Abstract
This study analyzed the current conditions of required spaces and area composition for public libraries, whose meanings and functions shifted due to temporal changes around 2000. Library characteristics were investigated according to size and regional types. Another investigation was performed regarding the common points and differences in area composition through temporal and international comparative analysis. The changes in the required spaces for public libraries were investigated to put current categories of suitable required spaces into the analytical framework. When the area composition was subdivided by size and analyzed, a consistent tendency was found: the larger the gross floor area, the relatively smaller the data usage sector and the larger the public use sector became. The area composition varied by hierarchical roles and regional characteristics. As for differences in the area composition before and after 2000, a greater emphasis was placed on the culture and education sector centered on the lifelong education and community programs of residents since 2000. In addition, special characteristics in area composition for Korean public libraries could be found through a comparative analysis with area compositions from other countries. Keywords: public library; required space; space allocation; space program 1. Introduction This study aims to examine the present conditions 1.1 Objective and Significance of public libraries that have changed since 2000 and Around the 21st century, the development of identify typical characteristics that can be important multimedia and social changes transformed public criteria for space composition among libraries. These libraries into plural and complex places. The value typical characteristics will be compared with criteria of information had decreased, and the temporal and of other countries to form a set of criteria for space spatial restrictions on information access had been composition suitable for 21st century public libraries. removed. Information had changed from the concept of The results of this study can be used as reference data possession and reading to that of access and exchange. for size planning during the establishment of public The concept of a library thus changed from a place libraries in the future. In addition, this study may offer for information based on a collection of books to a basic data for various studies concerning the guidelines user-centered space for communication. Information for public library architecture planning. condensation by digital storage made it possible to 1.2 Range and Methods overcome the restrictions of physical space, enabling The main target of the analysis in this study was the composition of open and convenient reading space, limited to local public libraries that opened after and changed the remaining space into a dynamic one 2000(Division Y). A comparative research study of with diverse and complex functions. In other words, 10 public libraries that opened before 2000(Division public libraries today serve as complex cultural and X) was conducted to determine temporal changes. community centers to improve communication among Another comparative research study was conducted members of society by allowing the accumulation and among the space criteria for the United States, exchange of information and culture. France, and Spain(Division Z) and 13 specific cases in France(Table 2.) to analyze differences in space composition in public libraries by cultural properties. *Contact Author: Hokyun Lim, Assistant Professor, Korea had 828 public libraries as of 2012, 450 of Department of Interior Architecture & Built Environment, which were established after 2000. Of these, 140 were Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, investigated in terms of space composition, except for Seoul, 120-749 Korea children's areas and large libraries (whose gross floor Tel: +82-2-2123-3139 Fax: +82-2-313-3139 area is 9,000 m or more) that differed from public E-mail: hglim@yonsei.ac.kr ones in the aspect of space composition (Table 1.). ( Received October 6, 2013 ; accepted February 26, 2014 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/May 2014/294 287 Table 1. Target Facility 1 in French public libraries was conducted to examine Division Category GFA (m ) Number of cases cultural and regional differences. The results of X C 1,500-6,000 10 this analysis enabled an understanding of physical MS 470-2,000 25 homogeneity and cultural differences in the space MM 2,000-4,000 18 composition of 21st century public libraries, which More than could be used as basic data for establishment plans. ML 13 4,000 CS 470-2,000 17 2. Required Spaces for Public Libraries CM 2,000-4,000 16 2.1 Functions and Spaces of Libraries that Opened Y 140 More than Before 2000 CL 16 4,000 It can be said that the required space for public TS 470-2,000 23 libraries is the space for work organization and TM 2,000-4,000 12 functional requirements, which is similar to the More than TL 0 meaning of the facility program installed in the 4,000 building. The Casebook on Architectural Planning Z U.S., France, Spain : Size criteria plan (1986) classifies and defines the components of public Note : C (Small and medium size cities), MS (Megapolis regions, Small libraries into book lending on the open shelf system, Section), MM (Megapolis regions, Medium Section), ML (Megapolis regions, Large Section), CS (Small and medium size cities, Small reference materials, meetings, business, stack rooms, Section), CM (Small and medium size cities, Medium Section), CL (Small traveling libraries, passageways, and equipment. In and medium size cities, Large Section), TS (Rural areas, Small Section), space composition, emphasis is placed on the functions TM (Rural areas, Medium Section), TL (Rural areas, Large Section) of open and closed stack rooms for collection storage, reading and lending, with space for book classification Table 2. Target Facility 2 (France, site exploration over 3 and management and work management. months in 2007) Lee (1988) divides the functions of the library Division Name of library Open GFA (m ) into four general categories: acquisition and FS1 Médiathèque Andre Malraux 2002 1,949 preservation of sufficient data, reference services, FS2 Mediatheque Fresnes 1999 2,561 book lending, and arrangement works including FS3 Médiathèque de Sélestat 1997 2,816 cataloging and classification. In short, the main FM1 Médiathèque de Roanne 1997 3,331 functions of the libraries that opened before 2000 FM2 Médiathèque de Vaise-Lyon 2000 3,240 were book preservation and reading, which activated FM3 Médiathèque d'Antibes 2006 3,980 the spaces for book stacking and lending, business, FM4 Médiathèque Jacques Baumel 2005 4,378 and management, making them passive to organized FM5 Médiathèque de l'astrolabe 2004 5,796 meetings and culture space. FL1 Bibliothèque Georges Pompidou 2001 6,017 2.2 Functional Expansion and Changes FL2 Médiathèque d'Orléans 1994 6,754 The International Federation of Library Associations FL3 Médiathèque Michel-Crépeau 1998 7,265 (IFLA) classifies required spaces for public libraries FL4 Médiathèque Reims 2002 7,150 into space for collection and library materials, space FL5 Médiathèque François Mitterrand 1996 7,881 Note: FS (Médiathèque Small), FM (Médiathèque Medium), for readers and users, space for meeting and program FL ( Médiathèque Large) functions, business space for library staff, space for other miscellaneous functions, and space for The methods and stages of this paper were mechanical and support services. The classification of expounded as follows: Chapter 2 presents a literature required spaces as suggested by IFLA is the extended review and theoretical consideration to establish the concept including space for supporting additional categories of required spaces for public libraries. The culture and meeting programs based on the material types of required spaces as defined in prior research and reading space that are essential to traditional and the current conditions of local facilities after 2000 libraries and public service. were analyzed to redefine required space categories. The "US Libraries Designed for Users, A 21st Chapter 3 offers space data for the 140 target libraries Century Guide", classified required spaces for public that opened after 2000 to analyze and determine the libraries into space for major functions and non- space composition ratio. assignable space. Inclusion of major function spaces The libraries were then categorized by region indicated changes in the main functions of libraries, and size to determine differences by types. Type including a collection space to store materials for subdivision was made by region in order to identify public use, a people space to read and use computers, a specific properties and put them into the required space meeting space for programs, tutorials, or group study, area ratio property for each subsection. In Chapter 4, a and a staff area for public service or staff support comparative analysis is made of the space composition services. Non-assignable space includes entrances ratio and libraries that opened before 2000 along with and vestibules, restrooms, stairs, elevators, hallways, a comparison of the space criteria suggested by each of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment, the other countries. An analysis of space composition 288 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim maintenance equipment, deliveries, and general 3. Analysis of Area Ratio Characteristics for Each storage. Required Space France classifies required spaces for public libraries 3.1 Current Conditions of Area Composition Ratio into Fonction Accueil, Fonction Communication for Required Spaces Adultes, Fonction Communication Jeunesse, and The areas of 140 public libraries established after Services Interieurs. Fonction Accueil is composed of 2000 were classified into the data usage sector, the the circulation desk, information desk, conference, culture and education sector, the work management exhibition and multimedia rooms, and children's sector, and the public use sector to analyze the ratio activity room. Fonction Communication Adultes for each sector and estimate the detailed area. The contains open-stack material space, serials, reading other sector, which showed significant deviation in the seats, and copy machines. regional and architectural characteristics of libraries, was Spain classifies spaces into reception/promotion separately estimated from the area for public libraries. area, general area, children's area, and non-public area. The percentage of area for each sector was as shown The first category of the reception/promotion area in Table 3. While it can be said that the percentage of contains such supporting spaces as multipurpose space, area in Table 3. was a useful standard as a reference education space, and a café. The second category of to estimate the size of public libraries, public libraries the general area is composed of material space and could have the percentage of area for each space multimedia, newspaper, and magazine space. There is changed by regional characteristics and hierarchical a separate space for the children's area, and the non- roles (central or branch library) since they had different public area contains such work management areas as roles and methods of operation based on regional business space and warehouse. This trend gives a new characteristics, even if they were identical in size. understanding of the importance of cultural space and Table 3. Required Space and Area Ratio for Public Libraries digital data space in the direction of required spaces for Sector Required space Percentage (%) 21st century public libraries. General The "Manual of Public Library Establishment and Periodicals General 19.0 Management" (Korea, 2010) classified library spaces Collection Disabled into a lending and returning area, a reading, learning, Rare/Local and study area, a reference and information service Digital DU Multimedia 5.7 35.9 area, a book preservation area, a convenience area Collection for disabled people, the elderly people, and pregnant Children women, an exhibition and meeting area, a convenience Early Childhood Children's 11.2 area for users, an area for young and older children, Collection Storytelling and a staff area for business and rest. Since the 2000s, Cultural Program the functions of public libraries have been changed Culture Education 5.2 into a subdivision of digital data rooms and sectors for Multipurpose 5.5 CE 19.4 exhibition, meeting, rest, and convenience space in Exhibition 1.7 addition to the functions of collection preservation and Study Room 7.0 book reading. Director/ Work 3.9 Office Since the 2000s, the changes in the nature of Document storage 0.2 public libraries have necessitated other areas aside Information Desk 0.6 from the space for data usage as their main function, Meeting 0.3 rendering them diversified. Thus, the space inside a Work Staff resting room, 0.2 public library can be classified by functions consisting WM supporting locker room 11.3 of four categories—information storage and access, Volunteer 0.1 Server and Networks 0.9 book preservation and management, culture and Acquisition and information exchange, and rest and communities. 1.1 Book Storage Labeling These are—further categorized into the data usage Book Storage 4.0 sector, the culture and education sector, the work Hall, ELEV, Stair, Restroom, etc. 28.7 management sector, the public use sector, and the PU Book Café 2.7 33.4 miscellaneous sector. However, there is much variation Lounge Lounge 2.0 in the size of the machinery and mechanical room in Total 100.0 the miscellaneous sector by the application system Mechanical 9.0 and in the size of underground parking space based Etc. 17.8 Basement Parking 8.8 on regional characteristics (megapolis regions, small Note : DU (Data Usage), CE (Culture & Education), WM (Work and medium size cities, rural areas). On this basis, the Management), PU (Public Use) categories of functions and required spaces for public libraries can be summarized as in Table 3. JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim 289 3.2 Characteristics by Size Classification as GFA increased with the increase in business space Since public libraries have different functions and and stack room for preservation. roles according to regional characteristics and size, they Table 4. Size Classification and Percentage of Area (based on also have different percentages of area for each sector. 140 libraries, Unit: %) The standards for facility classification in the Korean Size Number of DU CE WM PU Library Act set the minimum area at 264 m according category cases to the target population for service and divided the area S. Section 65 38.2 20.3 9.5 32.0 2 2 2 2 2 into 660 m , 990 m , 1650 m , 3300 m , and 4950 m , or M. Section 46 34.7 20.6 11.2 33.4 more. Lee (2009) classified the size of public libraries L. Section 29 34.6 18.4 12.5 34.6 2 2 2 into three sections—264 m to 1,650 m , 1,650 m to 2 2 4,950 m , and 4,950 m or more—with reference to the The public use sector of the L. Section shown in classification standards in the Korean Library Act. He Fig.2. increased as the data usage sector decreased. contended that the percentage of area was differently However, the management/culture sector of the M. organized among sectors. The present study classified Section shown in Fig.3. decreased as the public use library size into three sections—2,000 m or less (S: sector increased the L. Section. In contrast, the S. 2 2 Small Section), 2,000 m to 4,000 m (M: Medium Section had the data sector and the culture sector Section), and 4,000 m or more (L: Large Section)— correlatively changed in Fig.4., while the public use on the basis of the mean area of 140 target libraries, sector changed less compared with the other sizes. in consideration of the classification standards in prior research and the changing roles of libraries. The number of libraries for each section is as shown in Table 1. However, the French public library classification standards showed an increase by 1.5 times compared with the size of public libraries in consideration of the GDP and population of Korea and France (Fig.1.). Furthermore, the standard categorized libraries into three sections based on size: 3,000 m or less (S: Small 2 2 Section), 3,000 m to 6,000 m (M: Medium Section), and 6,000 m or more (L: Large Section). Fig.2. Percentage of Area of the L. Section Fig.1. Comparison of Facility Size between Korean and French Fig.3. Percentage of Area of the M. Section Public Libraries The miscellaneous sector (mechanical room, electrical room, underground parking, etc.) was excluded from the percentage of area for libraries since it showed great deviation by regional characteristics and was considered irrelevant to describe certain principles. Certain changes were observed when 140 public libraries were divided into three sections and analyzed as shown in Table 4. As the gross floor area of libraries increased, the data usage sector decreased and the public use sector increased. The L. Section was largely the central building, and the work management sector increased from the S. Section to the L. Section Fig.4. Percentage of Area of the S. Section 290 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim 3.3 Characteristics by Regional Classification for the culture and education sector regardless of the Public libraries today vary in the size and percentage size of the libraries. This category had the area of the of area for each sector according to the size of the data usage/management sector and that of the public population and population characteristics in their use sector correlatively changed in Fig.6. regions. Their roles differ since the regions adjacent to Metropolis had the area of the public use sector and the libraries vary in population density and population that of the data usage sector correlatively changed to characteristics even if they are identical in size. In medium and large size but had public libraries of the S. contrast, libraries with the same roles can vary in size Section characterized by the area percentage based on according to regional characteristics. Thus, the criteria hierarchical roles, as in Fig.7. for classifying regional characteristics to build public libraries were categorized into three stages on the basis of population size and population density: megapolis regions (M), small and medium size cities (City), and rural areas (Town). Table 5. Regional Classification and Area Percentage (based on 140 libraries, Unit: %) Regional Number of DU CE WM PU category cases Metropolis 56 35.2 20.0 11.3 33.5 City 49 36.8 17.9 11.2 34.2 Town 35 36.0 22.9 9.9 31.2 Fig.7. Percentage of Area of Metropolis Certain changes were observed when the percentage of area for each sector in 140 public libraries was 3.4 Characteristics by Region and Size regionally divided and analyzed. One hundred and forty libraries were classified, as shown in Table 6., to analyze the changes in the percentage of area. However, there was no case of TL, and the regional characteristics were identified for the percentage of an area. The S. Section was high in the data usage sector for each region. This was because while the data usage sector for MS and CS had a high percentage of children's data, TS had a higher percentage of general data than children's data. This was the phenomenon formed by the population ratio and correlation for each age group in each region. MS had the data usage sector reinforced and the work management and culture and education sectors reduced; ML had the data usage sector relatively Fig.5. Percentage of Area of Town reduced and the public use sector extended. This was because ML had convenience facilities for users that were shifted to community facilities to accommodate complex functions. CM had an average-sized data usage sector, but had a larger culture and education sector and a reduced work management sector due to an increased learning room in the S. Section. 4. Analysis of Area Composition Ratio 4.1 Comparative Analysis by Time Small and medium size cities went through great changes in the area composition ratio for public libraries around the year 2000. Closed stack rooms Fig.6. Percentage of Area of City connected to the circulation room formed 9% of Town had the highest area percentage for the culture the data usage sector in public libraries before 2000 and education sector in Fig.5. This was because public compared with the current open shelf system. The libraries offered lifelong education and functions of study room, which composed 18.1% of the sector local communities as demanded by the aging society in before 2000 and 7% after 2000 and connected to the Town with fewer culture facilities compared with other data reading sector, was an area for studying rather regions. City libraries had a similar percentage of area than for reading data. The area percentage of digital JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim 291 Table 6. Percentage of Area by Region and Size (Unit: %) In contrast, there was no significant change in the area Section composition ratio for the work management and public Division Detailed space S M L use sectors. General Collection 18.8 19.3 17.5 This increase in the area percentage of open shelf Multimedia 6.1 5.5 6.8 systems, digital data, and culture and education rooms DU Children’s Collection 12.9 10.9 7.8 was the principal change in public libraries. In other Subtotal 37.8 35.7 32.0 words, public libraries that had been giving priority to Culture Education 5.5 3.2 5.3 book preservation and management before 2000 had Multipurpose 6.0 6.9 4.7 diversified since 2000. They altered to serve as cultural CE Exhibition 2.1 1.8 0.8 centers and local community centers for lifelong Study Room 7.1 8.4 8.3 education in addition to the function of preserving Subtotal 20.7 20.3 19.1 books and promoting reading. Office 3.4 3.6 4.2 Table 7. Comparison of Area Percentage of Public Libraries Work Supporting 1.9 4.5 2.5 WM Before and After 2000 (Unit: %) Book Storage 4.0 4.7 5.0 Division DU CE Subtotal 9.3 12.8 11.7 WM PU (2000) Hall, ELEV, Stair, etc. 26.2 25.4 30.4 Before 32.8 0.5 5.5 18.1 10.6 32.4 PU Lounge 6.0 5.8 6.8 After 30.1 5.7 11.1 7.0 11.3 33.5 Subtotal 32.2 31.2 37.2 Note, Adult/Children, Digital, Lecture Room, General Collection 17.9 18.2 20.0 Study Room Multimedia 5.6 5.3 5.4 DU Children’s Collection 15.7 10.5 11.7 4.2 Comparative Analysis by Countries Subtotal 39.2 34.1 37.1 Table 8. shows the comparison of the area percentage Culture Education 5.3 5.3 4.9 criteria for public libraries as suggested by the "US Multipurpose 5.4 3.8 6.1 Libraries Designed for Users", "French Bibliotheques CE Exhibition 2.4 1.1 2.1 Dans La Cite", and "Spanish Library Architecture". Study Room 4.7 7.9 4.6 Table 8. Area Percentage of Four Countries (Unit: %) Subtotal 17.8 18.1 17.7 Division DU CE WM PU Office 3.8 3.3 3.6 USA 63.8 7.5 11.3 17.4 Work Supporting 2.7 1.8 2.4 WM SPAIN 56.6 17.3 8.8 17.3 Book Storage 4.7 3.9 7.2 FRANCE 54.4 14.2 12.5 18.9 Subtotal 11.2 9.0 13.2 KOREA 35.8 19.4 11.3 33.5 Hall, ELEV, Stair, etc. 25.5 28.3 24.9 PU Lounge 6.4 10.5 7.1 The three countries showed a 22.5% higher area Subtotal 31.9 38.8 32.0 percentage, on average, for the data usage sector, but General Collection 21.6 17.7 - approximately a 16% lower percentage for the public Multimedia 5.1 4.5 - DU use sector than Korea. In other words, they were Children’s Collection 10.9 12.2 - identical in that the data usage sector was correlated Subtotal 37.7 34.3 with the public use sector, but in opposite ways. Culture Education 5.1 5.6 - Overseas cases showed integrated operation of book Multipurpose 6.2 8.7 - lending and returning work at the main entrance to CE Exhibition 2.2 1.6 - create an open space for all users (Fig.8.). However, Study Room 8.8 7.6 - Korea had book reading areas with lots of public Subtotal 22.3 23.5 use space for the user circulation flow line. This was Office 4.3 3.5 - because of differences in the manner of operating Work Supporting 1.7 1.5 - WM public libraries (Fig.9.). Book Storage 2.0 6.9 - Subtotal 8.0 11.9 Hall, ELEV, Stair, etc. 27.6 25.6 - PU Lounge 4.4 4.7 - Subtotal 32.0 30.3 Note: M: Megapolis regions, C: Small and medium size cities, T: Rural areas data in the data usage sector increased to 5.7% since 2000. While the culture and education sector mainly Fig.8. Main Ent.(France) Fig.9. Main Ent.(Korea) consisted of the audio-visual room (5.5%) before 2000, its area percentage doubled to include the audio-visual Korea showed a higher percentage of area for room, exhibition room, and cultural room, with the the culture and education sector. However, except demand for lifelong education increasing since 2000. the percentage of study room (7%), the culture and 292 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim education sector of Korean libraries is higher than that of the libraries of the other three countries. The United States, which had the lowest level of the culture and education sector, has public libraries mainly composed of traditional book collection, since the country actively operated learning centers, which eliminate some of the need for culture and education functions. Fig.12. Percentage of Area for the France M. Section Fig.10. Space Ratios for 4 Countries Fig.13. Percentage of Area for the France L. Section When French public libraries were divided into three 5. Conclusion sections and analyzed, a larger GFA of libraries led to In this study, the required space composition and the change in the public use and management sectors current area ratio for public libraries, which changed based on regional characteristics and hierarchical roles. from a knowledge and information center to a complex Table 9. Size Classification and Area Percentage (based on 13 cultural community center by a rapidly changing French libraries, Unit: %) temporal environment around 2000, were investigated Number of and analyzed, leading to the following conclusions. Division DU CE WM PU Cases First, the space composition and area percentage for FS 3 57.3 7.9 19.5 15.3 public libraries developed into a user-centered, open, FM 5 48.6 7.4 20.1 23.9 and complex space due to changes in the information FL 5 40.8 5.8 29.5 24.0 and social environment around 2000. Greater emphasis than before was given to the culture and education The S. Section in Fig.2. shows limitations in the sector based on lifelong education and community number of cases but no change in the area percentage. programs for residents, while resting and public use In contrast, the percentage of area for the work area formed a higher percentage. management sector and that for the data usage and Second, required spaces for public libraries today public use sectors were correlatively changed by can be divided into the data usage sector, the culture stack rooms for preservation in the M. Section and L. and education sector, the work management sector, Section. There was almost no change in the percentage the public use sector, and the miscellaneous sector. of area for the culture and education sector by size. The data usage sector is subdivided into general data space, digital data space, and children's data space by information data type and reading type and is composed of open and integrated archive space. The culture and education sector contains a cultural education room, exhibition room, and multipurpose room and also includes a learning room by regional characteristics. The work management sector is subdivided into the office, work supporting room, and stack room for preservation. The public use sector is Fig.11. Percentage of Area for the France S. Section subdivided into the hall, the hallway, the stairs, and the resting area, consisting of the cafeteria, book café, When the percentage of area in the size criteria for and resting room. The miscellaneous sector contains public libraries in three other countries and 13 French an equipment room and underground parking spaces, cases was compared with that for 140 Korean public which were excluded in estimating the net gross floor libraries, there were characteristics of the percentage area of libraries since it varied significantly by regional of area reflecting specific properties by regional characteristics. characteristics and hierarchical roles. JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim 293 Third, required spaces for public libraries were In this study, comparative analysis was made divided into nine types based on size and regional in terms of the current conditions and typical characteristics. Public libraries had reduced data characteristics of required spaces and the area usage sectors and increased public use sectors with composition ratio to determine the area ratio and an increase in GFA. The L. Section, mostly a central characteristic direction for required spaces according building, had an increased work management sector as to the size and regional characteristics of local public GFA increased, with increases in workspace and stack libraries after 2000. However, it was impossible to room for preservation. The L. Section had the data identify consistent changes and required spaces in usage sector and the public use sector correlatively detail for each room. An important research objective changed, while M. Section had the management and will be to identify subdivided regional characteristics culture sectors and the public use sector correlatively and investigate the trends of detailed changes. An changed. In contrast, the data usage sector correlated effective guideline for future research will ultimately with the culture sector in the S. Section, with no change be to macroscopically investigate the principal issues in the public use sector. The regional characteristics to of required spaces and area ratios, as in this study, on build public libraries were classified into the megapolis the rapidly changed library environment around the regions (M), small and medium size cities (City), and year 2000. rural areas (Town) on the basis of the population size and density. The culture and education sector had the References 1) Dahlgren, A. (1988) Public Library Space Needs: A Planning highest area percentage in Town. This was because Outline. Wisconsin: Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Towns had public libraries that served as spots for 2) Lee, K. et al. (1988) An Architectural Planning. Seoul: lifelong education and local communities due to fewer Munundang. cultural facilities compared with other regions. City 3) Japanese Architecture Society. (1986) The Casebook on had the area of the data usage and management sector Architectural Planning: Architecture-Culture vol 7. Tokyo: Jimmunsa. and that of the public use sector correlatively changed. 4) Dupuit, J. (1996) Bibliotheques Dans La Cite. Paris: Cite de Metropolis had the area of the public use sector and l'architecture & du patrimoine. that of the data usage sector correlatively changed in 5) Lushington, N. (2002) Library Design for Users: A 21st Century the medium and large sizes. Guide. USA: Neal-Schuman Publisher. When type classification was made according to 6) IFLA. (2007) Library Building Guidelines: Developments & Reflections. Hague: International Federation of Library subdivided regional and size criteria for analysis, each Associations and Institutions. type showed a consistent tendency of change in each 7) Korean Biblia Society for Library and Information Science. sector and a different area composition ratio. (2007). A Research on the Actual Condition of Spatial Operation Fourth, closed stack rooms connected to the of Libraries and a Study on Standard Models. Seoul: The National circulation room formed 9% of the data usage sector in Library of Korea. 8) Romero, S. (2008) Library Architecture: Public Library Standards public libraries in small and medium size cities before for Catalonia. Spain: COAC(Collegi d'Architectes de Catalunya). 2000, compared with the current open shelf system. 9) Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. (2010) A Manual of The percentage of area for digital data in the data usage Public Library Establishment and Management. Seoul: Ministry of sector has increased since 2000. The percentage of area Culture, Sports and Tourism. for the culture and education sector has doubled, due 10) Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. (2012) A Casebook on Architecture of Public Libraries. Seoul: Ministry of Culture, to the increase in the demand for lifelong education. Sports and Tourism. In contrast, there was no significant change in the 11) Korean Library Association. (2013) The Korean Library Standard. area composition ratio for the work management and Seoul: Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. public use sectors. This increase in the percentage of 12) Lim, H. (2007) A Study on Changes and Characteristics of the area for open shelf systems, digital data, and culture Space System of the Public Libraries-focused on the Médiathèque in France. Doctorate thesis, Hongik University, pp.90-91. and education rooms is the principal change in public 13) Lim, H. and Kim, S. (2009) Changes in Spatial Organization libraries. In other words, public libraries giving in French Public Libraries. Journal of Asian Architecture and priority to book preservation and management before Building Engineering, 8 (2), pp.232-330. 2000 have been diversified since 2000, leading to their transformation into cultural centers and local community centers for lifelong education in addition to the function of preserving books and reading. The three countries show a 22.5% higher percentage of area, on average, for the data usage sector, but about a 16% lower percentage for the public use sector than Korea. In other words, they are identical in that the data usage sector is correlated with the public use sector, but in opposite ways. This is because of the differences in the manner of operating public libraries. 294 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Hokyun Lim
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: May 1, 2014
Keywords: public library; required space; space allocation; space program
