Abstract

Abstract Propolis (bee glue) is a resinous substance that bees collect from living plants to repair and sterilize the hive environment. Propolis possesses a wide range of beneficial biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and other activities. It is available in food products and pharmaceuticals for health enhancement and preventive healthcare. Globally, the major exporters of propolis are China, Russia, and Brazil. Malaysia could also claim a share of the market because Malaysian propolis has been reported to contain compounds with medicinal value such as polyphenols, esters, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, minerals, and some enzymes. These compounds give Malaysian propolis its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic capabilities. In this review, we assemble the latest research on the chemical composition, biological properties, and formulation techniques of Malaysian honey bee and meliponine propolis. There is a need to conduct comparative research on Malaysian propolis and the other sources that currently occupy the largest share of the global market to evaluate the utility of local Malaysian propolis. If comparative studies can identify the distinctive characteristics of Malaysian propolis, this may make it attractive to consumers.