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A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: evidence from Zhangjiakou, China

A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the... JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2182643 URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: evidence from Zhangjiakou, China a,b a,b a,b c a,b Shuochen Xiao , Lei Li , Jing Ma , Dan Liu and Jiahao Li a b School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China; Hebei Provincial Green Building Collaborative Innovation Centre, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China; Department of English, University of Liverpool, Abercromby Square, Liverpool, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 10 November 2022 Community renovation involves energy conservation and emission reduction while fostering the Accepted 16 February 2023 process of urban renewal as a sustainable method of building upgrading. However, weak resident participation is the greatest obstacle to its development. This study aims to explore the psychology KEYWORDS of the residents’ participation to stimulate their intention to participate. By combining the theory of Urban renewal; community planned behaviour with the norm activation model theory and government incentives, we col- renovation; theory of lected data from 353 residents using a questionnaire and tested it using structural equation planned behaviour; norm modelling. The findings suggest that government incentives, perceived behavioural control and activation model theory; participatory planning personal norms all directly influence residents’ intentions to participate, with government incen- tives being the most significant influencing factor. Therefore, residents’ intentions to participate were driven by both rational and moral factors. Moreover, subjective norms and awareness of consequences had no significant effect on personal norms. Finally, the total mediating effect of subjective norms on personal norms and the moderating effect of low-income cohorts were verified. Thus, this study is a reference for the government and the community to improve the residents’ participatory statutes enhance their sense of belonging and the intention of various groups to participate and provide impetus to the urban renewal process. 1. Introduction overcome its economic slump by promoting rapid urbanisation throughout the real estate industry (Li Following the global economic slowdown in the 1980s, et al. 2019; Weber 2010). This approach boosted eco- countries faced economic restructuring. Owing to its nomic development in the short term; however, the reform and opening-up policies, China was able to CONTACT Lei Li lilei15030335620@outlook.com School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Hebei Provincial Green Building Collaborative Innovation Centre, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; School of English, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 2AT, UK © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Korea and Architectural Society of China. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 S. XIAO ET AL. concentration of time and the lack of foresight in the and evaluation and providing feedback. At the local early economic layout and local development policies level, Hangzhou, for example, explicitly requires that has resulted in a plethora of older communities today over two-thirds of the owners in the community reach (Xu, Xue, and Huang 2022). Up to 170,000 old urban a consensus on the community renewal and renova- communities have been reported as requiring renova- tion plan prior to the implementation of a renewal tion in various regions, according to information made project. On the other hand, certain scholars have inves- public by the Chinese government and preliminary tigated the importance of resident participation from statistics from the Ministry of Urban and Rural the perspective of urban renewal. For instance, Elander Development. These communities typically suffer Ingemar argues that sustainable urban renewal often from subpar building performance, inadequate public brings inequality, yet citizen participation can help facilities, unreasonable road traffic planning and more resolve these problems and controversies (Elander safety hazards, which seriously affects the satisfaction 2022). In summary, community renovation cannot be of residents’ living needs and the acquisition of a sense achieved without the participation of residents. of well-being (Wu and He 2005; Bai et al. 2018; Wang However, currently, many older communities still do et al. 2014). Furthermore, the existence of potential not have resident self-governance organisations, and social conflicts also affects the appearance of the city. even more lack an efficient resident participation sys- At the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of tem, and the overall level of resident participation is urban renewal was widely accepted in China to change low (Huang, Ma, and Song 2021; Guo, Zhou, and Li the urban landscape through the demolition and reno- 2021). Moreover, the majority of the current studies by vation of old urban infrastructures and communities as scholars at home and abroad focus on the physical and well as to meet the needs of residents for a better spatial environment, renovation methods and the eco- living environment (Li, Ran, and Yinlong 2021; Lai, nomic benefits of the land brought by the renovation Chau, and Cheung 2018). There are two solutions for itself in the process of community renewal (Liu et al. the renewal of old communities. The first option is to 2020; Zhu, Li, and Feng 2019; Duan et al. 2020), and demolish and redevelop the entire old communities, limited studies focus on the issue of public participa- which can change their aesthetic in the short term. tion (Imrie, Lees, and Raco 2009; Hauge, Thomsen, and However, demolition and redevelopment can cause Lofstrom 2013; Sanoff 1989). Furthermore, they predo- the following concerns: (1) resource consumption is minantly focus on the external environment and the high, leading to excessive carbon emissions and threa- personal attributes of the residents (Brownill and tening the environment (Xu et al. 2019; Shi et al. 2012), Carpenter 2009; Filner 2001), lacking consideration of and (2) old communities are predominantly located in the residents own subjective initiative, and the weak urban core areas, where land is expensive and demoli- participation of residents remains an obstacle to com- tion and redevelopment costs are high. Consequently, munity renewal. This has severely constrained the gov- certain redevelopment projects suffer from a shortage ernment’s ability to develop community renovation of funds in the middle of the project and the project is policies and has slowed the growth of the city’s econ- stalled (Gao, Liu, and Dunford 2014) (3) The sense of omy and image. Therefore, we analysed the psycholo- identity and belonging of the original community is gical mechanisms behind resident participation to destroyed, which is not conducive to the formation elucidate the intention to participate. Compared to and continuation of community culture (Chang 2010; participation in demolition and reconstruction, resi- Hikichi et al. 2016; Su, Zhao, and Tan 2015; Townshend dents’ participation in the renovation of older commu- et al. 2015). Thus, due to the problems associated with nities is altruistic regarding energy conservation and demolition and redevelopment, more communities are pollution reduction; residents can have a comfortable now choosing to adopt the second option, shifting the environment for themselves after participating in the renovation method from major demolition and con- renovation, which is egoistic. Thus, this study examines struction to dynamic upgrading and renovation. This the pathways influencing residents’ intention to par- both aligns with the sustainable development model take in community renovation using the well-adapted and reflects the humanistic values of society. theory of planned behaviour and normative activation The smooth implementation of the renovation of theory. In addition, considering that the government, old communities requires the wide participation of as an advocate of community renovation, has a non- community residents. Relevant policies actively guide negligible influence on the psychology of resident and encourage community residents to participate participation, government incentives were introduced extensively in the renovation of old communities and into the conceptual model as an expansion variable. have an active influence. At the central level, it is In this study, we define two concepts. First, the proposed that community renovation should be “bot- scope of the renovation of older communities: The tom-up”, involving all residents in all phases of the basic category is predominantly for the renovation community renewal project, including design, con- and upgrading of municipal supporting infrastructure struction, monitoring, post-renovation management and the maintenance of public parts such as roofs, JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 3 external walls, stairs and pavements of buildings in the norms (SN) and attitudes (ATB) to predict behavioural district. Improve the class is mainly the environment intentions (Ajzen 2011). As individuals become more and supporting facilities renovation and construction, positive about PBC, SN and ATB, their intention to building energy-saving renovation within the small perform the behaviour strengthens (Luiza Neto et al. area, conditional building retrofitting elevators, etc. 2020). PBC refers to how easy or difficult an individual The upgrading class is predominantly the construction perceives it will be to perform a particular behaviour, of supporting public service facilities and their intelli- and it reflects the individual’s perception of factors gent renovation, such as kindergartens and other edu- that facilitate or hinder the performance of the beha- cational facilities, elderly service facilities, etc. Second, viour (Xu, Ramanathan, and Victor 2018). Thus, PBC is resident participation: The current model of citizen the degree to which an individual has control over the participation in China is primarily focused on the performance of a behaviour. SN is a person’s percep- stage of “delegated power” (Arnstein 1969), where tion of the social pressure exerted on them to perform citizens have the right to take ownership of the reno- or not perform the relevant behaviour (Ozen and vation projects in old communities. Residents can con- Mauer 2002). Generally, people perform a behaviour tribute ideas to meet their needs before the when they evaluate it positively or when they believe renovation, demonstrate cooperation in the act of par- it is important or others believe they should perform ticipation, promote the project and guide the renova- it (Ozen and Mauer 2002). However, ATT is typically tion site. considered to be a mediating element between SN This study explores the influence of residents’ inter- and behaviour; therefore, they are not considered in nal psychological factors on their intention to partici- this study (Zhang, Geng, and Sun 2017). The TPB has pate and validates the mechanisms of egoism and been applied in numerous pro-environmental and altruism in addition to government incentives. pro-social studies, for example, using it to investigate Furthermore, it also broadens the theoretical frame- the main psychological factors influencing the way work of resident participation. Thus, interested parties Brazilians travel (Luiza Neto et al. 2020) in addition may use our findings to establish policies that encou- to successfully using it to predict an individual’s rage participation from residents. intention to start a business (Misoska, Dimitrova, and Three theoretical and practical goals may be sup- Mrsik 2016; Pejic Bach, Aleksic, and Marjana 2018), ported as a consequence of this investigation. First, the consumers’ intention to visit green hotels (Verma psychological model of residents’ intention to partici- and Chandra 2018) and to adopt hybrid cars (Wang pate is studied in terms of the psychology inherent in et al. 2016). their subjective initiative, and the combination of the theory of planned behaviour and the theory of norma- 2.1.2. Norm activation model theory tive behaviour completes the psychological model of Norm activation model theory (NAM) was presented residents’ intention to participate (PI) . Second, the by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz 1977). The primary addition of government incentive factors facilitates factors that influence behaviour are personal norms a more intuitive observation of how the government (PN), the ascription of responsibility (AR) and aware- affects residents’ psychological pathways and provides ness of consequences (AC). AC refers to an individual’s the government a framework upon which to increase perception of the possible negative consequences of people’s psychological participation. Third, this study not performing a behaviour (De Groot and Steg 2009; serves as a practical guide for the parties involved in Steg and De Groot 2010,Chen, 1746–1753). AR refers understanding the psychology of resident participa- to an individual’s perception that the individual is tion, assists in mobilising residents more broadly for responsible for the negative consequences of not community reconstruction and offers new ideas for performing a behaviour (De Groot and Steg 2009; future research on community participation behaviour. Steg and De Groot 2010), and PN refers to an indivi- dual’s perception of their responsibilities and duties (Schwartz 1977). NAM was originally developed to 2. Literature review and hypotheses explain altruistic behaviour; however, it was 2.1. Theoretical models expanded to explain pro-social behaviour. Several studies have demonstrated the capabilities of NAM 2.1.1. Theory of planned behaviour in predicting environmentally friendly behaviours The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is an extension (Chen, 1746–1753), such as energy-saving behaviour of the Theory of Rational Action, introduced by Ajzen (Zhang, Wang, and Zhou 2013), public transportation in 1985. It is one of the most popular theories cur- (Nordfjærn and Rundmo 2019) and certain environ- rently used to analyse the relationship between indi- mental behaviours (Schultz et al. 2005; Nordlund and vidual intentions and behaviour (Maichum, Garvill 2002). Consequently, NAM is efficient in Parichatnon, and Peng 2016; Ajzen 2011). TPB uses explaining pro-environmental behaviours. perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective 4 S. XIAO ET AL. government pursues political objectives while 2.1.3. Integration of planned behaviour theory and ignoring community concerns. norm activation model theory Resident’s participation in the renovation of older com- Second, government incentives have been intro- duced as an important factor in the promotion of munities is pro-environmental regarding reducing green products and the renovation of housing pro- energy consumption and carbon emissions, and pro- jects. For instance, (Sheu and Chen 2012) used a three- social regarding improving the overall living environ- ment of the community and promoting urban renewal, stage game model to analyse the effect of government financial intervention on competition in the supply compared to their participation in demolition and chains for green products. Government incentives are rebuilding, all of which are driven by altruism. The resi- dents’ participation in the renovation provides them crucial for purchase intention, according to a study by (Zhang et al. 2018) on young consumers’ intention to with a comfortable environment, which is a pro-ego purchase green homes in Shandong province, there- act, and these acts are driven by egoism. TPB is per- ceived as a rational choice model by certain academics fore they influence green consumption. From a residential perspective, (Cho and Eun-You 2020) (Abrahamse et al. 2009). However, it disregards the explore the measures of community housing renova- impact of individual and environmental variations on behaviours (Carrington, Neville, and Whitwell 2010), tion initiatives, with government measures signifi - more egoistically motivated. Therefore, TPB is insuffi - cantly influencing the process. Finally, the government is the dominant and driving cient for fully explaining the behavioural intention of force in the renovation of old communities (Wu et al. residents to participate in the renovation of old com- munities (Han and Hyun 2017; Sang et al. 2020). NAM is 2021), and the majority of previous studies have focused on a combination of single theory and govern- more adaptable in describing pro-environmental con- ment incentives (Zhang et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2021) or duct; however, it falls short of explaining egoistic beha- viour and the function of self-motivation (Onwezen, a combination of planned behaviour theory and to study pro-environmental and pro-social behaviour Antonides, and Bartels 2013; Han 2015) because it is (Sawitri, Hadiyanto, and Hadi 2015; Elhoushy 2022; more altruistic and does not consider the influence of human rationality. Therefore, the conduct of residents Lopes et al. 2019). However, it is not possible to fully observe the pathways of government influence on participating in the repair of old communities can be altruistic and self-interested motivations; therefore, better understood by integrating these two theories. In the utility of government incentives cannot be mea- addition, numerous studies have demonstrated the applicability of the combination of the two theoretical sured. Combining these factors to introduce govern- ment incentives into the model makes the study more models, such as the prediction of landscape mainte- comprehensive. nance intensity (Souto 2012) and the study of consumer over-ordering behaviour in restaurants (Yu et al. 2021). 2.2. Research hypothesis 2.1.4. Government incentives Government incentives (GI) are used as an exten- Certain studies have shown that PBC has a significant sion factor in this study: first, local authorities and positive effect on behavioural intentions (Shi and Long communities predominantly rely on administrative 2022; Wang 2020; Xiao, Song, and You 2020; Zhang et al. orders to intervene in community environmental 2021). Considering the residents’ participation in old issues, and communities are often passive recipients community renovation behaviour, when individuals of administrative guidance from local authorities, present positive evaluations of their economic level lacking positive interaction. This results in the reno- and their knowledge of the functions and effects of vation being detached from the community base old community renovation, they will perceive that it is and failing to meet the real needs of residents and easy to undertake old community renovation. inspire ownership. Furthermore, this may result in Subsequently, this generates an intention to participate the low participation of residents in the renovation in old community renovation; therefore, individuals’ process and conflicts between the two sides. high level of control over their self-perceptions can According to Heclo (2002), residents are reluctant generate strong behavioural intentions (Gao et al. 2017). to partake in public affairs since they are costly and PN is internalised social norms based on emotional provide limited rewards. Consequently, the govern- awakening, social expectations and self-expectations ment should create conditions that would allow (Schwartz 1977). Numerous scholars have discovered residents to lower their input and partake in public that PN directly impacts behavioural intentions (Sang affairs more easily. Ng (2002) considered appropri- et al. 2020; Li and Lu 2019; Sun and Lu 2012; Shin et al. ate compensation as an effective means of promot- 2018; Jansson 2011) and that when PN is activated ing resident participation. Foley and Martin (2000) personal moral and objective expectations constrain argue that residents will become resentful and less objective subjects to produce pro-environmental likely to participate in community renovation if the behaviour, which will result in a behavioural JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 5 willingness to transform old communities. Therefore, H6. SN positively influences PN. we created the following two hypotheses: H7. SN positively influences PBC. H1. PBC positively influences PI. H8. PBC positively influences PN. H2. PN positively influences PI. Inevitably, the renovation of older communities is In the norm activation model theory, AC and AR are constrained by construction sites and construction two prerequisites for activating PN (Schwartz 1977). AC cycles, causing long periods of inconvenience to resi- positively impacts PN in the area of green behaviour (Han dents. In addition, in the absence of financial incen- and Hyun 2017; Sang et al. 2020) and residents’ percep- tives, residents typically settle for the status quo, and tions of negative consequences of not participating in the urban renewal will not be possible. Therefore, appro- renovation of older communities subsequently activate priate government incentives can be used to change PN to generate behavioural intentions (Zhang, Geng, and the situation where residents resist and refuse to pay Sun 2017). In this study, AR refers to the ability of residents for public services. GI has been shown to have to actively bear the negative consequences of participat- a significant relationship with the PI and PBC (Zhang ing in the renovation of older communities. In the rela- et al. 2018), for example, (Xiao, Song, and You 2020) tionship between AC, AR and PN, many studies have derived a significant relationship between government highlighted that AR has a mediating role (Sang et al. and farmers’ intention to participate in an extended 2020). For example, (De Groot and Steg 2009) deduced model of planned behaviour theory. Therefore, we five studies of pro-environmental behaviour, predomi- hypothesised as follows. nantly in a chain mediation model (Rosenthal and Ho 2020; Gao, Huang, and Zhang 2017). When a strong H9. GI positively influences PBC. sense of consequence arises it results in a positive effect of responsibility ascription and thus activates PN. H10. GI positively influences PI. Therefore, we hypothesised the following. Figure 1 depicts a model of the factors influencing H3. AC positively influences PN. residents’ intention to participate in the renovation of old communities, which is based on the above assumptions. H4. AC positively influences AR. H5. AR positively influences PN. 3. Research methodology 3.1. Questionnaire design In this study, SN refers to residents’ perceptions of the pressures caused by social opinion and objective This paper uses a questionnaire method for data col- circumstances that may motivate residents to partici- lection. The questionnaire contains three sections. The pate in the renovation of older communities. In the first explains the relevant background and concepts, relationship between SN and PN, SN precedes PN. Han the second contains basic information about the et al. (2019) identified a significant role for SN and PN respondents and the third contains questions on in explaining the decision-making process of passen- potential constructs. These questionnaires were admi- gers toward pro-environmental cruise products and nistered to residents of communities undergoing reno- verified a positive causal relationship between the two. vation of older communities in addition to those In certain studies, SN is perceived as the weakest factor preparing for renovation. The questionnaire was influencing behavioural intentions (Luiza Neto et al. designed using a five-point Likert scale (strongly dis- 2020); therefore, SN is not used as a proximal determinant agree = 1, disagree = 2, neutral = 3, agree = 4 and of intention to participate. SN has been shown to influ - strongly agree = 5), and the results were analysed by ence PBC. Portnov et al. (2018) demonstrated this finding returning the questionnaires to further investigate the by investigating the behavioural intentions of Thai factors that influence residents’ intention to participate consumers. in the renovation of older communities. In their study on the factors influencing residents’ Through literature review, the model’s seven- travel mode choice, (Sang et al. 2020) concluded that question items were adapted from the research scales PBC directly influences behavioural intentions, and it of numerous scholars. In addition, we performed also affects the degree of activation of PN. Numerous expert interviews prior to releasing the questionnaire studies also support this conclusion (Zhang et al. 2018; and invited four construction industry experts to assess Wittenberg, Bloebaum, and Matthies 2018). PN can only the questionnaire and make any required changes to be positively reinforced when there is a strong self-cue. confirm the reliability and validity of the scale. The Therefore, the following hypotheses were proposed. revised questionnaire was used to perform 40 pre- 6 S. XIAO ET AL. Perceived Subjective Government Behavioral H7 H9 Norm Incentives Control H6 H8 H1 H10 Awareness of Personal Participate H3 H2 Consequences Norm Intention H4 H5 Ascription of Responsibility Figure 1. A model of the factors influencing residents’ intention to participate in the renovation of old communities. surveys, and the questionnaire was further improved The survey area involved six districts (Qiaodong based on the pre-survey findings to create the final District, Qiaoxi District, Xuanhua District, etc.) and 10 questionnaire. The original measurement items were counties (Zhangbei County, Guyuan County, etc.) in all in English; however, we distributed our question- Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. The survey began on naires to people in China. Consequently, we asked two March 2022 and ended on 13 April 2022. The following bilingual researchers to translate the questions into data collection methods were used: First, in online Chinese and subsequently to translate the final survey research, 210 questionnaires were distributed by anon- results into English. The specific measurement ques- ymous survey with the help of social software (e.g. tions are listed in Table 1. WeChat, QQ, etc.) and email. Second, field research, in which the surveyors invited residents of old com- munities to complete 160 paper questionnaires. A total 3.2. Data collection of 370 questionnaires were distributed in the above two ways, of which seven were invalid (under 1 minute This case study was performed in Zhangjiakou, Hebei to answer the question or 10 consecutive questions Province, China, a community-based community reno- with the same answer), 10 were not returned and 353 vation that typically does not affect the normal life of were valid, with an effective rate of 95%. According to the residents (e.g. no moving away from the original Kline’s (Markus 2012) study, there should be at least place of residence, affecting shopping, etc.), predomi- 210 valid questionnaires in this survey, and the actual nantly in spring and summer. It was selected based on number of valid questionnaires is 353, which satisfied the following factors: First, Zhangjiakou is one of the the criterion. The demographic information of the first pilot cities to be renovated, and in 2021, the city’s respondents is presented in Table 2. 15 counties and districts plan to renovate 176 old communities, involving 40,492 households and a renovation area of 3,106,400 square metres. The 4. Data analysis and results renovation and construction of old communities is still in progress, making it easy to collect data from 4.1. Reliability and validity tests the research subjects. Second, the low population den- The reliability and validity of the data were checked sity of Zhangjiakou makes it more prudent to renovate prior to analysis. The software SPSS 26 was used to test old communities on an existing basis to achieve dou- the reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s ble value-added economic and social benefits than to alpha coefficient was used to test the internal consis- expand the number of new buildings. Finally, there are tency of the scale; higher values indicate higher relia- many fourth-tier cities similar to Zhangjiakou in China, bility. A coefficient of 0.7 or above for Cronbach’s alpha and an empirical study of them would be beneficial for is an acceptable range (Hair et al. 2010), and the mea- the replication of results, programme implementation surement results indicate that the reliability and and improvement in similar cities. JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 7 Table 1. Measurement items of the variables. Constructs Measuring items Source Awareness of consequences Community renovation projects can help reduce energy consumption Sang et al. (2020) and carbon emissions Han et al. (2019) Participation in community renovation projects helps to reduce environmental deterioration Community renovation projects can help reduce pollutant emissions Ascription of responsibility I feel a common responsibility for energy consumption Sang et al. (2020) I feel a common responsibility for environmental Han et al. (2019) degradation I feel a common responsibility for the discharge of pollutants Subjective norm My family thinks I should participate in community Maichum, Parichatnon, and Peng (2016) renovation projects Liobikiene, Mandravickaite, and My friends think I should participate in community Bernatoniene (2016) renovation projects Construction practitioners think that I should be involved in the community renovation Perceived behavioural control I believe I will participate in community renovation Armitage and Conner (2001) projects if I want to Kim and Han (2010) I can participate in community renovation projects in the future I have enough time and resources to participate in community renovation projects Personal norm I have a moral obligation to participate in community Sang et al. (2020) renovation projects Han et al. (2019) I have a moral responsibility to participate in community renovation projects I think I should do my best to participate in community renovation projects Governmental incentives The establishment of a dedicated residents’ services Chan et al. (2017) organisation by the government will increase our Diyana and Abidin (2013) participation Yin et al. (2016) Government supplies direct grants to participate in Zhang et al. (2019) community renovation projects Government supplies a soft loan incentive to participate in community renovation projects Residents are willing to I want to experience the community renovation project Liu et al. (2018) participate in the renovation of I would like to recommend the community renovation old houses project to others to attend I want to participate in the community renovation project reliability of the data are high. As shown in Table 3, Table 2. Demographic characteristics of the respondents Cronbach’s alpha passed the test. (N = 353). The validity tests provided convergent and discrimi- Variable Group Frequency Percentage(%) Gender Male 208 58.9% nant validities. Convergent validity indicates the Female 145 41.1% degree of convergence of questions in the same Age 18–25 67 19.0% dimension (the degree of relevance of the questions). 26–35 198 56.1% 36–45 44 12.5% The discriminant validity refers to the degree of differ - 46–55 28 7.9% ence between different dimensional constructs. >55 16 4.5% Education High school and below 40 11.3% Convergent validity was tested using combined relia- Junior college 77 21.8% bility (CR) and average extracted variance (AVE) Bachelor degree 187 53.0% Master degree 44 12.5% (Fornell and Larcker 1981). CR estimates above Ph.D. 5 1.4% a critical value of 0.7 correspond to acceptable levels Income <1000 40 11.3% 1001–3000 44 12.5% of convergent validity (Fornell and Larcker 1981), and 3001–5000 52 14.7% an AVE value above 0.5 indicates good convergent 5001–7000 50 14.2% validity (Fornell and Larcker 1981). Chin et al. (Chin, 7001–9000 54 15.3% >9000 113 32.0% Gopal, and Salisbury 1997) suggested a standardised Occupation Senior manager 17 4.8% factor-loading threshold of 0.6; the data are acceptable Middle manager 60 17.0% General staff 201 56.9% when the standardised factor data in the study are Self-employed person 26 7.4% close to or above 0.6. As shown by the calculated Student 38 10.8% Retiree 11 3.1% values listed in Table 3, the model met these criteria. In occupation, senior manager is usually the main leader and sub-main An AVE square root greater than the inter-concept leader of the organisation (e.g. school principal, vice principal, party standardised regression weighting coefficient indi- secretary, etc.), middle manager is the person in charge of specific matters in the organisation (e.g. director in charge of teaching, director cates good discriminant validity (Chin, Gopal, and in charge of safety, etc.), general staff is usually the person who per- Salisbury 1997). The discriminant validity analysis is forms actions in the organisation (e.g. teachers, cleaners in the school) shown in Table 4. and self-employed person is a freelancer who does not have an agency. 8 S. XIAO ET AL. Table 3. Standardised item loadings, average extracted, combined reliability and alpha values. Latent variable Item Standardised item loading Cronbach’s α CR AVE Awareness of AC1 0.887 0.891 0.892 0.734 consequences AC2 0.849 AC3 0.831 Ascription of AR1 0.794 0.879 0.881 0.712 responsibility AR2 0.843 AR3 0.891 Subjective norm SN1 0.87 0.893 0.894 0.738 SN2 0.844 SN3 0.862 Perceived behavioural control PBC1 0.844 0.885 0.886 0.721 PBC2 0.865 PBC3 0.84 Personal norm PN1 0.84 0.894 0.894 0.737 PN2 0.873 PN3 0.862 Governmental GI1 0.843 0.895 0.895 0.740 incentives GI2 0.814 GI3 0.913 Participate intention PI1 0.867 0.890 0.894 0.739 PI2 0.858 PI3 0.856 Table 4. Constructs’ correlations and square roots of AVE. Construct AC AR SN PBC PN GI PI AC 0.857 AR 0.323 0.844 SN 0.143 0.027 0.859 PBC 0.424 0.383 0.265 0.849 PN 0.264 0.288 0.186 0.393 0.859 GI 0.402 0.440 0.213 0.469 0.404 0.860 PI 0.402 0.404 0.197 0.424 0.338 0.481 0.859 The bold italic numbers presented diagonally are the square root of AVE. 4.2. Model goodness-of-fit test 4.3. Hypothesis testing The goodness-of-fit indices of the model were examined 4.3.1. Results of the path coefficient test using AMOS 26. In this study, seven indicators, chi- AMOS 26 was used to test the path coefficients. Table 6 square/ (degree of freedom (χ2/df), the goodness-of-fit shows the results of the structural model. All eight index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), rela- hypotheses were supported at a significance level of tive fit index (RFI), normed fit index (NFI), comparative fit 0.05, and two hypotheses were not supported. The index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation standardised path coefficients indicate the relationship (RMSEA), were selected to test the model fit. The results and degree of influence between the constructs in the showed a χ2/df value of 2.119 < 3; GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI, IFI structural model. and TLI were all acceptable criteria (Zhang et al. 2018; Together, PBC, PN and GI explained 33.3% of the Hu and Bentler 1999), and RMSEA value was variance in the willingness to participate in PI, with PBC 0.056 < 0.08. These results all satisfy the criteria, indicat- (β = 0.218, t = 3.242 and p = ***), PN (β = 0.122, ing that the model fit was satisfactory and that the t = 2.179 and p = 0.029*) and GI (β = 0.370, t = 5.693 model could be used for further research. The results and p = ***) significantly influencing residents’ will- of the model fitting are shown in Table 5. ingness to participate in older communities, thus Table 5. Model fit indices. Fit Indices Criteria Indicators Chi-square 372.892 Chi-square/(degree of freedom) <5 acceptable; 2.119 <3 good Goodness-of-fit index (GFI) >0.8 acceptable; 0.915 >0.9 good Adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) >0.8 acceptable; 0.888 >0.9 good Normed fit index (NFI) >0.9 0.927 Comparative fit index (CFI) >0.9 0.960 Incremental fit index (IFI) >0.9 0.960 Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) >0.9 0.952 Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) <0.1 acceptable; 0.056 <0.08 good JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 9 Table 6. Standardised path coefficients of the structural model and hypothesis testing. Standard Path Path coefficient Deviation T-values P-values Result H1: PBC→PI 0.218 0.065 3.242 *** Support H2: PN→PI 0.122 0.053 2.179 0.029* Support H3: AC→PN 0.098 0.062 1.582 0.114 No Support H4: AC→AR 0.375 0.057 6.366 *** Support H5: AR→PN 0.174 0.062 2.888 0.004** Support H6: SN→PN 0.100 0.057 1.728 0.084 No Support H7: SN→PBC 0.175 0.051 3.254 *** Support H8: PBC→PN 0.315 0.063 5.128 *** Support H9: GI→PBC 0.503 0.057 8.689 *** Support H10: GI→PI 0.370 0.063 5.693 *** Support *p < 0.05;**p < 0.01;***p ≤ 0.001. supporting H1, H2 and H10. AR (β = 0.174, t = 2.888 made equal to that of the baseline model to examine and p = 0.004**), PBC (β = 0.315, t = 5.128 and p = ***) whether the composition of the measurement model had a significant effect on PN, AC (β = 0.098, t = 1.582 was constant across groups. However, in model B, the and p = 0.114), SN (β = 0.100, t = 1.728 and p = 0.084) structural weights were made equal to that of model did not have a significant effect on PN, the above AR, A to examine whether the structural weights (i.e. path PBC, AC and SN together explained 21.5% of the var- coefficients) were constant across groups. If the results iance in PN, with H5 and H8 supported and H3 and H6 of model A were not significant (p > 0.05), then the not supported. In addition, AC (β = 0.375, t = 6.366 and composition of the measurement model would be p = ***) was significant for AR, explaining 14.1% of the constant across all groups, and the questionnaire (or variance, thus supporting H4. SN (β = 0.175, t = 3.254, scale) designed for the study could be applied to dif- and p = ***) and GI (β = 0.503, t = 8.689, and p = ***) ferent groups. If the results of model A were significant, explained 32.6% of the variance in PBC, thus support- then different questionnaires had to be designed for ing H7 and H9. different groups or the composition of the latent vari- ables required further adjustment. If the results of model B were not significant (p > 0.05), then the 4.3.2. Intermediation effects structural model would be constant across all groups, The mediating effect allows for the analysis of the pro- the same influencing mechanism would be discussed cess and mechanism of influence of the independent across groups and the factors did not moderate the variables on the dependent variable. As shown in structure of the model. However, if model B was sig- Figure 1, there are four mediating variables in this nificant, then the assumed influencing mechanism of model. The confidence interval test was conducted the baseline model varied across groups and further using the Bootstrap confidence interval method in discussion of the influencing mechanism across groups AMOS 26 (Portnov et al. 2018), with 2000 replicates of would be required. the sample, and the mediation effect was tested at Due to sample size limitations, gender, age, income a 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval test and education were divided into two groups, each for bias-corrected in the Bootstrap method indicates according to data distribution characteristics for com- a significant mediation effect when the intersection of parison to ensure that the sample size of each group the upper and lower bounds does not contain 0. Table 7 was as balanced as possible. Gender was divided into shows the results of the mediation effect analysis of the the male group (N = 208) and female group (N = 145), model. The four paths “SN→PBC→PN”, “AC→AR→PN”, and age was divided into the youth group (18–35 years “PBC→PN→PI” and “GI→PBC→ PI”, with the effect per- old, N = 265) and the middle-aged group (35 years old centages of 100%, 27.61%, 18.76% and 24.85% respec- and above, N = 88). Income was divided into the low- tively, of which “SN→PBC→PN” was fully mediated. income group (monthly household income of 7000 and below, N = 186) and the high-income group 4.3.3. Multi-group comparison result (monthly household income of 7000 and above, Constancy was tested using continuous nesting con- N = 167) and education was divided into the low- straints. In model A, the measurement weights were Table 7. Results of the mediation effect test. a*b c’ items c a*b (95% Boot CI) c’ (95% Boot CI) Mediating effect percentage SN→PBC→PN 0.194 0.102 0.050 ~ 0.156 0.092 −0.012 ~ 0.196 Totally 100.00% AC→AR→PN 0.295 0.081 0.035 ~ 0.120 0.213 0.097 ~ 0.329 Partial 27.61% PBC→PN→PI 0.429 0.080 0.033 ~ 0.138 0.348 0.246 ~ 0.450 Partial 18.76% GI→PBC→PI 0.480 0.119 0.061 ~ 0.194 0.360 0.260 ~ 0.461 Partial 24.85% The c denotes total effect value; a*b denotes the mediating effect value; c’ denotes the direct effect value. 10 S. XIAO ET AL. Table 8. Multi-group comparison result. Group Model DF CMIN P Δ NFI Δ IFI Δ RFI Δ TLI Gender A 14 9.231 0.816 0.002 0.002 −0.004 −0.004 B 10 13.819 0.181 0.003 0.003 −0.001 −0.001 Age A 14 8.355 0.870 0.002 0.002 −0.003 −0.003 B 10 9.903 0.449 0.002 0.002 −0.001 −0.001 Income A 14 18.367 0.191 0.004 0.004 −0.001 −0.001 B 10 23.379 0.009 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.002 Education A 14 9.552 0.794 0.002 0.002 −0.003 −0.004 B 10 13.215 0.212 0.002 0.003 −0.001 −0.001 education group (education at college and below, clusters. The analysis concludes that income has N = 117) and the high-education group (education at a moderating effect on the effect of PBC on residents’ bachelor’s degree and above, N = 236). The results are intention to participate (hypothesis H1), with a standardised path coefficient of 0.586 for the high- presented in Table 8. The results highlight that the p-values of sex, age, income group and 0.052 for the low-income group, education and whether or not to contact the item nearly 10 times the effect of the high-income group grouping in models A and B are over 0.05 (i.e. the than the low-income group. This demonstrates that sample differences are not significant), and the abso- the facilitation of PBC on residents’ intention to parti- lute increments of the fitted indicators are small, indi- cipate is more pronounced under the effect of high cating that sex, age, education and whether or not to income and that when the high-income group feels contact the item have good constancy in the measure- that their financial ability at their disposal, their inten- ment model and structural model of residents’ inten- tion to renovate is stronger. tion to participate renovation. Income groupings have a p-value of below 0.05 in model B, indicating that different income groups pro- 5. Discussion and reflection duce significant differences in intention to participate, 5.1. Discussion i.e. income plays a moderating role in the model, as shown in Figure 2, where the numbers in brackets next Based on the TPB and the NAM theory, this study to each pathway are the standardised pathway coeffi - investigates the process by which seven factors, cients for different income groups (i.e. low-income including PBC, GI and PN influence residents’ group, high-income group). intention to participate in the renovation of older Table 9 shows the critical ratios of the model path communities. Ten hypotheses were proposed, eight of which are supported. H3 and H6 are not coefficients, and when |CR| > 1.96 (i.e. P < 0.05), the supported. path proved to be significantly different between the 0.200,0 .186 Perceived 0.401,0.581 Subjective Government Behavioral Norm Incentives Control 0.052 0.568 0.357,0.273 0.357,0.291 0.115,0.064 0.122,0 .067 0.088,0.169 Awareness of Personal Participate Consequences Norm Intention 0.222,0.085 0.284,0.395 Ascription of Responsibility Figure 2. Modelling of regulatory effects. Table 9. Critical ratio of path coefficient. Hypothesis H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 CR 3.297 0.217 −0.477 0.542 −0.908 −0.557 −0.732 −0.105 1.377 −1.082 JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 11 The results support H1, H9 and H10 in the model, power of participation in renovation and showing which aligns with the findings of Zhang (Zhang et al. a strong desire to renovate older communities. Thus, 2018) and Shin et al. (Shin et al. 2018), according to income has a more pronounced moderating effect in which both GI and PBC significantly affect intention to the “PBC→PI” path. participate, with GI being the most important factor affecting residents’ intention to participate in the reno- 5.2. Reflections and recommendations vation of older communities. Furthermore, GI also indirectly affect residents’ intention to participate by This study has important implications for policy devel- influencing PBC. In addition, PBC directly influences opment for the government. First, the government’s intention to participate in addition to indirectly role significantly impacts residents’ participation inten- through the activation of PN. Therefore, hypothesis tions. The government can more easily achieve the H2 is also supported. goal of green, low-carbon and sustainable develop- Contrary to the findings of other investigations, ment by introducing environmentally friendly renova- hypotheses H3 and H6 were not validated, and SN tion content and processes in conjunction with green and AC did not directly affect PN (Sang et al. 2020). energy-saving technologies. This will also raise the This is primarily due to Zhangjiakou’s ranking as residents’ awareness of environmental protection and a fourth-tier Chinese city. Compared to residents of help them more readily awaken their altruistic mind- medium and large cities, those of smaller cities are sets. The government should strengthen publicity by more concerned with the dynamics in and around introducing content that addresses the policy, mean- their communities due to multiple factors such as ing, objectives, content and process and demonstrat- regional economy and culture and are unable to ing successful cases and the effectiveness of the experience first-hand the functions of the renovated renovation. The form of publicity, self-published communities under the incipient situation of old com- media platforms like public websites can be utilised munity renovation. Consequently, they more cau- for publicity in addition to the conventional techni- tiously approach promotion and publicity from the ques to increase locals’ awareness of current social outside world and do not realise that they require it. concerns and their sense of responsibility. The imple- In addition, residents of small cities are not sufficiently mentation of the green and low-carbon concept is aware of the relationship between urban renewal and strengthened, and the renewal of the supporting facil- energy efficiency to professionally perceive the nega- ities around the community is promoted, leading to tive impacts of demolition and redevelopment or to the renovation of the surface. This both influences the understand the actual benefits of urban renewal. intention to participate directly and enhances the PBC Hypothesis H6 is not supported by the fact that resi- of residents indirectly; moreover, it also stimulates dents do not see it as their own fault when they think it their enthusiasm for participation and the spirit of is a minor issue, which prevents them from activat- human ownership. In addition, in certain areas, the ing PN. government provided financial subsidies ranging In addition, it is hypothesised that H4, H5, H7 and from RMB 150/m for the small scale of the initial H8 are supported. Personal norms were significantly renovation projects in old communities. The concept influenced by the mediating effects of “SN→PBC→PN” of “active guidance and appropriate subsidies” has and “AC→AR→PN”, which also significantly influenced enhanced residents’ awareness of the renovation pro- the intention to participate, which aligns with previous jects. Furthermore, the creation of specific service research findings. PN, as the link between altruistic and organisations and attentive public listening are excel- egoistic models, is driven to altruism by their own lent strategies for encouraging resident participation. moral constraints and their external influences. When Second, the parties involved must improve the PN is activated, residents’ sense of moral responsibility community engagement system and focus on the opi- increases accordingly and they take the initiative to nions of the residents. The government’s all-inclusive participate in community renovations. restoration model for community renovation, The PBC influence of high and low-income groups a livelihood project, may conflict with people’s on residents’ intentions to partake in the renovation of immediate requirements, and there is also a dearth of older communities varied, according to the group ana- effective exposure to the most recent government lysis. Low-income groups may be limited by economic policies. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a sound factors, and even if they are not satisfied with the mechanism for community participation, stimulate existing living environment, they are not willing to the ownership of residents, establish special organisa- pay for it, so they do not feel strongly about it and tions to publicise national policies in addition to low- are more reluctant to participate in the renovation. carbon targets, relay the needs of residents, to forge However, the higher income groups may be more will- links between the government and residents. ing to pay for the improvement of their existing living Residents’ PBC and PN will likely be improved by creat- environment, positively contributing to the perceived ing a positive community atmosphere and a bottom- 12 S. XIAO ET AL. up participation paradigm, which will affect residents’ in the refurbishment to identify more effective ways to intention to engage. encourage locals to partake in the project. In addition, group analysis of varied income levels However, this study has several limitations. First, indicated a moderating influence in the route of PBC although intended behaviour is an effective predic- on participation intention. Low-income groups have tor, it is not identical to the actual behaviour. a low intention to participate, and appropriate subsi- Therefore, future research on the real behaviour of dies can stimulate their intention to participate. The residents participating in community renovations current policy on subsidies for community renewal should be performed. Second, despite the fact that projects is low, predominantly due to the existing Zhangjiakou is a typical city, the sample source is still urban renewal relying excessively on government geographically constrained and might not be repre- financial funds, the lack of motivation for funding, the sentative of some of the more economically powerful low intention of social capital investment and the lack provinces and cities, and regions of different eco- of more funds to subsidise residents. This reduces the nomic levels may produce different research results. goodwill and participation of low-income residents. In future studies, the number and target population Therefore, combining the financial resources of the of the survey can be expanded, diversified demo- government, residents and the community is the graphics can be added to reflect the actual transfor- most effective method to find a solution. These are mation market, questionnaires can be implemented all measures at the level of egotism. in other regions and the subsequent research results Finally, increasing a sense of belonging to the com- can be compared with the present research results, munity is a powerful strategy to encourage residents’ which will be of greater value to interested parties. altruistic psychology. Due to the lack of cultural infra- Finally, there is no research on whether residents’ structure and community cultural activities, the major- previous participation affects their intention to parti- ity of older communities currently do not have a good cipate again, which can be added in a posteriori community culture. Therefore, the rational planning of studies. public space infrastructure and community activities is a priority in community renovation, not only to make Disclosure statement the residents feel the significance of the renovation but also to enhance their sense of belonging to the No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). community and thus strengthen the altruistic mentality. Notes on contributors 6. Conclusion Shuochen Xiao, PhD, is a lecturer whose research focuses on user behavior analysis and intelligent decision-making. She The renovation of old communities alleviates the con- has published more than 15 papers in domestic and interna- tradiction between urban construction needs and sus- tional academic journals and conferences, and has partici- tainable development goals and is an effective way to pated as a key researcher in projects supported by the achieve energy saving and emission reduction. Despite National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Key R&D Program. an expanding corpus of study, the psychological mechanisms influencing residents’ intention to partici- Lei Li is a master's student, participated in 2 projects at the pate in renovation remain to be clarified. This study departmental and university levels, 5 papers were indexed by CNKI, one of which was indexed by China Science and explores the routes of effect from egoistic and altruistic Technology Core. psychology on residents’ inclination to participate in the repair of older communities, spanning both rational Jing Ma is a master's degree student, participated in 3 pro- vincial and departmental level projects, research direction is and moral reasons, based on the TPB-NAM theory and cost management. government incentives. By constructing structural equation models, path analysis, mediating effect analy- Dan Liu is an MA TESOL student at the University of Liverpool. sis and multi-group comparative analysis to find the mechanism of influence between the seven elements Jiahao Li is a master's degree student. and the relationship between the relevant elements. The study demonstrates that (1) GI is the most impor- ORCID tant driver of intention to participate followed by PBC and PN. (2) The partial mediation effects of the Lei Li http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-792X AC→AR→PN, PBC→PN→PI and GI→PBC→PI paths and the total mediation utility of the SN→PBC→PN References path were verified. (3) Low-income groups are less likely to participate in the pathway of PBC on intention to Abrahamse, W., L. Steg, R. Gifford, and C. Vlek. 2009. “Factors participate. 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A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: evidence from Zhangjiakou, China

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2182643 URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: evidence from Zhangjiakou, China a,b a,b a,b c a,b Shuochen Xiao , Lei Li , Jing Ma , Dan Liu and Jiahao Li a b School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China; Hebei Provincial Green Building Collaborative Innovation Centre, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China; Department of English, University of Liverpool, Abercromby Square, Liverpool, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 10 November 2022 Community renovation involves energy conservation and emission reduction while fostering the Accepted 16 February 2023 process of urban renewal as a sustainable method of building upgrading. However, weak resident participation is the greatest obstacle to its development. This study aims to explore the psychology KEYWORDS of the residents’ participation to stimulate their intention to participate. By combining the theory of Urban renewal; community planned behaviour with the norm activation model theory and government incentives, we col- renovation; theory of lected data from 353 residents using a questionnaire and tested it using structural equation planned behaviour; norm modelling. The findings suggest that government incentives, perceived behavioural control and activation model theory; participatory planning personal norms all directly influence residents’ intentions to participate, with government incen- tives being the most significant influencing factor. Therefore, residents’ intentions to participate were driven by both rational and moral factors. Moreover, subjective norms and awareness of consequences had no significant effect on personal norms. Finally, the total mediating effect of subjective norms on personal norms and the moderating effect of low-income cohorts were verified. Thus, this study is a reference for the government and the community to improve the residents’ participatory statutes enhance their sense of belonging and the intention of various groups to participate and provide impetus to the urban renewal process. 1. Introduction overcome its economic slump by promoting rapid urbanisation throughout the real estate industry (Li Following the global economic slowdown in the 1980s, et al. 2019; Weber 2010). This approach boosted eco- countries faced economic restructuring. Owing to its nomic development in the short term; however, the reform and opening-up policies, China was able to CONTACT Lei Li lilei15030335620@outlook.com School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Hebei Provincial Green Building Collaborative Innovation Centre, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; School of English, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 2AT, UK © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Korea and Architectural Society of China. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 S. XIAO ET AL. concentration of time and the lack of foresight in the and evaluation and providing feedback. At the local early economic layout and local development policies level, Hangzhou, for example, explicitly requires that has resulted in a plethora of older communities today over two-thirds of the owners in the community reach (Xu, Xue, and Huang 2022). Up to 170,000 old urban a consensus on the community renewal and renova- communities have been reported as requiring renova- tion plan prior to the implementation of a renewal tion in various regions, according to information made project. On the other hand, certain scholars have inves- public by the Chinese government and preliminary tigated the importance of resident participation from statistics from the Ministry of Urban and Rural the perspective of urban renewal. For instance, Elander Development. These communities typically suffer Ingemar argues that sustainable urban renewal often from subpar building performance, inadequate public brings inequality, yet citizen participation can help facilities, unreasonable road traffic planning and more resolve these problems and controversies (Elander safety hazards, which seriously affects the satisfaction 2022). In summary, community renovation cannot be of residents’ living needs and the acquisition of a sense achieved without the participation of residents. of well-being (Wu and He 2005; Bai et al. 2018; Wang However, currently, many older communities still do et al. 2014). Furthermore, the existence of potential not have resident self-governance organisations, and social conflicts also affects the appearance of the city. even more lack an efficient resident participation sys- At the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of tem, and the overall level of resident participation is urban renewal was widely accepted in China to change low (Huang, Ma, and Song 2021; Guo, Zhou, and Li the urban landscape through the demolition and reno- 2021). Moreover, the majority of the current studies by vation of old urban infrastructures and communities as scholars at home and abroad focus on the physical and well as to meet the needs of residents for a better spatial environment, renovation methods and the eco- living environment (Li, Ran, and Yinlong 2021; Lai, nomic benefits of the land brought by the renovation Chau, and Cheung 2018). There are two solutions for itself in the process of community renewal (Liu et al. the renewal of old communities. The first option is to 2020; Zhu, Li, and Feng 2019; Duan et al. 2020), and demolish and redevelop the entire old communities, limited studies focus on the issue of public participa- which can change their aesthetic in the short term. tion (Imrie, Lees, and Raco 2009; Hauge, Thomsen, and However, demolition and redevelopment can cause Lofstrom 2013; Sanoff 1989). Furthermore, they predo- the following concerns: (1) resource consumption is minantly focus on the external environment and the high, leading to excessive carbon emissions and threa- personal attributes of the residents (Brownill and tening the environment (Xu et al. 2019; Shi et al. 2012), Carpenter 2009; Filner 2001), lacking consideration of and (2) old communities are predominantly located in the residents own subjective initiative, and the weak urban core areas, where land is expensive and demoli- participation of residents remains an obstacle to com- tion and redevelopment costs are high. Consequently, munity renewal. This has severely constrained the gov- certain redevelopment projects suffer from a shortage ernment’s ability to develop community renovation of funds in the middle of the project and the project is policies and has slowed the growth of the city’s econ- stalled (Gao, Liu, and Dunford 2014) (3) The sense of omy and image. Therefore, we analysed the psycholo- identity and belonging of the original community is gical mechanisms behind resident participation to destroyed, which is not conducive to the formation elucidate the intention to participate. Compared to and continuation of community culture (Chang 2010; participation in demolition and reconstruction, resi- Hikichi et al. 2016; Su, Zhao, and Tan 2015; Townshend dents’ participation in the renovation of older commu- et al. 2015). Thus, due to the problems associated with nities is altruistic regarding energy conservation and demolition and redevelopment, more communities are pollution reduction; residents can have a comfortable now choosing to adopt the second option, shifting the environment for themselves after participating in the renovation method from major demolition and con- renovation, which is egoistic. Thus, this study examines struction to dynamic upgrading and renovation. This the pathways influencing residents’ intention to par- both aligns with the sustainable development model take in community renovation using the well-adapted and reflects the humanistic values of society. theory of planned behaviour and normative activation The smooth implementation of the renovation of theory. In addition, considering that the government, old communities requires the wide participation of as an advocate of community renovation, has a non- community residents. Relevant policies actively guide negligible influence on the psychology of resident and encourage community residents to participate participation, government incentives were introduced extensively in the renovation of old communities and into the conceptual model as an expansion variable. have an active influence. At the central level, it is In this study, we define two concepts. First, the proposed that community renovation should be “bot- scope of the renovation of older communities: The tom-up”, involving all residents in all phases of the basic category is predominantly for the renovation community renewal project, including design, con- and upgrading of municipal supporting infrastructure struction, monitoring, post-renovation management and the maintenance of public parts such as roofs, JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 3 external walls, stairs and pavements of buildings in the norms (SN) and attitudes (ATB) to predict behavioural district. Improve the class is mainly the environment intentions (Ajzen 2011). As individuals become more and supporting facilities renovation and construction, positive about PBC, SN and ATB, their intention to building energy-saving renovation within the small perform the behaviour strengthens (Luiza Neto et al. area, conditional building retrofitting elevators, etc. 2020). PBC refers to how easy or difficult an individual The upgrading class is predominantly the construction perceives it will be to perform a particular behaviour, of supporting public service facilities and their intelli- and it reflects the individual’s perception of factors gent renovation, such as kindergartens and other edu- that facilitate or hinder the performance of the beha- cational facilities, elderly service facilities, etc. Second, viour (Xu, Ramanathan, and Victor 2018). Thus, PBC is resident participation: The current model of citizen the degree to which an individual has control over the participation in China is primarily focused on the performance of a behaviour. SN is a person’s percep- stage of “delegated power” (Arnstein 1969), where tion of the social pressure exerted on them to perform citizens have the right to take ownership of the reno- or not perform the relevant behaviour (Ozen and vation projects in old communities. Residents can con- Mauer 2002). Generally, people perform a behaviour tribute ideas to meet their needs before the when they evaluate it positively or when they believe renovation, demonstrate cooperation in the act of par- it is important or others believe they should perform ticipation, promote the project and guide the renova- it (Ozen and Mauer 2002). However, ATT is typically tion site. considered to be a mediating element between SN This study explores the influence of residents’ inter- and behaviour; therefore, they are not considered in nal psychological factors on their intention to partici- this study (Zhang, Geng, and Sun 2017). The TPB has pate and validates the mechanisms of egoism and been applied in numerous pro-environmental and altruism in addition to government incentives. pro-social studies, for example, using it to investigate Furthermore, it also broadens the theoretical frame- the main psychological factors influencing the way work of resident participation. Thus, interested parties Brazilians travel (Luiza Neto et al. 2020) in addition may use our findings to establish policies that encou- to successfully using it to predict an individual’s rage participation from residents. intention to start a business (Misoska, Dimitrova, and Three theoretical and practical goals may be sup- Mrsik 2016; Pejic Bach, Aleksic, and Marjana 2018), ported as a consequence of this investigation. First, the consumers’ intention to visit green hotels (Verma psychological model of residents’ intention to partici- and Chandra 2018) and to adopt hybrid cars (Wang pate is studied in terms of the psychology inherent in et al. 2016). their subjective initiative, and the combination of the theory of planned behaviour and the theory of norma- 2.1.2. Norm activation model theory tive behaviour completes the psychological model of Norm activation model theory (NAM) was presented residents’ intention to participate (PI) . Second, the by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz 1977). The primary addition of government incentive factors facilitates factors that influence behaviour are personal norms a more intuitive observation of how the government (PN), the ascription of responsibility (AR) and aware- affects residents’ psychological pathways and provides ness of consequences (AC). AC refers to an individual’s the government a framework upon which to increase perception of the possible negative consequences of people’s psychological participation. Third, this study not performing a behaviour (De Groot and Steg 2009; serves as a practical guide for the parties involved in Steg and De Groot 2010,Chen, 1746–1753). AR refers understanding the psychology of resident participa- to an individual’s perception that the individual is tion, assists in mobilising residents more broadly for responsible for the negative consequences of not community reconstruction and offers new ideas for performing a behaviour (De Groot and Steg 2009; future research on community participation behaviour. Steg and De Groot 2010), and PN refers to an indivi- dual’s perception of their responsibilities and duties (Schwartz 1977). NAM was originally developed to 2. Literature review and hypotheses explain altruistic behaviour; however, it was 2.1. Theoretical models expanded to explain pro-social behaviour. Several studies have demonstrated the capabilities of NAM 2.1.1. Theory of planned behaviour in predicting environmentally friendly behaviours The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is an extension (Chen, 1746–1753), such as energy-saving behaviour of the Theory of Rational Action, introduced by Ajzen (Zhang, Wang, and Zhou 2013), public transportation in 1985. It is one of the most popular theories cur- (Nordfjærn and Rundmo 2019) and certain environ- rently used to analyse the relationship between indi- mental behaviours (Schultz et al. 2005; Nordlund and vidual intentions and behaviour (Maichum, Garvill 2002). Consequently, NAM is efficient in Parichatnon, and Peng 2016; Ajzen 2011). TPB uses explaining pro-environmental behaviours. perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective 4 S. XIAO ET AL. government pursues political objectives while 2.1.3. Integration of planned behaviour theory and ignoring community concerns. norm activation model theory Resident’s participation in the renovation of older com- Second, government incentives have been intro- duced as an important factor in the promotion of munities is pro-environmental regarding reducing green products and the renovation of housing pro- energy consumption and carbon emissions, and pro- jects. For instance, (Sheu and Chen 2012) used a three- social regarding improving the overall living environ- ment of the community and promoting urban renewal, stage game model to analyse the effect of government financial intervention on competition in the supply compared to their participation in demolition and chains for green products. Government incentives are rebuilding, all of which are driven by altruism. The resi- dents’ participation in the renovation provides them crucial for purchase intention, according to a study by (Zhang et al. 2018) on young consumers’ intention to with a comfortable environment, which is a pro-ego purchase green homes in Shandong province, there- act, and these acts are driven by egoism. TPB is per- ceived as a rational choice model by certain academics fore they influence green consumption. From a residential perspective, (Cho and Eun-You 2020) (Abrahamse et al. 2009). However, it disregards the explore the measures of community housing renova- impact of individual and environmental variations on behaviours (Carrington, Neville, and Whitwell 2010), tion initiatives, with government measures signifi - more egoistically motivated. Therefore, TPB is insuffi - cantly influencing the process. Finally, the government is the dominant and driving cient for fully explaining the behavioural intention of force in the renovation of old communities (Wu et al. residents to participate in the renovation of old com- munities (Han and Hyun 2017; Sang et al. 2020). NAM is 2021), and the majority of previous studies have focused on a combination of single theory and govern- more adaptable in describing pro-environmental con- ment incentives (Zhang et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2021) or duct; however, it falls short of explaining egoistic beha- viour and the function of self-motivation (Onwezen, a combination of planned behaviour theory and to study pro-environmental and pro-social behaviour Antonides, and Bartels 2013; Han 2015) because it is (Sawitri, Hadiyanto, and Hadi 2015; Elhoushy 2022; more altruistic and does not consider the influence of human rationality. Therefore, the conduct of residents Lopes et al. 2019). However, it is not possible to fully observe the pathways of government influence on participating in the repair of old communities can be altruistic and self-interested motivations; therefore, better understood by integrating these two theories. In the utility of government incentives cannot be mea- addition, numerous studies have demonstrated the applicability of the combination of the two theoretical sured. Combining these factors to introduce govern- ment incentives into the model makes the study more models, such as the prediction of landscape mainte- comprehensive. nance intensity (Souto 2012) and the study of consumer over-ordering behaviour in restaurants (Yu et al. 2021). 2.2. Research hypothesis 2.1.4. Government incentives Government incentives (GI) are used as an exten- Certain studies have shown that PBC has a significant sion factor in this study: first, local authorities and positive effect on behavioural intentions (Shi and Long communities predominantly rely on administrative 2022; Wang 2020; Xiao, Song, and You 2020; Zhang et al. orders to intervene in community environmental 2021). Considering the residents’ participation in old issues, and communities are often passive recipients community renovation behaviour, when individuals of administrative guidance from local authorities, present positive evaluations of their economic level lacking positive interaction. This results in the reno- and their knowledge of the functions and effects of vation being detached from the community base old community renovation, they will perceive that it is and failing to meet the real needs of residents and easy to undertake old community renovation. inspire ownership. Furthermore, this may result in Subsequently, this generates an intention to participate the low participation of residents in the renovation in old community renovation; therefore, individuals’ process and conflicts between the two sides. high level of control over their self-perceptions can According to Heclo (2002), residents are reluctant generate strong behavioural intentions (Gao et al. 2017). to partake in public affairs since they are costly and PN is internalised social norms based on emotional provide limited rewards. Consequently, the govern- awakening, social expectations and self-expectations ment should create conditions that would allow (Schwartz 1977). Numerous scholars have discovered residents to lower their input and partake in public that PN directly impacts behavioural intentions (Sang affairs more easily. Ng (2002) considered appropri- et al. 2020; Li and Lu 2019; Sun and Lu 2012; Shin et al. ate compensation as an effective means of promot- 2018; Jansson 2011) and that when PN is activated ing resident participation. Foley and Martin (2000) personal moral and objective expectations constrain argue that residents will become resentful and less objective subjects to produce pro-environmental likely to participate in community renovation if the behaviour, which will result in a behavioural JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 5 willingness to transform old communities. Therefore, H6. SN positively influences PN. we created the following two hypotheses: H7. SN positively influences PBC. H1. PBC positively influences PI. H8. PBC positively influences PN. H2. PN positively influences PI. Inevitably, the renovation of older communities is In the norm activation model theory, AC and AR are constrained by construction sites and construction two prerequisites for activating PN (Schwartz 1977). AC cycles, causing long periods of inconvenience to resi- positively impacts PN in the area of green behaviour (Han dents. In addition, in the absence of financial incen- and Hyun 2017; Sang et al. 2020) and residents’ percep- tives, residents typically settle for the status quo, and tions of negative consequences of not participating in the urban renewal will not be possible. Therefore, appro- renovation of older communities subsequently activate priate government incentives can be used to change PN to generate behavioural intentions (Zhang, Geng, and the situation where residents resist and refuse to pay Sun 2017). In this study, AR refers to the ability of residents for public services. GI has been shown to have to actively bear the negative consequences of participat- a significant relationship with the PI and PBC (Zhang ing in the renovation of older communities. In the rela- et al. 2018), for example, (Xiao, Song, and You 2020) tionship between AC, AR and PN, many studies have derived a significant relationship between government highlighted that AR has a mediating role (Sang et al. and farmers’ intention to participate in an extended 2020). For example, (De Groot and Steg 2009) deduced model of planned behaviour theory. Therefore, we five studies of pro-environmental behaviour, predomi- hypothesised as follows. nantly in a chain mediation model (Rosenthal and Ho 2020; Gao, Huang, and Zhang 2017). When a strong H9. GI positively influences PBC. sense of consequence arises it results in a positive effect of responsibility ascription and thus activates PN. H10. GI positively influences PI. Therefore, we hypothesised the following. Figure 1 depicts a model of the factors influencing H3. AC positively influences PN. residents’ intention to participate in the renovation of old communities, which is based on the above assumptions. H4. AC positively influences AR. H5. AR positively influences PN. 3. Research methodology 3.1. Questionnaire design In this study, SN refers to residents’ perceptions of the pressures caused by social opinion and objective This paper uses a questionnaire method for data col- circumstances that may motivate residents to partici- lection. The questionnaire contains three sections. The pate in the renovation of older communities. In the first explains the relevant background and concepts, relationship between SN and PN, SN precedes PN. Han the second contains basic information about the et al. (2019) identified a significant role for SN and PN respondents and the third contains questions on in explaining the decision-making process of passen- potential constructs. These questionnaires were admi- gers toward pro-environmental cruise products and nistered to residents of communities undergoing reno- verified a positive causal relationship between the two. vation of older communities in addition to those In certain studies, SN is perceived as the weakest factor preparing for renovation. The questionnaire was influencing behavioural intentions (Luiza Neto et al. designed using a five-point Likert scale (strongly dis- 2020); therefore, SN is not used as a proximal determinant agree = 1, disagree = 2, neutral = 3, agree = 4 and of intention to participate. SN has been shown to influ - strongly agree = 5), and the results were analysed by ence PBC. Portnov et al. (2018) demonstrated this finding returning the questionnaires to further investigate the by investigating the behavioural intentions of Thai factors that influence residents’ intention to participate consumers. in the renovation of older communities. In their study on the factors influencing residents’ Through literature review, the model’s seven- travel mode choice, (Sang et al. 2020) concluded that question items were adapted from the research scales PBC directly influences behavioural intentions, and it of numerous scholars. In addition, we performed also affects the degree of activation of PN. Numerous expert interviews prior to releasing the questionnaire studies also support this conclusion (Zhang et al. 2018; and invited four construction industry experts to assess Wittenberg, Bloebaum, and Matthies 2018). PN can only the questionnaire and make any required changes to be positively reinforced when there is a strong self-cue. confirm the reliability and validity of the scale. The Therefore, the following hypotheses were proposed. revised questionnaire was used to perform 40 pre- 6 S. XIAO ET AL. Perceived Subjective Government Behavioral H7 H9 Norm Incentives Control H6 H8 H1 H10 Awareness of Personal Participate H3 H2 Consequences Norm Intention H4 H5 Ascription of Responsibility Figure 1. A model of the factors influencing residents’ intention to participate in the renovation of old communities. surveys, and the questionnaire was further improved The survey area involved six districts (Qiaodong based on the pre-survey findings to create the final District, Qiaoxi District, Xuanhua District, etc.) and 10 questionnaire. The original measurement items were counties (Zhangbei County, Guyuan County, etc.) in all in English; however, we distributed our question- Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. The survey began on naires to people in China. Consequently, we asked two March 2022 and ended on 13 April 2022. The following bilingual researchers to translate the questions into data collection methods were used: First, in online Chinese and subsequently to translate the final survey research, 210 questionnaires were distributed by anon- results into English. The specific measurement ques- ymous survey with the help of social software (e.g. tions are listed in Table 1. WeChat, QQ, etc.) and email. Second, field research, in which the surveyors invited residents of old com- munities to complete 160 paper questionnaires. A total 3.2. Data collection of 370 questionnaires were distributed in the above two ways, of which seven were invalid (under 1 minute This case study was performed in Zhangjiakou, Hebei to answer the question or 10 consecutive questions Province, China, a community-based community reno- with the same answer), 10 were not returned and 353 vation that typically does not affect the normal life of were valid, with an effective rate of 95%. According to the residents (e.g. no moving away from the original Kline’s (Markus 2012) study, there should be at least place of residence, affecting shopping, etc.), predomi- 210 valid questionnaires in this survey, and the actual nantly in spring and summer. It was selected based on number of valid questionnaires is 353, which satisfied the following factors: First, Zhangjiakou is one of the the criterion. The demographic information of the first pilot cities to be renovated, and in 2021, the city’s respondents is presented in Table 2. 15 counties and districts plan to renovate 176 old communities, involving 40,492 households and a renovation area of 3,106,400 square metres. The 4. Data analysis and results renovation and construction of old communities is still in progress, making it easy to collect data from 4.1. Reliability and validity tests the research subjects. Second, the low population den- The reliability and validity of the data were checked sity of Zhangjiakou makes it more prudent to renovate prior to analysis. The software SPSS 26 was used to test old communities on an existing basis to achieve dou- the reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s ble value-added economic and social benefits than to alpha coefficient was used to test the internal consis- expand the number of new buildings. Finally, there are tency of the scale; higher values indicate higher relia- many fourth-tier cities similar to Zhangjiakou in China, bility. A coefficient of 0.7 or above for Cronbach’s alpha and an empirical study of them would be beneficial for is an acceptable range (Hair et al. 2010), and the mea- the replication of results, programme implementation surement results indicate that the reliability and and improvement in similar cities. JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 7 Table 1. Measurement items of the variables. Constructs Measuring items Source Awareness of consequences Community renovation projects can help reduce energy consumption Sang et al. (2020) and carbon emissions Han et al. (2019) Participation in community renovation projects helps to reduce environmental deterioration Community renovation projects can help reduce pollutant emissions Ascription of responsibility I feel a common responsibility for energy consumption Sang et al. (2020) I feel a common responsibility for environmental Han et al. (2019) degradation I feel a common responsibility for the discharge of pollutants Subjective norm My family thinks I should participate in community Maichum, Parichatnon, and Peng (2016) renovation projects Liobikiene, Mandravickaite, and My friends think I should participate in community Bernatoniene (2016) renovation projects Construction practitioners think that I should be involved in the community renovation Perceived behavioural control I believe I will participate in community renovation Armitage and Conner (2001) projects if I want to Kim and Han (2010) I can participate in community renovation projects in the future I have enough time and resources to participate in community renovation projects Personal norm I have a moral obligation to participate in community Sang et al. (2020) renovation projects Han et al. (2019) I have a moral responsibility to participate in community renovation projects I think I should do my best to participate in community renovation projects Governmental incentives The establishment of a dedicated residents’ services Chan et al. (2017) organisation by the government will increase our Diyana and Abidin (2013) participation Yin et al. (2016) Government supplies direct grants to participate in Zhang et al. (2019) community renovation projects Government supplies a soft loan incentive to participate in community renovation projects Residents are willing to I want to experience the community renovation project Liu et al. (2018) participate in the renovation of I would like to recommend the community renovation old houses project to others to attend I want to participate in the community renovation project reliability of the data are high. As shown in Table 3, Table 2. Demographic characteristics of the respondents Cronbach’s alpha passed the test. (N = 353). The validity tests provided convergent and discrimi- Variable Group Frequency Percentage(%) Gender Male 208 58.9% nant validities. Convergent validity indicates the Female 145 41.1% degree of convergence of questions in the same Age 18–25 67 19.0% dimension (the degree of relevance of the questions). 26–35 198 56.1% 36–45 44 12.5% The discriminant validity refers to the degree of differ - 46–55 28 7.9% ence between different dimensional constructs. >55 16 4.5% Education High school and below 40 11.3% Convergent validity was tested using combined relia- Junior college 77 21.8% bility (CR) and average extracted variance (AVE) Bachelor degree 187 53.0% Master degree 44 12.5% (Fornell and Larcker 1981). CR estimates above Ph.D. 5 1.4% a critical value of 0.7 correspond to acceptable levels Income <1000 40 11.3% 1001–3000 44 12.5% of convergent validity (Fornell and Larcker 1981), and 3001–5000 52 14.7% an AVE value above 0.5 indicates good convergent 5001–7000 50 14.2% validity (Fornell and Larcker 1981). Chin et al. (Chin, 7001–9000 54 15.3% >9000 113 32.0% Gopal, and Salisbury 1997) suggested a standardised Occupation Senior manager 17 4.8% factor-loading threshold of 0.6; the data are acceptable Middle manager 60 17.0% General staff 201 56.9% when the standardised factor data in the study are Self-employed person 26 7.4% close to or above 0.6. As shown by the calculated Student 38 10.8% Retiree 11 3.1% values listed in Table 3, the model met these criteria. In occupation, senior manager is usually the main leader and sub-main An AVE square root greater than the inter-concept leader of the organisation (e.g. school principal, vice principal, party standardised regression weighting coefficient indi- secretary, etc.), middle manager is the person in charge of specific matters in the organisation (e.g. director in charge of teaching, director cates good discriminant validity (Chin, Gopal, and in charge of safety, etc.), general staff is usually the person who per- Salisbury 1997). The discriminant validity analysis is forms actions in the organisation (e.g. teachers, cleaners in the school) shown in Table 4. and self-employed person is a freelancer who does not have an agency. 8 S. XIAO ET AL. Table 3. Standardised item loadings, average extracted, combined reliability and alpha values. Latent variable Item Standardised item loading Cronbach’s α CR AVE Awareness of AC1 0.887 0.891 0.892 0.734 consequences AC2 0.849 AC3 0.831 Ascription of AR1 0.794 0.879 0.881 0.712 responsibility AR2 0.843 AR3 0.891 Subjective norm SN1 0.87 0.893 0.894 0.738 SN2 0.844 SN3 0.862 Perceived behavioural control PBC1 0.844 0.885 0.886 0.721 PBC2 0.865 PBC3 0.84 Personal norm PN1 0.84 0.894 0.894 0.737 PN2 0.873 PN3 0.862 Governmental GI1 0.843 0.895 0.895 0.740 incentives GI2 0.814 GI3 0.913 Participate intention PI1 0.867 0.890 0.894 0.739 PI2 0.858 PI3 0.856 Table 4. Constructs’ correlations and square roots of AVE. Construct AC AR SN PBC PN GI PI AC 0.857 AR 0.323 0.844 SN 0.143 0.027 0.859 PBC 0.424 0.383 0.265 0.849 PN 0.264 0.288 0.186 0.393 0.859 GI 0.402 0.440 0.213 0.469 0.404 0.860 PI 0.402 0.404 0.197 0.424 0.338 0.481 0.859 The bold italic numbers presented diagonally are the square root of AVE. 4.2. Model goodness-of-fit test 4.3. Hypothesis testing The goodness-of-fit indices of the model were examined 4.3.1. Results of the path coefficient test using AMOS 26. In this study, seven indicators, chi- AMOS 26 was used to test the path coefficients. Table 6 square/ (degree of freedom (χ2/df), the goodness-of-fit shows the results of the structural model. All eight index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), rela- hypotheses were supported at a significance level of tive fit index (RFI), normed fit index (NFI), comparative fit 0.05, and two hypotheses were not supported. The index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation standardised path coefficients indicate the relationship (RMSEA), were selected to test the model fit. The results and degree of influence between the constructs in the showed a χ2/df value of 2.119 < 3; GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI, IFI structural model. and TLI were all acceptable criteria (Zhang et al. 2018; Together, PBC, PN and GI explained 33.3% of the Hu and Bentler 1999), and RMSEA value was variance in the willingness to participate in PI, with PBC 0.056 < 0.08. These results all satisfy the criteria, indicat- (β = 0.218, t = 3.242 and p = ***), PN (β = 0.122, ing that the model fit was satisfactory and that the t = 2.179 and p = 0.029*) and GI (β = 0.370, t = 5.693 model could be used for further research. The results and p = ***) significantly influencing residents’ will- of the model fitting are shown in Table 5. ingness to participate in older communities, thus Table 5. Model fit indices. Fit Indices Criteria Indicators Chi-square 372.892 Chi-square/(degree of freedom) <5 acceptable; 2.119 <3 good Goodness-of-fit index (GFI) >0.8 acceptable; 0.915 >0.9 good Adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) >0.8 acceptable; 0.888 >0.9 good Normed fit index (NFI) >0.9 0.927 Comparative fit index (CFI) >0.9 0.960 Incremental fit index (IFI) >0.9 0.960 Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) >0.9 0.952 Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) <0.1 acceptable; 0.056 <0.08 good JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 9 Table 6. Standardised path coefficients of the structural model and hypothesis testing. Standard Path Path coefficient Deviation T-values P-values Result H1: PBC→PI 0.218 0.065 3.242 *** Support H2: PN→PI 0.122 0.053 2.179 0.029* Support H3: AC→PN 0.098 0.062 1.582 0.114 No Support H4: AC→AR 0.375 0.057 6.366 *** Support H5: AR→PN 0.174 0.062 2.888 0.004** Support H6: SN→PN 0.100 0.057 1.728 0.084 No Support H7: SN→PBC 0.175 0.051 3.254 *** Support H8: PBC→PN 0.315 0.063 5.128 *** Support H9: GI→PBC 0.503 0.057 8.689 *** Support H10: GI→PI 0.370 0.063 5.693 *** Support *p < 0.05;**p < 0.01;***p ≤ 0.001. supporting H1, H2 and H10. AR (β = 0.174, t = 2.888 made equal to that of the baseline model to examine and p = 0.004**), PBC (β = 0.315, t = 5.128 and p = ***) whether the composition of the measurement model had a significant effect on PN, AC (β = 0.098, t = 1.582 was constant across groups. However, in model B, the and p = 0.114), SN (β = 0.100, t = 1.728 and p = 0.084) structural weights were made equal to that of model did not have a significant effect on PN, the above AR, A to examine whether the structural weights (i.e. path PBC, AC and SN together explained 21.5% of the var- coefficients) were constant across groups. If the results iance in PN, with H5 and H8 supported and H3 and H6 of model A were not significant (p > 0.05), then the not supported. In addition, AC (β = 0.375, t = 6.366 and composition of the measurement model would be p = ***) was significant for AR, explaining 14.1% of the constant across all groups, and the questionnaire (or variance, thus supporting H4. SN (β = 0.175, t = 3.254, scale) designed for the study could be applied to dif- and p = ***) and GI (β = 0.503, t = 8.689, and p = ***) ferent groups. If the results of model A were significant, explained 32.6% of the variance in PBC, thus support- then different questionnaires had to be designed for ing H7 and H9. different groups or the composition of the latent vari- ables required further adjustment. If the results of model B were not significant (p > 0.05), then the 4.3.2. Intermediation effects structural model would be constant across all groups, The mediating effect allows for the analysis of the pro- the same influencing mechanism would be discussed cess and mechanism of influence of the independent across groups and the factors did not moderate the variables on the dependent variable. As shown in structure of the model. However, if model B was sig- Figure 1, there are four mediating variables in this nificant, then the assumed influencing mechanism of model. The confidence interval test was conducted the baseline model varied across groups and further using the Bootstrap confidence interval method in discussion of the influencing mechanism across groups AMOS 26 (Portnov et al. 2018), with 2000 replicates of would be required. the sample, and the mediation effect was tested at Due to sample size limitations, gender, age, income a 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval test and education were divided into two groups, each for bias-corrected in the Bootstrap method indicates according to data distribution characteristics for com- a significant mediation effect when the intersection of parison to ensure that the sample size of each group the upper and lower bounds does not contain 0. Table 7 was as balanced as possible. Gender was divided into shows the results of the mediation effect analysis of the the male group (N = 208) and female group (N = 145), model. The four paths “SN→PBC→PN”, “AC→AR→PN”, and age was divided into the youth group (18–35 years “PBC→PN→PI” and “GI→PBC→ PI”, with the effect per- old, N = 265) and the middle-aged group (35 years old centages of 100%, 27.61%, 18.76% and 24.85% respec- and above, N = 88). Income was divided into the low- tively, of which “SN→PBC→PN” was fully mediated. income group (monthly household income of 7000 and below, N = 186) and the high-income group 4.3.3. Multi-group comparison result (monthly household income of 7000 and above, Constancy was tested using continuous nesting con- N = 167) and education was divided into the low- straints. In model A, the measurement weights were Table 7. Results of the mediation effect test. a*b c’ items c a*b (95% Boot CI) c’ (95% Boot CI) Mediating effect percentage SN→PBC→PN 0.194 0.102 0.050 ~ 0.156 0.092 −0.012 ~ 0.196 Totally 100.00% AC→AR→PN 0.295 0.081 0.035 ~ 0.120 0.213 0.097 ~ 0.329 Partial 27.61% PBC→PN→PI 0.429 0.080 0.033 ~ 0.138 0.348 0.246 ~ 0.450 Partial 18.76% GI→PBC→PI 0.480 0.119 0.061 ~ 0.194 0.360 0.260 ~ 0.461 Partial 24.85% The c denotes total effect value; a*b denotes the mediating effect value; c’ denotes the direct effect value. 10 S. XIAO ET AL. Table 8. Multi-group comparison result. Group Model DF CMIN P Δ NFI Δ IFI Δ RFI Δ TLI Gender A 14 9.231 0.816 0.002 0.002 −0.004 −0.004 B 10 13.819 0.181 0.003 0.003 −0.001 −0.001 Age A 14 8.355 0.870 0.002 0.002 −0.003 −0.003 B 10 9.903 0.449 0.002 0.002 −0.001 −0.001 Income A 14 18.367 0.191 0.004 0.004 −0.001 −0.001 B 10 23.379 0.009 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.002 Education A 14 9.552 0.794 0.002 0.002 −0.003 −0.004 B 10 13.215 0.212 0.002 0.003 −0.001 −0.001 education group (education at college and below, clusters. The analysis concludes that income has N = 117) and the high-education group (education at a moderating effect on the effect of PBC on residents’ bachelor’s degree and above, N = 236). The results are intention to participate (hypothesis H1), with a standardised path coefficient of 0.586 for the high- presented in Table 8. The results highlight that the p-values of sex, age, income group and 0.052 for the low-income group, education and whether or not to contact the item nearly 10 times the effect of the high-income group grouping in models A and B are over 0.05 (i.e. the than the low-income group. This demonstrates that sample differences are not significant), and the abso- the facilitation of PBC on residents’ intention to parti- lute increments of the fitted indicators are small, indi- cipate is more pronounced under the effect of high cating that sex, age, education and whether or not to income and that when the high-income group feels contact the item have good constancy in the measure- that their financial ability at their disposal, their inten- ment model and structural model of residents’ inten- tion to renovate is stronger. tion to participate renovation. Income groupings have a p-value of below 0.05 in model B, indicating that different income groups pro- 5. Discussion and reflection duce significant differences in intention to participate, 5.1. Discussion i.e. income plays a moderating role in the model, as shown in Figure 2, where the numbers in brackets next Based on the TPB and the NAM theory, this study to each pathway are the standardised pathway coeffi - investigates the process by which seven factors, cients for different income groups (i.e. low-income including PBC, GI and PN influence residents’ group, high-income group). intention to participate in the renovation of older Table 9 shows the critical ratios of the model path communities. Ten hypotheses were proposed, eight of which are supported. H3 and H6 are not coefficients, and when |CR| > 1.96 (i.e. P < 0.05), the supported. path proved to be significantly different between the 0.200,0 .186 Perceived 0.401,0.581 Subjective Government Behavioral Norm Incentives Control 0.052 0.568 0.357,0.273 0.357,0.291 0.115,0.064 0.122,0 .067 0.088,0.169 Awareness of Personal Participate Consequences Norm Intention 0.222,0.085 0.284,0.395 Ascription of Responsibility Figure 2. Modelling of regulatory effects. Table 9. Critical ratio of path coefficient. Hypothesis H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 CR 3.297 0.217 −0.477 0.542 −0.908 −0.557 −0.732 −0.105 1.377 −1.082 JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 11 The results support H1, H9 and H10 in the model, power of participation in renovation and showing which aligns with the findings of Zhang (Zhang et al. a strong desire to renovate older communities. Thus, 2018) and Shin et al. (Shin et al. 2018), according to income has a more pronounced moderating effect in which both GI and PBC significantly affect intention to the “PBC→PI” path. participate, with GI being the most important factor affecting residents’ intention to participate in the reno- 5.2. Reflections and recommendations vation of older communities. Furthermore, GI also indirectly affect residents’ intention to participate by This study has important implications for policy devel- influencing PBC. In addition, PBC directly influences opment for the government. First, the government’s intention to participate in addition to indirectly role significantly impacts residents’ participation inten- through the activation of PN. Therefore, hypothesis tions. The government can more easily achieve the H2 is also supported. goal of green, low-carbon and sustainable develop- Contrary to the findings of other investigations, ment by introducing environmentally friendly renova- hypotheses H3 and H6 were not validated, and SN tion content and processes in conjunction with green and AC did not directly affect PN (Sang et al. 2020). energy-saving technologies. This will also raise the This is primarily due to Zhangjiakou’s ranking as residents’ awareness of environmental protection and a fourth-tier Chinese city. Compared to residents of help them more readily awaken their altruistic mind- medium and large cities, those of smaller cities are sets. The government should strengthen publicity by more concerned with the dynamics in and around introducing content that addresses the policy, mean- their communities due to multiple factors such as ing, objectives, content and process and demonstrat- regional economy and culture and are unable to ing successful cases and the effectiveness of the experience first-hand the functions of the renovated renovation. The form of publicity, self-published communities under the incipient situation of old com- media platforms like public websites can be utilised munity renovation. Consequently, they more cau- for publicity in addition to the conventional techni- tiously approach promotion and publicity from the ques to increase locals’ awareness of current social outside world and do not realise that they require it. concerns and their sense of responsibility. The imple- In addition, residents of small cities are not sufficiently mentation of the green and low-carbon concept is aware of the relationship between urban renewal and strengthened, and the renewal of the supporting facil- energy efficiency to professionally perceive the nega- ities around the community is promoted, leading to tive impacts of demolition and redevelopment or to the renovation of the surface. This both influences the understand the actual benefits of urban renewal. intention to participate directly and enhances the PBC Hypothesis H6 is not supported by the fact that resi- of residents indirectly; moreover, it also stimulates dents do not see it as their own fault when they think it their enthusiasm for participation and the spirit of is a minor issue, which prevents them from activat- human ownership. In addition, in certain areas, the ing PN. government provided financial subsidies ranging In addition, it is hypothesised that H4, H5, H7 and from RMB 150/m for the small scale of the initial H8 are supported. Personal norms were significantly renovation projects in old communities. The concept influenced by the mediating effects of “SN→PBC→PN” of “active guidance and appropriate subsidies” has and “AC→AR→PN”, which also significantly influenced enhanced residents’ awareness of the renovation pro- the intention to participate, which aligns with previous jects. Furthermore, the creation of specific service research findings. PN, as the link between altruistic and organisations and attentive public listening are excel- egoistic models, is driven to altruism by their own lent strategies for encouraging resident participation. moral constraints and their external influences. When Second, the parties involved must improve the PN is activated, residents’ sense of moral responsibility community engagement system and focus on the opi- increases accordingly and they take the initiative to nions of the residents. The government’s all-inclusive participate in community renovations. restoration model for community renovation, The PBC influence of high and low-income groups a livelihood project, may conflict with people’s on residents’ intentions to partake in the renovation of immediate requirements, and there is also a dearth of older communities varied, according to the group ana- effective exposure to the most recent government lysis. Low-income groups may be limited by economic policies. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a sound factors, and even if they are not satisfied with the mechanism for community participation, stimulate existing living environment, they are not willing to the ownership of residents, establish special organisa- pay for it, so they do not feel strongly about it and tions to publicise national policies in addition to low- are more reluctant to participate in the renovation. carbon targets, relay the needs of residents, to forge However, the higher income groups may be more will- links between the government and residents. ing to pay for the improvement of their existing living Residents’ PBC and PN will likely be improved by creat- environment, positively contributing to the perceived ing a positive community atmosphere and a bottom- 12 S. XIAO ET AL. up participation paradigm, which will affect residents’ in the refurbishment to identify more effective ways to intention to engage. encourage locals to partake in the project. In addition, group analysis of varied income levels However, this study has several limitations. First, indicated a moderating influence in the route of PBC although intended behaviour is an effective predic- on participation intention. Low-income groups have tor, it is not identical to the actual behaviour. a low intention to participate, and appropriate subsi- Therefore, future research on the real behaviour of dies can stimulate their intention to participate. The residents participating in community renovations current policy on subsidies for community renewal should be performed. Second, despite the fact that projects is low, predominantly due to the existing Zhangjiakou is a typical city, the sample source is still urban renewal relying excessively on government geographically constrained and might not be repre- financial funds, the lack of motivation for funding, the sentative of some of the more economically powerful low intention of social capital investment and the lack provinces and cities, and regions of different eco- of more funds to subsidise residents. This reduces the nomic levels may produce different research results. goodwill and participation of low-income residents. In future studies, the number and target population Therefore, combining the financial resources of the of the survey can be expanded, diversified demo- government, residents and the community is the graphics can be added to reflect the actual transfor- most effective method to find a solution. These are mation market, questionnaires can be implemented all measures at the level of egotism. in other regions and the subsequent research results Finally, increasing a sense of belonging to the com- can be compared with the present research results, munity is a powerful strategy to encourage residents’ which will be of greater value to interested parties. altruistic psychology. Due to the lack of cultural infra- Finally, there is no research on whether residents’ structure and community cultural activities, the major- previous participation affects their intention to parti- ity of older communities currently do not have a good cipate again, which can be added in a posteriori community culture. Therefore, the rational planning of studies. public space infrastructure and community activities is a priority in community renovation, not only to make Disclosure statement the residents feel the significance of the renovation but also to enhance their sense of belonging to the No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). community and thus strengthen the altruistic mentality. Notes on contributors 6. Conclusion Shuochen Xiao, PhD, is a lecturer whose research focuses on user behavior analysis and intelligent decision-making. She The renovation of old communities alleviates the con- has published more than 15 papers in domestic and interna- tradiction between urban construction needs and sus- tional academic journals and conferences, and has partici- tainable development goals and is an effective way to pated as a key researcher in projects supported by the achieve energy saving and emission reduction. Despite National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Key R&D Program. an expanding corpus of study, the psychological mechanisms influencing residents’ intention to partici- Lei Li is a master's student, participated in 2 projects at the pate in renovation remain to be clarified. This study departmental and university levels, 5 papers were indexed by CNKI, one of which was indexed by China Science and explores the routes of effect from egoistic and altruistic Technology Core. psychology on residents’ inclination to participate in the repair of older communities, spanning both rational Jing Ma is a master's degree student, participated in 3 pro- vincial and departmental level projects, research direction is and moral reasons, based on the TPB-NAM theory and cost management. government incentives. By constructing structural equation models, path analysis, mediating effect analy- Dan Liu is an MA TESOL student at the University of Liverpool. sis and multi-group comparative analysis to find the mechanism of influence between the seven elements Jiahao Li is a master's degree student. and the relationship between the relevant elements. The study demonstrates that (1) GI is the most impor- ORCID tant driver of intention to participate followed by PBC and PN. (2) The partial mediation effects of the Lei Li http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-792X AC→AR→PN, PBC→PN→PI and GI→PBC→PI paths and the total mediation utility of the SN→PBC→PN References path were verified. (3) Low-income groups are less likely to participate in the pathway of PBC on intention to Abrahamse, W., L. Steg, R. Gifford, and C. Vlek. 2009. “Factors participate. 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Journal

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering – Taylor & Francis

Published: May 4, 2023

Keywords: Urban renewal; community renovation; theory of planned behaviour; norm activation model theory; participatory planning

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