Abstract
New knowledge about housing appeared in the journals of the academic associations published in Korea from 1896 to 1910, most of which is related to hygiene. At that time, hygienic management in residences and in the environment was a major social issue to prevent epidemics which had occurred frequently and which had resulted in a big population loss. Also, the government and many scholars considered that better housing conditions, including hygiene, were essential for improving Korean society. The journals mainly focused on introducing the methods to satisfy four hygienic conditions: ventilation, solar lighting, moisture prevention and cleanliness. The housing articles found in these journals are divided into the methods of 'Housing Management' and 'Housing Design.' Simple planning methods including selection of the housing site, number of stories, structure, openings, interior environment of the house, etc. were presented, which shows that simple but modern knowledge of housing design was introduced. Meanwhile, the descriptions of housing management and design focused on hygiene in the journals and were mostly based on physical and scientific information about the air and water, physiological information on human physiological functions, and germ and miasma theories. In such a situation, updated scientific knowledge included in the journals was effective for educating the public. However, the housing-related knowledge in the journals was mainly included in the studies of hygiene, education, home economics, etc. rather than in studies of architecture, therefore, they were fragmentary and too general. However, in this situation, since architecture was not known as one of the modern academic areas, and there was no modern architectural education system, the housing-related studies which focused on hygiene in the journals is meaningful as a part of the early discussions about modern residences in Korea. Keywords: housing; hygiene; academic journal 1. Introduction academic associations were one of main channels to The period from 1896 to 1910 is known as the disseminate modern information on housing. most intellectually dynamic era in Korean history. Until the present, there have been few notable studies Especially from 1905, when Japan deprived Korea of recognizing the contribution of the academic journals its diplomatic rights, to 1910, when Japan colonized as the channel for modern architectural education on Korea, Korean scholars organized nation-wide or residences. This study will review and analyze the local academic associations for their activities, and the knowledge on residences published in Korea and Japan Korean students in Japan eagerly joined their academic by citing them and by discussing the meanings of the associations there. The Korean scholars determined papers in their contemporary circumstances. that it was necessary to teach modern knowledge and T h e p u b l i c a t i o n s , w h i c h p l a y e d a c o r e r o l e i n western thinking to the public to cope with the crisis of e d u c a t i o n , i n c l u d e d o r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s o r a r t i c l e s losing their sovereign power, and thus began publishing translated from foreign publications. Some of them academic journals. The published papers introduced were original, but many others were extracted and various modern information and western concepts, translated from foreign books and journals. But these a n d i n c l u d e d s o m e h o u s i n g - r e l a t e d k n o w l e d g e . were not clearly classified. This study defines the A t t h a t t i m e , t h e r e w a s n o m o d e r n a r c h i t e c t u r a l articles in the publications collectively as 'discourses,' education system in Korea, except for the traditional regardless of their being original or translated versions. apprenticeship. Therefore, the publications of the 2. Discourses Discussing Residences The first publication from an academic association *Contact Author: Myungsun Kim, Assistant Professor, Dep. of was released in 1896. However, during the period from Architecture, Sunmoon University 1905 through 1910, more than 20 academic journals Address: Tangjung-Myun, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 336-708, Korea were published. Tel: +82-41-530-2323, Fax: +82-41-530-2839 Excluding local and unavailable publications, a e-mail: rosaria@sunmoon.ac.kr total of 16 publications published in Seoul and Tokyo ( Received May 10, 2005 ; accepted December 2, 2005 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/May/2006/6 1 Table 1. The List of Journals Published in Seoul and Tokyo by Korean Scholars in 1896-1910 Title of Journal Name of Academic Association Date of First Date of Last Vol. No. Location Interval Language Residential Publishing Publishing published used Contents J o u r n a l o f t h e G r e a t C h o s u n The Great Chosun Independence 1896.11 1897.8 15 Seoul bi-monthly Korean Independence Affiliation Affiliation J o u r n a l o f t h e S e l f - E s t e e m T h e S e l f - E s t e e m A ff i l i a t i o n o f 1906.7 1907.7 13 Seoul Monthly Korean x Affiliation of Korea Korea Journal of the Taeguk Association The Taeguk Association of Tokyo 1906.8 1908.11 24 Tokyo Monthly Korean Journal of the Seowoo Association The Seowoo Association 1906.12 1908.5 17 Seoul Monthly Korean J o u r n a l o f K o r e a n S t u d e n t s ' The Korean Students' Association 1907.3 1907.7 6 Tokyo Monthly Korean Association of Tokyo J o u r n a l o f K o r e a n C o l l e a g u e The Korean Colleagues Association 1907.7 unknown unknown Tokyo Quarterly Korean x Association of Tokyo Journal of the Association of the The Association of the Great Union 1908.2 1909.9 20 Seoul Monthly Korean- Great Union Chinese Journal of the Korean Association The Korean Association 1908.2 1908.11 9 Tokyo Monthly Korean Journal of the Korean Affiliation The Korean Affiliation 1908.4 1909.3 12 Seoul Monthly Korean x Journal of the Seobuk Association The Seobuk Association of Korea 1908.6 1910.1 19 Seoul Monthly Korean of Korea Journal of the Honam Association The Honam Association of Korea 1908.6 1909.3 9 Seoul Monthly Korean of Korea J o u r n a l o f Wo m a n ' s C h a r i t y The Woman's Charity Association 1908.8 unknown unknown Seoul Monthly Korean x Association J o u r n a l o f t h e p r o s p e r o u s K i h o The Prosperous Kiho Association 1908.8 1909.7 12 Seoul Monthly Korean x Association of Korea of Korea Journal of the Korean Thriving The Korean Thriving Association 1909.3 1910.5 13 Tokyo Monthly Korean Association of Tokyo Journal of the Kyonam Educational T h e K y o n a m E d u c a t i o n a l 1909.4 1910.5 12 Seoul Monthly Korean x Association Association Journal of the Alumni of Bosung T h e A l u m n i o f B o s u n g M i d d l e 1910.6 1910.12 2 Seoul bi-yearly Korean x Middle School School Source: Yoon, Jungwon, "Bibliographical Study on the Periodical in the Modern Period of Korea 1889-1945," Master's Thesis, Ewha Womans University, 1996: 124-128 (Appendix 1: The List of Modern Journals: 1899-1945); Kim, Kunsu, Source Material: A General Survey of Magazines of the Late Yi Dynasty, Journal of Asian Studies 10-3 (March 1967): 233-249. were analyzed. Table 1 shows the list of journals and 3.1 Contents of 'Housing Management' academic associations, the date of the first and last T h e c o n t e n t s o f ' H o u s i n g M a n a g e m e n t ' w e r e publishing, number of volumes, interval of publication, found in three kinds of papers. The first is the field language used, and whether they include discussions of practical hygiene describing individual sanitary on residences or not. As shown in Table 1, 9 out of 16 principles in daily life. To suggest an effective way of publications included discourses regarding residences, sanitation, the discourses presented such matters as air, and the actual discourses were 22 (if a series is counted food, clothing, dwelling, water, exercise, sleep, rest as one, the total would be 16). or bathing. Among those, the contents of residential Table 2 shows the writers, titles of articles, journals management discourses included air, food and clothing and volume Nos., issue date, whether it was a regular without exception. Those articles were 'The Dialogue column or not, whether it was a series or not (total of Hygiene (2)' (Journal of the Taeguk Association), number of series), and field of the discourse. From '10 Conditions of Hygiene' (Journal of the Seowoo Table 2, the discourses on residence had the following Association) and 'The Procedure of Hygiene' (Journal two characteristics. First, discussions on residences of the Seobuk Association of Korea). The sentences w e r e f o u n d i n t h e p a p e r s c o v e r i n g t h e f i e l d s o f are: "... cleaning of the residence, toilette and land is hygiene, home economics and education. The hygiene- the best way of prevent epidemics" and "the residence r e l a t e d a r t i c l e s w e r e 1 3 , w h i c h a c c o u n t f o r 5 9 % s h o u l d b e m o d e r a t e l y c o n t r o l l e d i n t e m p e r a t u r e thereof, including 7 in economics, and 2 in education. and moisture, according to the weather instead of Second, among 22 articles regarding residences, 16 decorating with luxuries." were in series, accounting for about 73%. That is, the The second is the field of knowledge of hygiene. contemporary scholars tried to educate the people Those are, 'Good Things to Know (2)' (Journal of efficiently using serial articles. Especially the hygiene- the Great Chosun Independence Affiliation), 'Air related articles mostly appeared in regular. ( 1 ) ' ( J o u r n a l o f t h e G re a t C h o s u n I n d e p e n d e n c e Affiliation), 'The Outline of Hygiene (1)' (Journal of 3. Analysis of Discourses' Contents the Korean Affiliation), 'Physiology (2)' (Journal of the The discourses of the publications listed in Table 2 Association of the Great Union) and 'Necessary Living were divided into 'Housing Management' and 'Housing Conditions for Humans (2)' (Journal of the Seobuk Design.' The following shows the included area, Association of Korea). These papers emphasized the specific contents, theoretical basis thereof, etc: habit of refreshing of the indoor air. The contents are: "you should let fresh air into the house frequently," 2 JAABE vol.5 no.1 May 2006 Myungsun Kim Table 2. The List of Discourses Dealing with Housing in Journals of Korean Academic Associations (1896-1910) Name of Writer Title of Article Title of Journal Number of Date Discourse Discourse in Field of Volumes in Fixed Series (Total Discourse Column No.) Pigeson Air(1) Journal of the Great Chosun 1 1896.11 x (2) Independence Affiliation Binton Good Things to Know(2) Journal of the Great Chosun 5 1897.1 x (2) Independence Affiliation Yi, Dongcho The Outline of Hygiene(1) Journal of the Korean Affiliation 1 1908.2 x (5) Yi, Dongcho The Outline of Hygiene(2) Journal of the Korean Affiliation 2 1908.3 x Yangsaeng-Ja Physiology(2) Journal of the Association of the 13 1909.2 x (2) Great Union Park, Sangnak The Dialogue of Hygiene(2) Journal of the Taeguk Association 6 1907.1 (3) hygiene Kim, Bongkwan The Part of Hygiene(4) Journal of the Seowoo Association 4 1907.3 (5) Yi, Kyuyoung The Gist of Hygiene Journal of the Seowoo Association 6 1907.5 x Park, Sangmok 10 Conditions of Hygiene Journal of the Seowoo Association 9 1907.8 x Park, Bonghun Necessary Living Conditions for Journal of the Seobuk Association 11 1909.4 (2) Humans(2) of Korea Noh, Kisoong The Unsanitary Korean Housing Journal of the Seobuk Association 14 1909.7 x of Korea Chungeun-Saeng The Procedure of Hygiene Journal of the Seobuk Association 17 1909.10 x of Korea Han, Heungkyo The Understanding of Korean Ondol Journal of the Korean Thriving 3 1909.5 x Association Ooh, Kyungmyung To Bring Up the Child in the House Journal of the Taeguk Association 11 1907.6 x x Kim, Myungjune Home Economics Translation(1) Journal of the Seowoo Association 3 1907.2 x (8) Kim, Myungjune Home Economics Translation(3) Journal of the Seowoo Association 5 1907.4 x Yi, Ki Home Economics(1) Journal of the Honam Association 1 1908.6 home of Korea economics Yi, Ki Home Economics(2) Journal of the Honam Association 2 1908.7 (9) of Korea Yi, Ki Home Economics(3) Journal of the Honam Association 3 1908.8 of Korea Yi, Ki Home Economics(4) Journal of the Honam Association 4 1908.10 of Korea Kim, Soochul The Method of Home Training(6) Journal of the Taeguk Association 21 1908.5 x (10) education Kim, Soochul The Method of Home Training(7) Journal of the Taeguk Association 22 1908.6 x Note: The number inside ( ) after article's title is the number in the series given by the authors. Source: Institute of Document on Korean Studies ed., Korean Academic Journals in Gaehwa Period vol.1-12 (Asian Culture Press, 1976, reprinted). " t h e d o o r s h o u l d b e a l i t t l e o p e n e d e v e n i n c o l d and the things in the room must be cleanly organized 6 13 weather," and "you should constantly ventilate the air so that a pregnant woman can be invigorated." And to keep the air fresh" so on. they also insisted that "the bedroom for a child should 'The Outline of Hygiene (1) explained that "the always be cleaned and arranged so that it gives a child fresh air renews metabolism, assists function of the the thought of order." The field of home economics lungs, clears blood and promotes blood circulation." e m p h a s i z e d c l e a n m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e r o o m s f o r In 'Necessary Living Conditions for Humans (2)' pregnant women and children. there was an assertion that trapped indoor air tends Hence, residence-related contents appeared in the to be contaminated so that it "could kill a person who studies on hygiene and home economics, which are breathes," therefore, one should open the door to handled in different contexts. Clean management of a circulate the air and make a fire to lessen the moisture. residence was emphasized in the hygiene studies as a W h i l e t h e f o r m e r w a s b a s e d o n p h y s i o l o g y, t h e way to keep clean and as a way to educate children in latter was based on miasma theory that trapped and the home economics studies. moisturized air causes disease. The third is the field of home economics from the 3.2 Contents of 'Housing Design' academic point of view. 'To Bring Up a Child in the The contents of 'Housing Design' were also presented House' (Journal of the Taeguk Association) said that a in the discourses of hygiene, home economics, and growing child requires food, clothing, cleanliness, and education. The contents are conveniently re-organized exercise, and, among those discourses, that "cleanliness here in 'Selection of a Housing Site,' 'Structure of is making sunlight and air available in the room. Residences' and 'Direction a Residence and its Rooms 'Home Economics Translation (1 and 3)' (Journal of Should Face.' the Seowoo Association) and 'Home Economics (2 1) Selection of a Housing Site and 3)' (Journal of the Honam Association of Korea) A m o n g t h e h y g i e n i c a r t i c l e s , ' P h y s i o l o g y ( 2 ) ' used almost the same expression that "the room for a and 'Necessary Living Conditions for Humans (2)' pregnant woman should be ventilated from time to time coincidentally suggested the following three conditions JAABE vol.5 no.1 May 2006 Myungsun Kim 3 15 for the location of a residence. c o m m o n l y u s e d r o o m s " s h o u l d l i e t o w a r d s t h e (a) higher land for aridity southern part of the residence, the south window be (b) plenty of sunlight opened wide, and as many as possible paper-screened (c) remote from contamination sliding doors be used. The theoretical grounds were The above two articles did not explain the reason also presented. "Sunlight prevents illness and damp but 'The Gist of Hygiene' (Journal of the Seowoo atmosphere," the indoor sunlight was recognized to Association) described the basis of (a) that "the fresh lessen the moisture and kill the germs. The basis for air is light and moves upward and the polluted is heavy the assertion "the damp condition fertilizes the bacteria 16 2 5 and moves downward." It also asserted that (d) a and causes diseases" was from bacteriology and lower and wet land is not appropriate for a residence "sunlight cleans the house and makes the human body 17 26 because of "the possibility of air and water pollution." sound" comes from knowledge of pasteurization. 'The Method of Home Training (7)' (Journal of Lastly, there were the discourses emphasizing the the Taeguk Association), an article on education, necessity of dry conditions for structural components, asserted in the section on 'the selection of a land' that a making sure to clean the inner air and reduce the inner residence should be "a place with a convenient access moisture. 'The Part of Hygiene (4)' (Journal of the free from moral and hygienic hazards." It did not Seowoo Association) explained that the moisture of mention any more about morality and access, however, the structural components deteriorates the thermal described more specifically sanitation in the following insulation and causes lower the inner temperatures 1 9 28 three conditions. The contents of (f) and (g) are resulting in air pollution and the breeding of bacteria. similar to those of (a), (c) and (d). This was based on the physical aspect of moisture (e) drinking water must be checked because stored and germ theory. On the other hand, 'The Method of water causes many kinds of disease; Home Training (7)' (Journal of the Taeguk Association) (f) avoid land with a high water surface under the presented a proper "residential structure" in the aspects ground; and of ventilation, moisture prevention and sunlight. That (g) avoid trash-buried land because it releases is: "wood is the best material for a residence, and a poisonous gas. two-story house facing the south with glass windows While (g) was apparently based on miasma theory, and openings in the upper wall for ventilation would be (d) was based on germ theory, which was very new and best for a living abode." more scientific than miasma theory, therefore, more As analyzed above, the theoretical bases of the powerful in this campaign. d i s c o u r s e s a r e b a c t e r i o l o g y, p h y s i o l o g y, a n d t h e A s r e v i e w e d a b o v e , t h e c o n t e n t s o n r e s i d e n c e properties of wood. were found in the fields of hygiene and education. 3) Direction a Residence and its Rooms Should Face T h e s e s t u d i e s s a i d t h a t t h e m o r a l e n v i r o n m e n t , ' H o m e E c o n o m i c s Tr a n s l a t i o n ( 1 ) ' ( J o u r n a l o f hygienic surroundings and convenient situation near t h e S e o w o o A s s o c i a t i o n ) a n d ' H o m e E c o n o m i c s the workplace should be checked in the selection of (2)' (Journal of the Honam Association of Korea) a housing site. But among these of 3 only hygiene mentioned residential matters in the section of 'Raising was dealt in detail, that is dryness, solar lighting and Children.' These discourses indicated fetal education cleanliness. as one of the parts of raising children. The condition 2) Structure of Residences a n d p l a n n i n g o f t h e r o o m f o r a p r e g n a n t w o m a n The discourses dealt with the structure of a residence were discussed in detail such as sunlight, dryness, more from the point of the indoor environment than ventilation, and view. One example is: "the room for structural safety. First, there were suggestions about a pregnant woman has to face the south or southeast structural design to promote air exchange. While 'The and to have fresh air and to be a place nearby trees and Gist of Hygiene' (Journal of the Seowoo Association) flowers so that she can smell all kinds of fragrances." proposed raising the roof, having bigger windows Those two discourses also discussed the education and doors, and increasing the number of floors to 2 or of children in the section on 'Food, Clothing and 3, 'The Unsanitary Korean Housing' (Journal of the Dwelling.' There, the planning of the room for a child Seobuk Association of Korea) presented the method was presented. First, it "would be best for the room of of constant ventilation via doors and a hole above a child to face the south, the second to the southeast, the door, and 'The Part of Hygiene (4)' (Journal of and the last to the southwest." Second, the room of a Seowoo Association) suggested the method of utilizing child "should provide sunlight and fresh air, and third, wood with many apertures and crevices so that these "to avoid the higher ground level gap" and "to be far 22 31 help the air circulation. from the water and the cliffs." That is, a room for a Secondly, the method of designing the openings child was considered to need a moderate condition of for indoor lighting was also presented in 'The Part of sunlight, ventilation, safety and cleanliness so that the Hygiene (4)' (Journal of the Seowoo Association). It location and direction thereof should be well planned. suggested that, in order to bring sufficient sunlight Hence, the characteristic of the discourses of home into the room, the house should face south, "most economics is a discussion of a room's environmental 4 JAABE vol.5 no.1 May 2006 Myungsun Kim c o n d i t i o n s o n l y, i n s t e a d o f d i s c u s s i n g t h e e n t i r e Therefore, the realistic necessity and conceptual residence. However, those discourses focused on the ideology of hygiene were the bases for their emphasis environmental conditions of a specific room, like a of sanitary housing in their discourses. The residences room for pregnant woman or children. in the journals of academic associations became an It is notable that 'The Part of Hygiene (4)' (Journal important topic. Residences should be cleanly managed of the Seowoo Association) emphasized arranging for prevention of epidemics, and many methods to t h e " c o m m o n l y u s e d r o o m s " t o w a r d s s o u t h t o maintain the residence in a clean state were introduced. secure sunlight in the room. It also implied dividing Especially, those journals discussed residential hygiene commonly used rooms from not commonly used rooms on an academic level, and had a high educational and putting the priority on lighting conditions for the effect. commonly used rooms. Also, it is remarkable that two discourses in the field of home economics asserted the 5. Conclusion arrangement of a room for pregnant woman or children From the research and analysis above, this study toward the south. They suggest of differentiating the concludes the following: the journals of academic room arrangement depending on the importance of associations from 1896 to 1910 were important media each room in the residence from a hygienic point of to dis s emin ate mo d er n k n o w ledg e in th e K o r ean view. However, it was not further detailed, because the society. The topic of residences appeared most in the major point of the discourses in the fields of hygiene discourses on the field of hygiene, but also appeared in and home economics focused on individual hygiene discourses on home economics and education. Housing and home education respectively. This may be a kind was handled as an item of individual healthcare even of limit of the discourses in the journals of academic in the discourses on home economics and education. In associations. other words, most discourses on housing were closely related to matters of hygiene in these discourses. 4. Meaning of the Discourses The conditions of residential hygiene contained in As mentioned above, the discussion of residence, the publications were ventilation, lighting, moisture regardless of the fields of the articles, stressed hygiene. prevention and cleanliness. From those four conditions, There seem to be two major reasons for this. First, the g e n e r a l i d e a s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g a n d d e s i g n i n g t h e massive loss of the population owing to epidemics residence satisfying such conditions were introduced. forced the idea of sanitation of both individuals and the The residence design included conditions of residences, country into a nationally crucial issue. The people did direction of the house and rooms, structure (size, height not know that a residential environment could cause and structural plan), building materials, windows and epidemics. Since the population loss led to a lack of doors, and the interior environment. workers, the government was obliged to take measures To explain the hygienic conditions of a residence, to meet the situation. Therefore, the government physiology, physical knowledge of air and water, germ e x e c u t e d s e v e r a l r e s t r i c t i o n s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l theory, or miasma theory were adopted. From this 3 2 hygiene undertakings. Paralleling the measures 'scientific' modern knowledge, even if inaccurate from above, the scholars in the private sector proposed the present point of view, the campaign for hygienic sanitary campaigns. They pointed out the traditional residences was effectively conducted. It was repeated Korean houses were unsanitary and also thought the through the publications and finally made the people methods and habits in a conventional residence were recognize its importance in modern life. not hygienic. They introduced knowledge of physics, I n c l u s i o n o f t h e d i s c o u r s e s o n r e s i d e n c e s i n chemistry, and physiology in order to maintain the fields other than architecture or residence means cleanliness of the house. The campaigns for residential that the contents were subordinate to other fields hygiene were made in the articles, authors' notes, and fragmentary. However, it is notable that those 3 3 papers, and textbooks. The journals of academic discourses were introduced when modern housing associations were effectively utilized for education and architectural education was not yet developed in about hygiene, along with newspapers and textbooks. Korea. Therefore, even though the discourses were Second, in this atmosphere, the scholars thought abstract, fragmented and generalized, they surely t h a t t h e c l e a n l i n e s s o f a s o c i e t y o r a n i n d i v i d u a l contained new modern knowledge of housing planning would be the criterion for a civilized or uncivilized in Korea. Especially the contents of residence design country. Many Westerners and Japanese wrote that r e l a t i n g t o l o c a t i o n , d i r e c t i o n , f l o o r s , s t r u c t u r a l the conditions of the Korean environment including materials, openings and inner atmosphere are very residences were unsanitary as a proof of an uncivilized close to the present knowledge of housing plans. The society. The scholars were well aware of this and 1900s was the time when modern residential concepts emphasized residential hygiene in their articles. They and planning began to develop in Korea. recognized that residential hygiene was related not H o w e v e r, i n 1 9 1 0 , w h e n K o r e a w a s c o l o n i z e d only to an individual life and health, but also to the by Japan, the discourses could not further develop civilization or modernization of Korean society. because they were banned up to 1920. Based on this JAABE vol.5 no.1 May 2006 Myungsun Kim 5 21 Noh, K., "The Unsanitary Korean Housing," Journal of the Seobuk research, the lack of modern Korean residential history Association of Korea 14 (July 1909): p.9. from 1910 to 1920 can be explored in future studies, K i m , B . , " T h e P a r t o f H y g i e n e ( 4 ) , " J o u r n a l o f t h e S e o w o o and then the historic meaning and impact of these Association 4 (March 1907): p.17. discourses from 1896 to 1910 would be clearer and Yangsaeng-J., "Physiology (2)," Journal of the Association of the Great Union 13 (February 1909): pp.16-17; Park, B., "Necessary more enlightening. L i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s f o r H u m a n s ( 2 ) , " J o u r n a l o f t h e S e o b u k Association of Korea 11 (April 1909): p.14. Notes Park, B., "Necessary Living Conditions for Humans (2)," Journal of the Seobuk Association of Korea 11 (April 1909): p.14. The material used was Institute of Document on Korean Studies P a r k , B . , " N e c e s s a r y L i v i n g C o n d i t i o n f o r a H u m a n s ( 2 ) , " ed., Korean Academic Journals in Gaehwa Period vol.1-12 (Seoul: Journal of the Seobuk Association of Korea 11 (April 1909): p.14; Asian Culture Press, 1976, reprinted). Yangsaeng-J., "Physiology (2)," Journal of the Association of the Hygiene, including residential matters, was similar to the idea Great Union 13 (February 1909): p.16. of heath care or medical science today. It was considered an Binton, "Good Things to Know (2)," Journal of the Great Chosun indispensable way to preserve people's health. Home Economics Independence Affiliation 5 (January 1897): pp.5-6. was interpreted as the norm for modern women, therefore, it was not Yangsaeng-J., "Physiology (2)," Journal of the Association of the only adapted in the institute of women's education but also in the Great Union 13 (February 1909): pp.16-17; Park, B., "Necessary journals which academic associations published serially. Education L i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s f o r H u m a n s ( 2 ) , " J o u r n a l o f t h e S e o b u k was also recognized as encouraging the nation to modernize and Association of Korea 11 (April 1909): p.14; Kim, B., "The Part of was frequently presented in the journals of academic associations. Hygiene (4)," Journal of the Seowoo Association 4 (March 1907): Park, S., "The Dialogue of Hygiene (2)," Journal of the Taeguk pp.16-17. Association 5 (December 1906): p.37; Park, S., "10 Conditions of K i m , B . , " T h e P a r t o f H y g i e n e ( 4 ) , " J o u r n a l o f t h e S e o w o o Hygiene," Journal of the Seowoo Association 9 (August 1907): p.10. Association 4 (March 1907): pp.16-17. Chungeun-S., "The Procedure of Hygiene," Journal of the Seowoo Kim, S., "The Method of Home Training (7)," Journal of the Taeguk Association 17 (October 1909): p.13. Association 22 (June 1908): pp.29-30. Yi, D., "The Outline of Hygiene (2)," Journal of the Korean Kim, M., "Home Economics Translation (1)," Journal of the Seowoo Association 2 (March 1908): p.17. Association 3 (February 1907): p.13; Yi, K., "Home Economics (2)," Pigeson, "Air (1)," Journal of the Great Chosun Independence Journal of the Honam Association of Korea 2 (July 1908): p.19. Affiliation 1 (November 1896): p.16. Kim, M., "Home Economics Translation (3)," Journal of the Yangsaeng-J., "Physiology (2)," Journal of the Association of Great Seowoo Association 5 (April 1907): p.10; Yi, K., "Home Economics Union 13 (February 1909): p.15. (3)," Journal of the Honam Association of Korea 3 (August 1908): Yi, D., "The Outline of Hygiene (1)," Journal of the Korean pp.23-24. Association 1 (February 1908): p.42; Yi, D., "The Outline of Shin, D., The History of Modern Healthcare System in Korea (Seoul: Hygiene (2)," Journal of the Korean Association 2 (March 1908): Hanool Academy Press, 1997): pp.137-324. p.17. Kim, M., Evolving Conception of Modern Housing in Korea from Park, B., "Necessary Living Conditions for Humans (2)," Journal of 1876 to 1910, PhD Dissertation, Seoul National University (August the Seobuk Association of Korea 11 (April 1909): pp.13-14. 2004): pp.96-155. Miasma theory explained that the bad odors from damp and decayed Park, J., Distorted Modern (Seoul: Blue History Press, 2003): food and miasma from human respiration, like carbonic acid gas are pp.171-180. the causes of epidemics. It was accepted for a long time in eastern Asia and gradually disappeared with the advent of germ theory in th References the last decade of the 19 century. 1) Institute of Document on Korean Studies ed. (1976) Korean Ooh, K., "To Bring Up a Child in the House," Journal of the Taeguk Academic Journals in Gaehwa Period vol.1-12, Seoul: Asian Association 11 (June 1907): p.39. Culture Press (reprinted). T h e y w e r e t h e s a m e c o n t e n t s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e a u t h o r s a n d 2) Kim, K. (1967) A General Survey of Magazines of the Late Yi expressions were somewhat different. Presented as translation in Dynasty, Journal of Asian Studies 10 (3), pp.233-322. "Home Economics Translation," those two discourses were assumed 3) Kim, M. (2004) Evolving Conception of Modern Housing in to be from an identical foreign book or translated by two writers. Korea from 1876 to 1910, PhD Dissertation, Seoul National Kim, M., "Home Economics Translation (1)," Journal of the Seowoo University. Association 3 (February 1907): p.13; Yi, K., " Home Economics (2)," 4) Lee, M.-U. (2001) Development of Science Education through Journal of the Honam Association of Korea 2, (July 1908): p.19. Academic Journal of Educational Associations during the Modern Kim, M., " Home Economics Translation (3)," Journal of the Educational Period(1876-1910), Journal of the Korean Earth Seowoo Association 5 (April 1907): p.10; Yi, K., " Home Economics Science Society 22(2), pp.75-88. (3)," Journal of the Honam Association of Korea 3 (August 1908): 5) Park, J. (2003) Distorted Modern, Seoul: Blue History Press. pp.23-24. 6) Shin, D. (1997) The History of Modern Healthcare System in Yangsaeng-J., "Physiology (2)," Journal of the Association of the Korea, Seoul: Hanool Academy Press. Great Union 13 (February 1909): p.15; Park, B., "Necessary Living 7) Yoon, J. (1996) Bibliographical Study on the Periodical in the Conditions for Humans (2)," Journal of the Seobuk Association of Modern Period of Korea 1889-1945, Master's Thesis, Ewha Korea 11 (April 1909): p.13. Womans University. Yi, K., "The Gist of Hygiene," Journal of the Seowoo Association 6 (May 1907): p.21. Yi, K., "The Gist of Hygiene," Journal of the Seowoo Association 6 (May 1907): pp.21-22. Kim, S., "The Method of Home Training (7)," Journal of the Taeguk Association 22 (June 1908): p.28. Kim, S., "The Method of Home Training (7)," Journal of the Taeguk Association 22 (June 1908): pp.28-29. Yi, K., "The Gist of Hygiene," Journal of the Seowoo Association 6 (May 1907): p.22. 6 JAABE vol.5 no.1 May 2006 Myungsun Kim
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: May 1, 2006
Keywords: housing; hygiene; academic journal
