Abstract
Driven by governments, all countries are enacting laws related to environmental improvements and establishing policies to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG). Because 26.9% of the reduction plans from a total of 30% of national GHG reduction targets is set in the building area, most countries are inducing green building expansion through the implementation of green building standards that reflect the countries' standards to achieve the 2020 target. To construct buildings that conform to the certification by satisfying the eco-friendliness of buildings, studies that consider this requirement should be performed from the initial design stage. However, there are several complicated work processes and problems in analysing items in detail, recognizing demand related to data, and applying data to work. Accordingly, the development of new applicable techniques is required that can support the information of detailed items in certification more efficiently to vitalize green buildings based on green building standards. From this perspective, this study seeks to propose a practical method to support the design of green buildings using a GBT, BIM-based green template, and to develop the supportive and evaluative environment for the demands of green building standards via GBT. Keywords: Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED); Green Building; Green BIM Template (GBT); Building Information Modelling (BIM); Level of Detail (LOD) 1. Introduction With respect to the evaluation method for G-SEED 1.1 Research Background and Purpose implemented in Korea, inspectors perform evaluations Green buildings suggest the direction to follow manually based on design documents and related to achieve the sustainable goal of the construction materials presented by the designers. However, industry; for related information and standards, because the detailed standards required for G-SEED one can refer to green building certification certification are diverse and the evaluation process programs. Most countries manage green building is complicated, the information to review and the certification programs with applicable standards; work processes required to compute the certification typical examples are Leadership in Energy and grade are increasing. Therefore, receiving a G-SEED Environmental Design (LEED) from the USA, certification grade is time-consuming because of Building Research Establishment Environmental the amount of time required to conduct such an Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) from the evaluation. Furthermore, problems such as missing UK, Comprehensive Assessment System for Built data and subjective decisions might occur, thereby Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) from Japan, and destroying credibility. In addition, as the amount Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design of required design documents and related materials (G-SEED) from Korea. increase, unnecessary resources are wasted, causing environmental problems. Accordingly, to revitalize the construction of green buildings based on G-SEED, the development of a new technique that provides effective *Contact Author: Mikyoung Kim, Ph.D. Candidate, support with respect to detailed certification items is School of Architecture, Hanyang University required. 406-2 FTC, 17 Haengdang-dong Sungdong-Gu, This study seeks to propose a Green BIM Template Seoul, Republic of Korea (GBT), a Building Information Modelling (BIM)- Tel: +82-102-829-3523 Fax: +82-222-200-264 based green template, and to construct an evaluation E-mail: nnyang2mk@hanyang.ac.kr system that users (designers) or reviewers can utilize ( Received April 8, 2014 ; accepted November 1, 2014 ) to evaluate G-SEED certifications. GBT is a platform Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/January 2015/16 9 that provides the environment to automatically extract inputting data in advance through the template (Yang, the information required to evaluate the G-SEED 2012). Accordingly, the template has the following standard through the BIM model that contains functional characteristics: environmental performance information and computes • Classification according to the purpose of the the final certification grade. According to the automatic template certification process and evaluation, users can find • Reuse for repetitive work type objective information quickly and confirm a trusting • Group input data defined in advance certification grade. Moreover, a simplified process, • Process data via the designated input-output form compared to the existing green building certification • Minimize users' action of missing the data to programs, reduces cost and time, thus providing input, thus reducing mistakes convenience to users. Accordingly, this program • Production of consistent and effective outcome contributes to the revitalization of improved green Accordingly, the template that actualizes the buildings because a wider approach becomes available functions necessary to apply to BIM-based building that considers the users' situation, and information design processes can be defined as a BIM template. analysis and management also become available. If such a template is applied to real works, the BIM 1.2 Study Method and Procedure library and information type can be standardized, and This study seeks to revitalize green buildings through all workers can be provided with a consistent working the establishment of BIM-based systems for objective environment. Moreover, various alternative methods and effective green building certification evaluation can be considered more quickly than when using (G-SEED). The scope of the study is set based on 2D based design by utilizing BIM data types. The the evaluation standards of G-SEED for apartment consistent and effective outcome obtained through the houses that were announced on June 2013; Autodesk BIM template can be used in the construction area as Revit , Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel were well as the building design area (Lee et al., 2011). used as the development platform. For users who 2.2 Green Standard for Energy and Environmental have difficulty accessing green building designs, we Design (G-SEED) performed this study with the methods described in In February 2013, green building-related laws, in the next paragraphs in order to find the techniques for which targets and certification standards overlapped, developing the GBT prototype that is the evaluation were consolidated when G-SEED, an integrated green environment through which users can access green building certification program, was officially launched. buildings by a system that uses G-SEED, and to find This is the program that grants green building the plan for its use. certification to buildings that contribute to energy First, the background, purpose, scope, and method savings and reduce environmental pollution over entire of this study are introduced in the instruction part. processes, such as design, construction, maintenance, Second, the BIM-based green template concept is and management. established by managing the need of BIM for green Table 1. G-SEED Characteristics buildings via a theoretical study, and green building Division Content certification programs from Korea and overseas are Target buildings for Apartment building, Complex analysed. certification (eight building, Business building, School Third, the BIM application method is set via the types of buildings) facility, Accommodation facility, Small house, etc. analysis of detailed G-SEED items, and its applicability Certification Use of land and transportation, is examined. judgment area (eight Energy and environmental pollution, Fourth, the GBT concept and structure are areas) Material and resources, Water established, the process applied to G-SEED is circulation management, Maintenance organized, and the system for obtaining the final and management, Ecological G-SEED certification grade is constructed. environment, Indoor environment, Building performance area. Fifth, the method to utilize the constructed GBT is Evaluation items Total 54 items sought. (Based on apartment Lastly, the supplemental needs of the constructed building) BIM-based system and the establishment of the Class Best (Green first class), Excellent development plan in the future are managed. (Green second class), Good (Green third class), Average (Green fourth class). 2. Theoretical Review Incentive Reduction of acquisition tax and 2.1 Concept of BIM Template for Green Building registration tax, Alleviation of According to the dictionary definition, a template is building regulations such as ratio a consistent input form that is arranged with a certain of floor area to site, Reduction of frequently used structure in order to obtain an outcome environmental improvement charges. suitable for a specific purpose. Users can obtain the outcome they require by quickly and thoroughly 10 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Hanjong Jun Table 2. Extraction Method of BIM Data 3. BIM Application Method for G-SEED Division Schedules(txt) Green Building 3.1 Construction of the Library for BIM Modelling XML (gbXML) The BIM model is a 3D modelling technique and Extraction Area, Volume, Level, Location, room a design tool with object information. Therefore, Data Height, W idth, a r e a , v o l u m e , the construction of a library that includes object Structural, U-Value, Building Storey, information is required. To assess G-SEED evaluation Specific Heat, Su rfa c e Na m e , items; this is the purpose of this study, a library of wall, Thermal Conductivity, Opening Environmental Mark floor, window, and door, which are the main elements comprising buildings, along with corresponding of building space; in particular, the schedules can send environmental performance data and other basic data, the environmental performance information included was made as shown in Fig.1. in the library. gbXML extracts information about the inner space of buildings as well as the building elements that comprise the space. Accordingly, to judge the applicability of G-SEED items to BIM, the data required to evaluate the items should be identified; then, these items should be evaluated by choosing a method that can provide suitable information. 3.3 Method of Applying BIM to G-SEED Using BIM modelling, data attribute information and object information that suite the requirements by item subsection is identified; then, the extraction availability is analysed. The information extracted by this analysis is catalogued to build a database and utilized as input data by the algorithm of a formula of the process system constructed in advance in accordance with Fig.1. Data Structure of Library the purpose of this study. In addition to the automatic input method that directly uses the input data extracted 3.2 Extraction of BIM Model Data through the BIM model for evaluation, a checklist BIM modelling is implemented using the library method and a user input method were utilized. The that includes environmental performance information, checklist method and the user input method are used to and the applicability of G-SEED evaluation items is assess the items that cannot be evaluated quantitatively analysed via the extraction of BIM model data. For or through BIM data. the extraction of BIM data, the schedules(txt) method, 3.3.1 Automatic Input Method a method to extract Autodesk Revit data, and the The automatic input method is used to evaluate open file format Green Building XML (gbXML) data extracted through BIM modelling. Users perform were used. The schedules is the table mode where the BIM modelling utilizing the library that includes data extracted from the element characteristics of the environmental performance information. The BIM building modelled with Autodesk Revit is marked. ® model data is sent to the schedules of Autodesk Revit The data that changes when modifying a model is and to the open file format gbXML to be substituted automatically updated in the schedules, such that data into the formula that was input and calculated in can be extracted reflecting the change. The schedules advance. Then, the score and certification class are method is compatible with other software such that decided according to standards. schedules can be sent to different software, such as The detailed modelling for all building components spreadsheets. is not available when evaluating G-SEED detailed gbXML is a tool for building design models items. Accordingly, an LOD setting is required to assess and for engineering analysis. gbXML is an open G-SEED evaluation. The BIM modelling level is decided file format developed to easily transport building information using a consistent format and to support Table 3. Contents of LOD Steps to Evaluate G-SEED Items LOD Steps Contents interoperability through processes. Therefore, this LOD 100 Items to be evaluated as information through method has a merit in that it can be interlocked with surrounding site environment and mass shape. BIM software and implemented in a fast and simple LOD 200 Items related to building element plan and manner because of its XML structure. Moreover, plane plan. editing and inputting additional information is simple LOD 300 Items to be evaluated as substantial modelling of building elements. because the interface is intuitive. LOD 400 Items related to facility, pipe, etc. associated From the information listed in Table 2., the after MEP modelling. difference of the attribute information extracted from LOD 500 Items related to maintenance and management the schedules and gbXML can be found. The schedules after construction, which are information can extract information such as basic area and volume identical to real buildings. JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Hanjong Jun 11 by judging the LOD step of the items that can be judged Among certification items, with the checklist method, through the automatic input method. Based on the LOD users can see the standards and directly verify the step definition (AIA, 2008) the content of BIM modelling corresponding value to obtain a result. This method is by LOD steps used to evaluate G-SEED certification applied to quantitative items that cannot be evaluated items is defined as listed in Table 3. (Kim et al., 2013). using BIM data. For example, '5.2.1 Items related to Upon the analysis of the LOD steps of the automatic management/maintenance of documents and validity of input method, G-SEED items can be evaluated through guidance provision' as shown in Fig.2. is used to evaluate BIM modelling of the LOD 300 step. whether manuals and guides for effective management and maintenance are provided to building managers; thus, this item cannot be judged through the data extracted by the BIM model. Therefore, users can determine whether the documents have been provided and directly check the corresponding items. Consequently, the item score is decided based on the number of checked items, and certification classes can be granted. 3.4.3 User Input Method This is the method through which users directly input values into a pre-set evaluation formula to obtain results. With respect to the information required to evaluate items, if the data cannot be extracted using the BIM model, users can directly input data values. Fig.2. Automatic Input Method 3.4.2 Checklist Method Fig.4. User Input Method For example, in Fig.3., with respect to '1.4.3 Items related to the distance between city centre/regional centre and complex centre', the straight-line distance between city centre/regional centre and complex centre is measured, then the certification class and score are granted according to the standards. The distance to the regional centre and the city centre cannot be known through the BIM model; therefore, users can directly input the distance and conduct an evaluation. By classifying the application of the BIM method to G-SEED, a total of five items could be evaluated using 11 automatic input items, 15 checklist method items, ten user input method items, and five automatic input and user input items. Fig.3. Checklist Method 12 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Hanjong Jun Table 4. Method of Applying BIM to G-SEED 4.3 GBT Application Scenario Total GBT is a template that provides a modelling guide to Application Items Percent (Items) evaluate BIM-based G-SEED and can be interoperable Automatic Input 11 26.8% with BIM-based certification programs. GBT is Checklist 15 36.6% involved in the construction of the process by which User Input 10 24.4% the results of the G-SEED evaluation by a BIM-based Automatic Input & 5 12.2% template can be obtained. Accordingly, constructing User Input a scenario for the utilization of BIM is required to 4. The Application of GBT to G-SEED evaluate G-SEED items. 4.1 GBT Concept As seen in Fig.6. GBT consists of five steps: the GBT is a BIM-based template used to construct the DATA step, the BIM modelling step, the information evaluation environment to assess G-SEED certification. extraction step, the analysis step, and the result step. GBT includes the guide platform GBT for the In this process, GBTⓘ suggests a BIM modelling modelling with which environmental analysis (energy guide and provides a data input environment. GBTⓞ performance, CO production) is available. GBT also provides a data output environment and obtains the includes GBT that links to G-SEED, and whose final G-SEED result via interlocking with an evaluation purpose is to support G-SEED. Accordingly, GBT is system. defined as the template to obtain appropriate outcomes by automatically constructing the environment that links to the certification program using BIM. 4.2 GBT Structure To obtain the G-SEED outcome, which is a role of GBT, GBT can be set by dividing it into GBT with a structure capable of modelling and analysing the system, and by GBT with the structure by which the environment that links to the system is made, as shown in Fig.5. Fig.6. GBT Application Scenario In the GBT application scenario, the BIM writing tool Autodesk Revit , which is GBTⓘ , is used for the BIM-based G-SEED evaluation process with respect to tool utilization, as shown in Fig.7. In addition, the BIM data link platform Microsoft Access, which is GBTⓞ , and the evaluation reporting system Microsoft Excel are used. Fig.5. GBT Structure GBT , the platform guide for modelling, is set by dividing it into Pre-set and Mainframe Using Pre- set, users can verify and modify the required working types with a View template. Pre-set is where the predetermined values of the library that is added with standardization, user definition, and environmental performance information, along with the information of arrangement elements, are set in advance. Mainframe is the platform where modelling work is performed Fig.7. Process for BIM-based G-SEED Assessment through the library that is predetermined in Pre-set. The data for G-SEED evaluation is verified with pre- In GBT ⓘ , the constructed library of the BIM set data; then, BIM modelling is implemented. writing tool is used for BIM modelling. Data is sent The data extracted from the BIM model is the through a BIM model, and the data sent are imported to predetermined value of the rule-set of GBT , which a BIM data link evaluation platform, which is GBTⓞ is our newly developed system environment. This is the process, such that the database can be constructed. A element by which an algorithm is set by a method for query is set to coordinate and process the imported obtaining the result of G-SEED and where the result data. can be confirmed. The final G-SEED certification result Form is the environment where users can easily passes through the GBT and GBT processes. ⓘ ⓞ identify the data set by a query by visualizing it. The JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Hanjong Jun 13 user input method and the checklist method work with platform that imports the extracted information into the the query; therefore, the score and class of all items BIM model and processes the information to evaluate can be verified. If an unsatisfactory result is obtained, G-SEED, then verifies the class and score of each item, the users can verify the score of each item; therefore, and reports the result that verifies the final score and the users can easily revise the BIM model and make certification class. any appropriate modifications. 4.5.1 Application of BIM Data Link Evaluation The result reporting system is directly linked to the Platform query, which is the BIM data link evaluation platform; The extracted data is imported into the BIM data thus, the score and class of each item can be verified link platform, which consists of a table, query, and through data sharing and the final result can be verified form as demonstrated in Table 8. The table is the through the final G-SEED result report. database that imports gbXML, and the schedules are 4.4 GBTⓘ Application the data extracted from the BIM model. G-SEED's GBTⓘ is a template that constructs the BIM model detailed evaluation items, with respect to '3.4.1 by providing the BIM modelling guide to evaluate Verifying the use of green certification product to G-SEED and extract related information. recycle available resources', the products with the 4.4.1 BIM Modelling GR mark certification and the products without the Modelling is performed using the library that certification are all extracted from the items used to includes environmental performance information. As evaluate the number of products that received the GR explained for the GBTⓘ structure, in the Pre-set, the mark. However, only the products that received the library of door, floor, window, and wall, which are GR mark certification are required; therefore, only the building design elements, is constructed as listed and certified product data are extracted, and the products included in a template such that users can choose the that did not receive certification through the query are elements necessary to conduct modelling. excluded. Accordingly, the query sets the data imported The BIM model that uses the library is a one-story into the table in accordance with the necessary use, apartment building (duplex) with two units that are such as combination and process. The form provides 500 m in size. To make the surrounding environment the environment such that users can verify score and available for G-SEED evaluation, the entire site, a class by visualizing the data that was set in the query. nature strip, adjacent buildings, a community centre, a In addition, users evaluate the user input method and public facility for residents, bicycle storage, and a food checklist method using the form. waste treatment facility were subject to modelling. The score and certification class by item can be 4.4.2 BIM Data Extraction verified in the form; consequently, this form provides If a BIM model is made, the information should feedback to users. Before interlocking to the result be extracted for G-SEED evaluation. Table 6. reporting system, users can verify the G-SEED demonstrates the schedules template that was set certification class through the form. In addition, the in advance at GBTⓘ , and the appearance of the form suggests the standard for a higher class such that schedules and gbXML, which are the methods used to users can determine how to improve certain parts. extract information. 4.5.2 Application of Result Reporting System GBTⓞ includes the work performed in the BIM Table 5. Environment.of GBTⓘ data link platform, and is the system for interlocking Division GBT Schedules(txt) gbXML with the result reporting system. The result reporting system largely consists of three sections. As Table 7. demonstrates, this system is divided into the section Image where the data list linked to the query is organized, the section where the score of each item is computed using the data, and the section where the certification class of G-SEED evaluation items and G-SEED building BIM Modelling Guide, Part certification class are obtained. Environment of Input Data The interlocked query is updated automatically For BIM data extraction, gbXML, another method with the addition and update of new data in the table. to extract data, can evaluate three items, which is a The updated query data can be imported using the smaller number compared to the schedules method. interlocking function by importing the query data from However, gbXML is linked to the basic building Excel similar to the connecting part of the query data. information (user information, building location, This data is interlocked to an Excel spreadsheet where evaluation date, etc.) and other BIM software; thus, formulas are input in advance to compute the score gbXML can verify the form and conduct necessary by item, such that the score and class of each item simulation. are computed automatically. Lastly, all information 4.5 GBTⓞ Application for G-SEED certification are interlocked with the GBTⓞ consists of a BIM data link evaluation spreadsheet constructed in advance, such that the 14 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Hanjong Jun Table 6. Correlation Between LOD Steps and Building Design score and graph of each area, and the final score and Elements certification class obtained by adding the scores of all LOD Steps Building Design Elements. areas, are verified. LOD 100 Site plan LOD 200 Building plan 5. Plan for Use LOD 300 Interior and exterior 5.1 BIM-Based Certification Procedure decoration plan We propose the BIM-based certification procedure LOD 400 System plan shown in Fig.8., which can improve the problems in LOD 500 the existing certification procedure. The BIM model certification items can be evaluated by LOD steps, can produce a 2D blueprint and related information, even when the items are the LOD 500 step, which is thereby replacing self-evaluation papers and the perfect modelling. In other words, users can assess evaluation documents submitted for the existing the G-SEED evaluation items that correspond to each certification with the BIM model and saving waste LOD step while conducting the LOD 100-500 step of resources and time. Users perform BIM modelling for BIM modelling. By improving the process for using GBT, a BIM-based certification system, before BIM-based G-SEED evaluation as shown in Fig.9., the main certification, and then compute the G-SEED users additionally develop an information input certification score in advance using BIM data. window through BIM modelling work, by which the Subsequently, the verification and supplementing of information of the user input method and the checklist items that obtain low scores can be performed; thus, method are also provided, thus enabling the evaluation users can obtain the required certification class. In the of G-SEED items. main certification, a judge assesses a site based on the For example, to evaluate '6.1.2 Green ratio of evaluation document and the data extracted from the natural soil', the entire site area and the green area of BIM model, and provides a final G-SEED certification natural soil are required such that an evaluation with class quickly and accurately using GBT to evaluate the the modelling of the LOD 100 step can be performed. final green certification class. Similarly, after completing BIM Modelling of the LOD 100 step, the information of the G-SEED items that can be evaluated through the automatic input method is sent to the BIM data link evaluation platform. The template in which the information from the user input method and checklist method can be entered is also made. The template is constructed by classifying data into site plan, building plan, system plan, and interior and exterior decoration plan, and the information is entered after completing the BIM model. Because the LOD 100 step corresponds to the site plan, users can directly evaluate G-SEED items that can be identified with the information of the LOD 100 step at the constructed template window with the user input method and the checklist method. Fig.8. BIM-Based Certification Procedure 5.2 The Level of BIM Modelling for G-SEED Certification We were able to define the level of BIM modelling for the certification evaluation by classifying it into four categories via the method by which the BIM data of G-SEED evaluation items is formed. The correlation between LOD level of G-SEED items and the four steps of the categories are listed in Table 6. Fig.9. G-SEED Evaluation Method by BIM Modelling Step For a site plan, modelling with the LOD 100 level Using the G-SEED evaluation method by the is required, the LOD 200-300 level is required for BIM modelling step, users can verify the G-SEED building plans, the LOD 300 level is required for certification score while designing. To acquire the interior and exterior decoration, and the LOD 400 targeted certification class through this, a quick design level is required for the system plan. As mentioned change and the modifications of the BIM model are in previous paragraphs, using the LOD definitions of available. the BIM model for G-SEED certification means that JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Hanjong Jun 15 6. Conclusion References 1) Ahn, Y.-H., Pearce, A. R. and Hanmee Global Co. Ltd. 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Certification Criteria Using GBT (Green BIM Template), Journal Hereafter, we plan to develop a web environment of Architectural Institute of Korea, 29 (6). without making the BIM data link platform dependent 17) Ofori, G. (1998) Sustainable construction: principles and a on a specific program, in order to improve users' framework for attainment, Construction Management and Economics, 16 (3). accessibility and convenience. 18) Reed, B. (2009) The integrative design guide to green building: redefining the practice of sustainability, John Wiley & Sons. Acknowledgement 19) US Green Building Council (USGBC) (2009) LEED Reference This research was supported by a grant Guide for Green Building Design and Construction, Available from (13AUDP-C067817-01) from the Architecture & the Green Building Certification Institute. 20) Yang, H.-M. 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Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Jan 1, 2015
Keywords: Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED); Green Building; Green BIM Template (GBT); Building Information Modelling (BIM); Level of Detail (LOD)
