of living quality and the influences of zones follows this trend as well. socio-economic and environmental aspects. However, As a consequence, the size of urban renewal projects aspects of conventional on-site housing redevelopments has been enlarged and the clients side organization with an increased number of units for financial benefits becomes more complicated than ever before. (Kim, have caused problems i.e. insufficient public spaces, 2 0 0 7 ) U r b a n r e n e w a l m e g a p r o j e c t s i n t e r m s o f worse traffic conditions, environmental problems etc. size and the number of stakeholders involved have This type of project has been led by communities since appeared. In these projects, social, economic and the 1990s. (Lee, 2000) A new approach to planning political activities are embedded. (McCarthy, 2007) and developing a district including several blocks of From administrative and managerial perspectives, houses in marginal conditions has gained popularity the clients and their representative should introduce since 2002. (Kim, 2007) This type of renewal is called different approach and methods compared to those for 'New Town construction in Korea. Relevant regulations single or multiple projects. In order to manage those, and codes have been amended to facilitate district information systems for reaching consensus among participants and consistent information management are necessary. Cooperated Geographic Information *Contact Author: Ju-Hyung Kim, Associate Professor, System (GIS) with decision support logical models are Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, likely to enhance understanding (Yaakup et al., 2005). Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea Relevant theories and applications of integrated urban Tel: +82-2-2220-0304 Fax: +82-2-2296-1583 E-mail: kcr97jhk@hanyang.ac.kr planning and management systems are presented in ( Received October 8, 2008 ; accepted February 17, 2009 ) various research papers (Yaakup et al., 2005; Stevens Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/May 2009/64 57 Table 1. Examples of Urban Renewal Mega Projects in Korea et .al., 2006; Crêt-Regamey et al., 2007). However, in the Korean context, like other countries, Project Name Area (m ) Budget (USD) th it is difficult to standardize the process and thus a Sewoon 4 Commercial Block 132,000 1,900 M systematic approach to planning and management of Yongsan Business District 566,610 28,000 M urban renewal projects from the initial phase requires Haeundae Resort 49,830 1,500 M f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . M o s t o f a l l , m a n a g e m e n t Fig.1. shows the main features of urban renewal information systems for urban renewal mega projects mega projects. Various functions such as residential, should be able to cope with the diversity of the process commercial and public spaces are allocated vertically and organizational structure. In addition, they should as well as horizontally. The complicated organization support soft aspects of the program management i.e. o f t h e c l i e n t s i d e i s a l s o a c o n s i d e r a b l e a s p e c t . benefits, stakeholders and governance. Technically, Since the 1990s, the public and private sectors have next generation urban planning and management cooperated. For instance, use of an SPC (Special systems should harness the evolution of IT in urban rd Purpose Company), 3 temporary sector, has been planning and construction, and thus make practical life preferred to minimize financial risks. This trend causes cycle management possible. conflicts within the client side. The Korean government funded USD 150 million on an 8-years research and development (R & D) project to develop an approach, models and applications for urban renewal. This was launched in 2007. The R & D project consists of 41 sub projects and one of those is "Development of iPMIS (intelligent Program M a n a g e m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s ) " . T h e i P M I S aims to support decision-making and information management for urban renewal mega projects over their life cycle. This paper focuses on the background, conceptual development and prototype systems of the iPMIS. 2. Urban Renewal Mega Projects in Korea Lee (2000) summarizes the evolution of urban renewal in Korea as: i) state-led shanty clearance and Fig.1. Characteristics of Urban Renewal Mega Projects relocation in the 1950s and 1960s; ii) citizen apartment I t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t h a t c o n f l i c t s a m o n g building program in the 1970s; iii) public-private participants, especially in terms of economic interests, partnership in property-led urban renewal in the 1980s; have hindered the progress of projects (Kim et al., and iv) community-led urban renewal in the 1990s. 2006, McCarthy, 2007). For instance, central and In the 2000s, a considerable increase in the size of local governments are concerned with publicity and urban renewal projects has been observed. Between operation and maintenance of the territory. On the 2000, when the "Urban Planning Law" was amended contrary, private participants are keen on the financial to facilitate a holistic approach for urban renewal benefits. and 2004, 59 sectors of 2,546 million m had been For this reason, functions to support integration and approved as "The Urban Poor's Housing Environment coordination of values among participants should be Improvement" projects (Kim, 2007). The area of a considered when developing information management single project has been enlarged by 240% from 23.3 2 2 systems for urban renewal mega projects. However, million m in 2001 to 55.6 million m in 2005. The in the Korean context, the processes vary according to main reason is that district or town renewal has been the project types and region. As a result, the process planned instead of on-site housing redevelopment or cannot be provided as a single model, and thus, a rehabilitation. For instance, in Seoul, 25 new town unified framework for managing various types of urban projects have been in progress since 2002. Partnership renewal mega projects has not previously existed. This between the public and private sectors is likely to be makes it harder for central and local governments to increased due to the financial risks (Kim, 2007). share information needed for decision-making and to M a s s i v e c o m m e r c i a l a n d b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t manage the process consistently. construction projects have been undertaken as part of The scope of these managerial activities is wider urban renewal. These projects show the characteristics than the conventional project management of single or of mega projects. multiple projects and it can be empowered under the Three major urban renewal mega projects that have "program management" scheme. been undergone in 2008 are presented in Table 1. The 2.1 Program Management in Mega Projects Sewoon project is under construction and the other two A p r o g r a m i s " a g r o u p o f p r o j e c t s m a n a g e d i n are in the planning phase. 58 JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available at the higher level as: i) conception; ii) planning and f r o m m a n a g i n g t h e m i n d i v i d u a l l y " ( Ya m a d a a n d feasibility; iii) preparation; iv) execution; and v) Tanabe, 2005). Urban renewal mega projects consist operation/maintenance. In general, the conception of sub projects such as residential, commercial and phase is initiated according to a national and provincial public facilities construction projects. As sequences, master plan. Local governments conduct an initial stakeholders with various purposes are involved. For survey and the results feed into the plans at the district this reason, program management should be introduced or regional level. The plans are approved according to for successful management. social, economical, environmental and financial criteria Ya m a d a a n d Ta n a b e ( 2 0 0 5 ) d e f i n e p r o g r a m in the feasibility study phase. In the preparation phase, management as "a concept to deal with huge and client representatives, i.e. developers, are appointed complex business activities from social, economical, and detailed planning permissions are sought. cultural and environmental points of view and increase The main interconnection between programs for their value for client and society." They present the urban renewal and the construction of each facility five major elements of a program as business value, within the project occur at the execution phase as stakeholders, project portfolio, business environment described in Fig.2. Conventional construction phases and risks. e-Builder (2008) categorizes it similarly from schematic design to construction are a part of the a s f o l l o w s : i ) b e n e f i t m a n a g e m e n t - a c t i v i t y a n d execution phase of urban renewal project. technology to maintain justice and maximize benefit or value by program; ii) stakeholder management - activity to manage the individual or team in the early stages which is influenced by the output of program and iii) program governance - process to develop policy, procedure and team structure relating to the program and to guarantee communication, action, and monitoring of those involved. 2.2 Scope of Program Management Fig.2. Scope of Program Management Program management is more than the combination of single or multiple facility construction projects. In Given that data and information from the urban this context, it should cover the urban renewal projects renewal project level are referred to each single facility process as a whole, and thus naturally includes the sub- project level after a time delay, systems should be process at the level of a single facility construction implemented that enables information flows across project. the phases. In addition, the systems should provide T h e g e n e r a l p r o c e s s o f a n y s i n g l e f a c i l i t y functions for oversight management so that the status construction project can be defined as follows: i) of each single facility project can be monitored at the pre-design (PD) in which the decision maker from upper level for management. the client side thinks of the project and evaluates The operation and maintenance of next generation the fesibility; ii) schematic design (SD); iii) detailed cities, i.e. ubiquitous cities, requires more detailed design (DD); iv) construction documentation (CD); data that represents as-built facilities as accurately v) construction (CO); and vi) operation/maintenance a s p o s s i b l e . A s y s t e m e n a b l i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n a n d (OM). Only the client can be involved in the entire i n t e g r a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n a c r o s s l e v e l s c a n b e process and other professional participants join in the implemented by introducing state-of-the-art IT and IS project as required. A problem is that the sequence in urban planning and construction. of participation varies according to the procurement path and is mainly determined by the interests of 3. IT and IS in Urban Planning and Construction and constraints imposed by of the client. As a result, B r i a s s o u l i s ( 1 9 9 9 ) e x p l a i n e d i n f o r m a t i o n the responsibility and scope for managing projects perspectives in urban planning as: i) the need for as are not consistent from project to project. Due to much scientific and technical information as possible the diversity of procurement paths and organization to analyze comprehensive planning problems; ii) the structures, consistent information management remains use of scientific analysis and mathematical models challenges. Given that important decisions are made in to design optimal solutions; and iii) the primacy the earlier phases, i.e. PD phase, especially, modules of technical and technological solutions to these to support decision-making at this stage are necessary. problems. (Yaakup et al., 2005) Research and practices To this end, systems should provide information for in the field of information processing and management decision-making (Jaafari and Manivong, 1998) and in urban planning has two broad directions: spatial simulate future results according to each decision. information processing (i.e. Stevens et al., 2006) T h e u r b a n r e n e w a l p r o c e s s i n c l u d e s t h e m a j o r and decision support (i.e. Charkrabarty, 2005; Crêt- phases of construction, but it is far wider than the Regamey et al., 2007). GIS has been regarded as a latter. The authors define the urban renewal process tool for visualization of spatial information in urban JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim 59 planning (Stevens et al., 2006). Integrated GIS with computer aided communications i.e. email, the world decision support models can contribute to a clearer wide web, document management systems etc. This understanding of real planning problems as well is also the moment when concepts on CIC (Computer as prescriptive planning scenarios to enhance the I n t e g r a t e d C o n s t r u c t i o n ) w e r e f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d . quality of urban planning and management (Ayeni, Finally, in the third era, there has been a big shift 1997; Yaakup, et al., 2005). They emphasize the towards implementing an integrated way to create, role of this incorporation system as "to forecast and save, and reuse data. The fundamental concept is that determine future development strategies and policies all participants can share information on product and by integrating physical, environmental and socio- process based on an integrated building information economic aspects of planning especially regarding the model and relevant DB. The product is defined as spatial context." objects and combinations of those objects and is partly Considering the importance of GIS, the Korean merged into the process (Van Leeuwen and van Der government launched a research and development Zee, 2005). project to develop a next generation GIS at the national S i n c e m o s t d e c i s i o n s i n v o l v e c o l l a b o r a t i v e level. The National Geographical Information Systems working of practitioners from different disciplines ( N G I S ) i s a s y s t e m t h a t s t o r e s t h e l o c a t i o n a n d such as designers, project managers, cost estimators, characteristics of natural elements (i.e. sea, mountains, structural analysts, schedulers, and MEP(mechanical, rivers, land, etc.) and man-made materials (buildings, electrical, and piping) experts, it is certain that there roads, railroads, etc.) in computers and inter-links is an increasing amount of electronic information all inputted information to help in various planning, generated by each disciplines. In order to reduce the decision-makings, and industrial activities. NGIS will data-handling load while enhancing the efficiency of be used further for operations and maintenance at the communication among practitioners and electronic regional level utilizing information on topographical, data exchange, researchers have presented a practical c a d a s t r a l , l a n d u s a g e , r o a d , w a t e r l i n e a n d o t h e r project information model during this era. The model underground facilities (MLTM Korea, 2008). is called BIM (Building Information Model). Research In addition to spatial information management, o n a n i n t e g r a t e d p r o j e c t i n f o r m a t i o n m o d e l f o r d e c i s i o n s u p p o r t m o d u l e s a n d p r o c e s s - b a s e d collaboration (Plume and Mitchell, 2007) and decision information management functions are required. support cooperated with 4D simulation (Fisher, 2000; Reviews of approach, methods and techniques in Chau et al., 2005) are examples of how to implement PMIS (Project Management Information Systems) the approach. As stated above, management systems can provide a direction for implementing management for urban renewal mega projects would harness state- information systems for urban renewal mega projects. of-the-art IT in construction as well. However, it does Tr a d i t i o n a l l y, c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s p r o d u c e not mean that the system can make decisions on behalf enormous amounts of information related to cost, of the human specialists. The role of systems is to aid schedule, and administration through all phases of decision-making at the program level with intelligent the project lifecycle. The fundamentals of any PMIS functions and information that is provided in a timely are to control project cost, schedule and scope in one fashion. integrated suite. (e-Builder, 2008) As a project is undertaken, changes to the project plan are inevitable. 4. General Requirements for the iPMIS Proper systems enable participants to manage changes. The intelligent Program Management Information I n s h o r t , P M I S h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o p r o v i d e System (iPMIS) means that the system can facilitate f u n c t i o n s t o m a n a g e c h a n g e s , m i n i m i z e r i s k a n d the integrated data and information management decrease the planning, development and construction environment and then support the participants in life cycle (e-Builder, 2008). These can be achieved by obtaining proper information in a timely fashion streamlining, automating and standardizing processes for decision-making through the life cycle of urban and, communications providing a central access point renewal mega projects focusing on the program as well for all project information. as on single facility project management. The evolution of PMIS follows the trend of IT in Fig.3. shows the scope of the iPMIS for urban construction. The future of PMIS can be predicted by r e n e w a l p r o j e c t s . C o n v e n t i o n a l P M I S a i m s t o reviewing the paradigm shifts of IT in construction. support the construction process of single facility The trends in IT for construction can be classified or multiple facilities projects. The narrow use of the into three eras. In the first era, most construction IT system is partly derived from the responsibility for historically focused on developing stand-alone tools implementing and operating the system rather than to assist with specific tasks. Examples are CAD, technical feasibility. Unless the client has in-house structural analysis tools, estimating, scheduling, and PMIS, the system may be purchased or implemented general business applications. In the second era, in after a project manager (PM) is appointed. Considering the mid 1990s, the trend in construction IT focused on diversity in terms of process and organization structure, 60 JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim level of the process map, functions and data flows are predefined for electronic data management. The users select the upper level of process elements and those become the menus. These menus will be operated immediately after becoming part of the system. This mechanism is called "plug & play". This concept will be explained in detail in the next section. The iPMIS should include fundamental modules i.e. oversight management and change management. Data on products and process (i.e. cost, schedule) can be provided from the database that is designed for interfacing with project management information systems. The data from the level of individual facility projects are summarized and reported for program management. For consistent data management over life cycle, data exchange protocol is required. XML has been selected as the standard data exchange protocol to enhance Fig.3. Scope of the iPMIS flexibility. Reports for human users can be created by processing data saved in XML format. the concept for information systems for urban renewal Once the iPMIS is developed by regarding the mega projects should be redefined. features and solutions in Table 2., it will have the Regarding reviews presented in previous sections, following characteristics: openness, convenience, and features and solutions for the iPMIS are summarized in consistency as described in Fig.4. Table 2. Table 2. Major Features and Solutions for the iPMIS Features Solutions Open and consistent Soft aspects of program information management management supported by simulation Diverse process of urban Ontological process map renewal projects Plug & Play Abnormal modules according Plug & Play to project types Cooperated visualization of Oversight management BIM data Communication among Web-portal platform diverse participants Fig.4. The Role of iPMIS in Program Management Standard data exchange XML-base data exchange protocol T h e w e b - p o r t a l p l a t f o r m p r o v i d e s o p e n n e s s , v i s u a l i z a t i o n f u n c t i o n s e n a b l i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s t o As mentioned in Table 2., the fundamental functions understand the problems and future scenarios in urban of the iPMIS are to support decisions relevant to planning clearly, and the ontological process map t h e s o f t a s p e c t s o f p r o g r a m m a n a g e m e n t . O p e n guide for the proper governance. Logical models to and consistent information management should be support decisions will be merged into these modules. facilitated. In order to achieve this, the operating For proper use of those, decision criteria based on environment is designed as a web-portal platform performance evaluation and the timely feed of data and in which participants and stakeholders can have an information from the external database are essential. overview of the plan, simulated results and project Data warehousing will play that role. process irrespective of time and location. 4.1 Systems Analysis and Design of iPMIS Regarding unpredictable organization structures, the The authors conducted a survey to analyze the time lag between participants involvement and never- needs for decision-making support modules of the consistent responsibility, the system should be flexible. iPMIS between February and May 2008. 28 public To this end, the system is planned to provide functions and private client representatives are asked about the enabling the participants to design a tailored process necessary functions of the iPMIS through face-to-face map. Criteria for decision-making and input and output interviews. The RFP (Request for Proposals) for the data fields are presented according to this map. This iPMIS development R & D project that was issued by is called the "ontological process map." At the lower JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim 61 Table 3. Decision Support Modules of the iPMIS described in Fig.6.: i) the first layer is the national Modules Description urban renewal portal; ii) the second layer is the web Land usage Simulating public and private space platform for individual urban renewal projects; iii) zoning and zones and allocating facilities according the third layer contains decision support modules and simulation to it interfaces with the project management information Constricts Checking code and other constricts of system for single or multiple facilities construction. checking alternative zoning and facilities plans Transportation condition Simulating traffic capacity simulation Financial Predicting the budget and selecting a feasibility proper financial model simulation Performance Providing criteria and evaluating the simulation results MLTM Korea was analyzed as well. Modules that are frequently selected are presented in Table 3. G e n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s s u c h a s " e n h a n c e d v i s u a l i z a t i o n " a n d " o v e r s i g h t m a n a g e m e n t " a r e excluded in Table 3. as those are already mentioned in the previous section and will be embedded into the fundamental features of the iPMIS. Fig.6. Layers and Operation Scenarios of the iPMIS The first layer is operated by the Korean government or a public agency. The second layer is operated by local government until the plan is approved and the client s side appoints project representatives Fig.5. A Physical Structure of the iPMIS (or developers). As required, stand-alone decision support modules will be operated and the results will The authors present a physical structure of the be uploaded onto the web platform in the second iPMIS as shown in Fig.5. The principles are open layer. The iPMIS does not include conventional PMIS architecture to cope with the diversity of urban renewal operated by main contractors. Instead, the interface projects. Operation scenarios and the menus of the web will be developed by which the data for oversight portal platform follow the user-created process map. management can be accumulated and fed into the Pre-dveloped moduels are operated using the plug & iPMIS. play concept. A unique feature of the iPMIS is that the menus The national level database provides spatial data, of the web platform for individual urban renewal statistics of cities and districts, regulations and codes projects are created by combining the process elements etc. These will be referred to or used in the master as shown in Fig.7. Given that the process for urban planning and feasibility study phases. As the project renewal projects is mainly determined by region is undertaken, admistrative information and decisions and project type, a default process can be provided at the higher level are accumulated in the program by combination. In addition, the iPMIS provides database. Detailed data on products are manged in the ontological tools to customize the process by selecting BIM database externally. As required, data from it will process elements at the lower level as described in be fed into the iPMIS. Fig.7. The iPMIS consists of the following 3 layers in terms of operation scenarios and main functions as 62 JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim Fig.9. Example to External Module for Visualized Code Checking Fig.7. Ontology in the iPMIS The functions, data and information can be pre- defined at the lowest level of process elements that are described as the functional elements in Fig.7. Users can design a group of functional elements into the upper level of process elements. By doing this, a process map for human users and data structure for information system can be defined. Decision-making can be supported by stand-alone applications that are linked to the web platform. For instance, an external application for visual allocation of facilities with geographical information is shown in Fig.8. Fig.10. Plug & Play Concept Implemented in Prototype System and others have been developed by the research team. 4.2. Prototype Systems and Evaluation The research team including the authors developed Fig.8. Example to External Module for GIS a prototype system implementing plug & play concept Spatial Data Visualization as described in Fig.10. Once the functional elements that are defined from the ontological process map Various decision modules that work in cooperation are selected, these will become the menus of iPMIS. with visualized functions have been developed in I n t h e f i g u r e , f o r e x a m p l e , a f u n c t i o n a l e l e m e n t Korea. Fig.9. is an example that is developed by a "axonometric" is selected and it will become a part of research team including the authors. The purpose of the the web portal. Currently, the technical feasibility of example is code-checking focusing on the height limit such plug & play is being proved. in the central zone of Seoul. Modules for evaluating The developed plug & play concept was applied into public and private space allocation, simulating budget a real project in January 2008. With this method, 90% according to the type and size of individual facilities JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim 63 6) e-Builder (2008) Owner-Centric Capital Project Management of web portal platform development time was saved. Software at http://www.e-builder.net/owner.html. 7) Fisher, M. (2000) Benefits of four-dimensional (4D) models for 5. Conclusion facility owners and AEC service providers. Proceedings of the Only few practical applications are available to Congress, ASCE, pp.990-995. 8) Jaafari, A. and Manivong, K. (1998) Towards a smart project support program management of urban renewal mega management information system. International Journal of Project projects over their life cycle. iPMIS aims to support Management, 16 (4), pp.249-265. decision-making and information management at the 9) Kim, H. A. (2007) Approach to Expand the Role of the Private program management level. The system should enable Sector in Mega Projects. Construction and Economy Research the participants from various sectors to harmonize the Institute of Korea. 10) Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J. and Ha, C. S., (2006) A case study of conflicts in terms of economic benefits, stakeholders the development project to construct facilities for the main and governance. In addition, the diversity of process building previously ordered by a local government. Journal of the and organization structure of urban renewal projects Architectural Institute of Korea, 22 (5), pp.145-152. in Korea should be coped with. To this end, openness, 11) Lee, J. Y. (2000) The practice of urban renewal in Seoul, Korea: nd enhanced clearness, convenience and consistency Mode, governance, and sustainability. The 2 International Critical Geography Conference, August, 2000. should be implemented. 12) McCarthy, J. Partnership, (2007) Collaborative Planning and As solutions, the authors presented a conceptual Urban Regeneration, Ashgate, pp.1-6. model of iPMIS with the following features: a web 13) MLTM (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) Korea, based platform in which the main and sub functions (2008) The Plan for NGIS & ITS, MLTM Korea. are defined according to a user-created ontological 14) Plume, J. and Mitchell, J. (2007) Collaborative design using a shared IFC building model-Learning from experience. Automation process map; various general modules are operated in Construction, 16 (1), pp.28-36. immediately by means of plug & play and external 15) Stevens, D., Dragicevic, S., and Rothley, K. 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(2005) Computer-aided design in urban d e v e l o p m e n t a n d m a n a g e m e n t – A s o f t w a r e f o r i n t e g r a t e d planning and design by optimization. Building and Environment, 42 (1), pp.473-494. 4) Chau, K. W., Anson, M. and Zhang, J. P. (2005) 4D dynamic c o n s t r u c t i o n m a n a g e m e n t a n d v i s u a l i z a t i o n s o f t w a r e : 1 . Development. Automation in Construction, 14 (40), pp.512-524. 5) Crêt-Regamey, A., Bebi, P., Bishop, I. D. and Schmid, W. (2007) Linking GIS-based models to value ecosystem services in an Alpine region. Journal of Environmental Management, doi: 10,1016/j-jenvman.2007.05.019. 64 JAABE vol.8 no.1 May 2009 Ju-Hyung Kim
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: May 1, 2009
Keywords: information systems (IS); program management; urban renewal; Korea
