Abstract
The focus of traditional market revitalization policy is shifting from physical improvement projects to social regeneration efforts designed to stimulate the declining traditional market by means of cultural instruments in Korea. Given this trend, this study analyzes what kind of cultural promotion activities sponsored by public assistance influence social capital formation on the traditional market. The causative factors derived from cultural promotion activities are awareness transition activities, grassroots expansion activities, and empowerment activities, In comparison to cultural promotion activities, the causative factors derived from routine merchant activities are routine interactions, economic interactions, fellowship activities, and autonomous activities. The influence relationship model designed to denote the resultant factors consists of reliability, participation, network, and sense of community. The study results revealed that cultural promotion activities and routine activities had a positive impact on social capital formation. In the case of cultural promotion activities, awareness transition activities and grassroots expansion activities were found to largely exercise a positive influence, whereas empowerment activities showed a negative influence. In addition, in the case of routine merchant activities, fellowship activities and autonomous activities, which include communal characteristics, were shown to exercise a more intense influence on social capital formation. Keywords: Traditional market; social capital; cultural promotion activities; routine activities 1. Introduction The main goal of this study is to examine the Korea's traditional market, placed at the center of influential relationship between cultural promotion living environments, has long embraced a variety of activities and routine merchant activities on social functions and values from a socio-economic aspect. capital formation in the traditional market. The However, with the advent of giant distributors, resulting study first compares the influence of public cultural from the liberalization of the distribution market and promotion activities and natural routine merchant deteriorating market facilities, its competitive power activities on social capital formation. Then, the has increasingly diminished. To remedy this situation, programs and activities that influence the components efforts have been made to revitalize the stagnating of social capital in both broad groups are examined in traditional market, focusing particularly on physical detail. improvements. However, although the focus is To this end, a target location for the study is selected currently shifting towards cultural promotion activities, as a traditional market that had experienced cultural their outcomes are not yet significant enough to verify promotion activities. The independent variables of the effects of the social relationships and community cultural promotion activities comprise awareness formation they have established. In this context, there transition activities, grassroots expansion activities, is a need to study the actual implications of social and empowerment activities, and the routine merchant capital relative to the traditional market. activities comprise routine interactions, economic interactions, fellowship activities, and autonomous activities. The dependent variables are reliability, participation, network, and sense of community. An *Contact Author: Cheong-Ho Park, Ph.D. Urban Design influence relationship model was designed based on 612-2, Facility of Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering, these variables. Finally, the analysis was conducted Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, by applying the partial least squares (PLS) structural Seoul, 131-791, South Korea equation. Tel: +82-10-8843-5257 Fax: +82-2-2220-1214 E-mail: nayapch@hanmail.net ( Received April 14, 2013 ; accepted November 11, 2013 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/January 2014/78 71 2. Theoretical Study and Literature Review within the group (Putnam, 2000). Sense of community 2.1 Theoretical Study is a form of informal social control designating a social 1) The term "social capital" and the significance of entity willing to share destiny or life in a particular its constituent elements area or space (Onyx, 2000). Scholars define social capital in different ways. Hence, social capital is conducted by consisting Tocqueville first used the term to indicate a voluntary of reliability, participation, network and sense of civic engagement and a sense of affiliation regarding community as resultant factors in this study. common issues of local communities (Wilson, 2) Cultural activities and social capital 1997). Putnam (1993, 2000) defined social capital Akira Tamura (2008) defined community formation as a phenomenon in social relations, describing it in as the practice process of community members jointly terms of network, norm, and reliability. He further bringing about regional development through socio- argued that social capital increases by participation. cultural activities. He stated that community formation Coleman (1990) interpreted social capital as a requires the process of "awareness transition" to treat complex intangible asset serving specific purposes in local problems and issues as personal concerns, and individual interactions. For Fukuyama (1995), social the process of "empowerment" to enable self-directed capital is an economic prosperity-related trust among activities. In a case analysis of community formation in constituent members of a society. Innes (1994) stated Japan, Matsuo (2003) emphasized the participation of that intellectual capital, political capital, and relational local residents, who play a significant role in overcoming capital (network) form through a consensus building the regional conflicts and problems in the region. process, and Healey (1998) defined social capital as an As regards the effects of participation through institutional capital consisting of intellectual capital, socio-cultural activities, Zadeh (2010) argued that relational capital, and political capital. participation enhances the reliability and the sense of Although it is difficult to provide an unambiguous responsibility and community among local residents. definition for the term "social capital," because it is Putnam (2000) asserted that social capital can be used by different scholars in different senses, it may generated through relationship building among local be defined as intangible assets generated through residents. Furthermore, according to Baik and Ra social relationships, which are productive from various (2008), citizen participation in cultural activities perspectives(Seo, 2002). greatly influences an individual's perception of As these different interpretations are combined, the "satisfaction with life" and "satisfaction with residential three common elements are reliability, participation, environment." As such, interpersonal exchanges arising and network. Furthermore, the norm and restriction from socio-cultural activities of local residents are presented by Putnam (1993, 2000) and Coleman (1990) found to be conducive to social capital formation. indicate a sense of community, but with a restrictive Individual interactions among local residents occur at character that must be obeyed and fulfilled within a two levels: superficial, routine neighboring, and more society. Therefore, these are the components of social profound, social neighboring (Woldoff, 2002). Perkins capital used in this study. and Long (2002) classified social capital into "neighbor Reliability, a community-upholding element, refers relations" and "community participation," representing to the degree of trust a community has that the duties informal and formal social interaction, respectively. imposed by the members' tacit consensus will be Therefore, this study analyzes the relationships performed (Western, 2005). Participation is the degree categorized as cultural promotion activities sponsored of involvement in particular issues, and entails other by public assistance into formal dimension and routine social capital, such as trust, norms, and network, merchant activities into informal dimension. depending on its level (Dale, 2005). Network is the degree of familiarity indicative of the relationship Table 1. Component of Social Capital Researchers Component Definition Tocque- Voluntary participation, >> 3 common Ville(1835) Solidarity(network) elements Putnam Network, Reliability, - Reliability (1993) Participation , Norm (Western, 2005) Fig.1. Cultural Activities and Social Capital Coleman Relationships, Norm, - Participation (1990) Restriction (Dale, 2005) 3) The Relationship Between Social Capital and Fukuyama Reliability - Network Revitalization of Traditional Markets (1995) (Putnam, 2000) Innes Network(intellectual >> another There have been few studies on the relationship (1994) and relational, political element between social capital and revitalization of traditional capital) - Sense of markets. However, it is possible to establish the Healey Community : Norm(intellectual and relationship between them through the process of (1998) norm, restriction relational, political social capital and regional development. (Onyx, 2000) capital) 72 JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park An urban community is essentially formed by 2000; Chun, 2004); the more intensely a group was social relations, so all social interactions are directly involved in joint activities, the more intensive was or indirectly related to social capital. Social capital the neighborhood network formed (and Usher, 2005; in political, economic, social, and cultural relations Forrest and Kearns, 2001; Kim and Kwak, 2007); the within the urban community minimizes conflict and longer the period of residence, the more extended the plays a significant role in developing the community social network (Onyx and Bullen, 2000). (Gwon & Park, 2010) . Putnam (1993) showed that A study focusing on the relationship between the there is a positive relation between social capital and physical characteristics of a residential area and social regional development. However, Knack and Keefer capital observed that homeowners had a higher level of (1997) showed that social activities, reliability, and neighborhood safety than tenants (Allen, 1998; Brisson group membership within social capital are not related, and Usher, 2005). or are negatively related to regional development. The analysis of previous studies found that, unlike The spatial unit for measuring regional development existing studies on social capital formation, most of is changing from national or urban units to a regional which were conducted in residential areas, this study unit (Yoo & Kim, 2001) , and recently, an increasing targeted a traditional market located in a traditional emphasis has been placed on the neighborhood commercial area in the core of an old city. Moreover, as a spatial unit of local community formation or this study stands out in that it emphasizes the impact community empowerment projects (Kim and Kwak, pattern of cultural promotion activities and merchant 2007). Rydin and Pennington (2000) stated that small routine activities on social capital formation. In spatial entities are effective for monitoring the behavior contrast, other studies investigated social capital arising from diverse interactive relationships. formation based on factors related to the socio- Therefore, this study selects small, traditional economic characteristics and physical features of m a rk e t s n e a r re si d e n t i a l a r e a s a s "d e f e n si ve residential areas. communities," each with an identity differentiated from other regions. The study then analyzes the influence of 3. Analytic Frame cultural promotion activities and routine activities as 3.1 Selection of Target Location causative factors, and social capital as a consequential Three prior conditions were set to select a target factor. location matching our study objective. First, the market 2.2 Previous Studies and Different Approaches has to be situated in a traditional commercial area of Among numerous previous studies on the Korean the old downtown of the city while Maintaining the traditional market, those studies validating the effects of unique features of the market. Second, the market cultural promotion activities are in line with this study. should have about 1–2 years of autonomous activity The research of the Cultural Consulting Group (2010, experience after the completion of the official cultural 2011) estimated the effects of cultural promotion promotion activities. Third, the market should be a activities under the sole criterion of perceived "defended neighborhood," with an identity distinct satisfaction with regards to enhancement of economic from other areas. value, brand name value, community value, cultural To se l e c t a st u d y su b j e c t sa t i sf y i n g t h e se value, economic vitality, social relationship, image, and prerequisites, authors analyzed markets selected environment. Heo and Lee (2012) analyzed whether as MOONJEONSUNGSI projects. These markets the element of participation conditions for cultural were screened under the criteria of location (typical promotion programs had an impact on merchant commercial area of the old downtown in a city), empowerment. But, it is insufficiently considered that type (community-based venture), and progress status studies on what kind of cultural promotion activities (completion of official support phases 1 to 3, plus a and routine merchant activities have an influence on sufficient period of autonomous activity). The final social capital formation. selection fell on Motgol Market in Suwon, which The majority of previous studies on social capital satisfied all the criteria, including having the character target residential areas and revolve around factor- of a defended neighborhood. dependent differences in social capital formation with regard to members' socio-economic characteristics and physical features of residential areas. The review of the studies comparing social capital formation from a socio-economic perspective revealed the following: a higher income was positively correlated with social capital formation (Brisson and Usher, 2005; Kim and Kwak, 2007); a higher level of reliability formation was shown by families with children compared to childless households (Kleinhans, Fig.2. Location and Condition of Motgol Market Priemus, and Engberson, 2007; Onyx and Bullen, JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park 73 3.2 Variable Extraction for Influence Relationship activities and routine merchant activities on social and Generation of Study Model capital formation using a variable selection process, as To extract variables and the measurement index illustrated in Fig.3. related to the cultural promotion and routine activities in the traditional market, authors conducted a literature review and an observational investigation. This was followed by the primary sorting and brainstorming process, and finally, the extraction of the final variables and measurement index (see Table 2.). First, the final latent variables that constitute cultural promotion activities were identified as awareness transition activities, grassroots expansion activities, and empowerment activities. The analysis of the detailed implementation programs used as the measurement index and the process of drawing the latent variables proceeded as follows. The contents of the whole implemented programs, categorized by purpose, were organized primarily by analyzing the "History Book for Cultural Projects on Motgol Market in Suwon" and "Manual Book for a Merchant- Fig.3. Study Model and Analysis Process led Culture" which are the progress reports of the MOONJEONSUNGSI Project and the proposal plan 3.3 PLS Structural Equation Model Selection and of the MOONJEONSUNGSI Project. The latter was Hypotheses Generation edited by The Active Region Forums Inc. Then, the The PLS-structural equation was chosen to analyze three final latent variables were drawn following the our study model. A regression analysis is conducted brainstorming process with the specialists and directors under the hypothesis of a multivariate normal of the project manager group that hosted the cultural distribution and requires a large sample size. However, promotion activities. a PLS structural equation, with a null hypothesis of a Second, the final latent variables that constitute normal distribution, is able to model latent variables routine merchant activities were identified as routine even with a small sample size, as is the case in this interaction activities, economic interaction activities, study. In general, in a Maximum Likelihood (ML) fellowship activities, and autonomous activities. The structural equation model, each latent variable process of drawing the measurement index and the is constructed from one measurement index (the latent variables was as follows. An observation survey questionnaire item). This has led to the analysis results and interviews were conducted on routine merchant and testing often being called into question, despite the activities in the target area, with reference to 15 presence of multiple measurement indices for a latent routine activities , such as "sharing food" and "visiting variable stemming from complicated cause-effect neighbors," used in the studies by Kim and Gwak (2007) relationships. and Chun (2001). Activities that were not observed, However, in the case of a PLS-structural equation, such as "babysitting," "helping with housework," and a latent variable can be generated from multiple "invitations to a meal," were removed, while seven measurement indices. In addition, in cases in which the newly observed activities(see mark* in Table 2.), such 1st-order factor (latent variable) is backed by the 2nd- as "drinking parties" and "store sitting," were added. order factor (latent variable), a high-order factor model The four final latent variables were drawn following can be constructed by hypothesizing abstract latent the brainstorming process. variables in sequence (Chin, 1998, Ko and Kwon, Third, the final latent variables that constitute social 2008). capital were identified as reliability, participation, Based on the study model, the fundamental network, and a sense of community, as per the earlier hypotheses were established as H1: "Cultural discussion on the theory of social capital. The index promotion activities will exercise a significant used by Chun (2004), Kim and Gwak (2007), Kim influence on social capital formation" and H2: "Routine 8 9 (2011) , and Kim and Goo (2011) was used to activities will exercise a significant influence on social organize the measurement index for social capital capital formation." Based on the original hypotheses, based on the definitions of the variables composing sub-hypotheses H1-1-1 to H1-3-4, and H2-1-1 to H2- social capital described in the theoretical study. Then, 4-4 were established(see Table 3.). the final measurement index was drawn following the brainstorming process with the relevant specialists. 4. Model Testing and Path Analysis Outcome Through the above process, a study model was 4.1 Questionnaire Summary designed to analyze the effects of cultural promotion The questionnaire survey for this study was conducted 74 JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park Table 2. Variables and Measurement Items Latent variables Measurement Index Classification Questionnaire Items >> Satisfaction degree of participation about each implemented-program(j01~j08) Exploring market j01:storytelling (exploring merchants' story resources), merchants' image resources workshop (self-discovery process through humanistic education) Awareness j02:brand identity development (merchant-involved Motgol Market transition Expressing market logo creation), Motgol Media (store commercial production), story book activities resources (merchants' story book publication), story store (merchant-involved market design) j03:choir, band, sports dance, cooking class (merchant cooking instructor Inter-merchant club training), calligraphy j04:merchant journalist corps (market reporting and newsletter Interregional exchange production), Motgol on-air (merchant-run radio broadcasting), fantasy Grassroots of merchants workshop (communication among project participants), Motgol story expansion newspaper and homepage (market and region bulletin) activities j05:cultural festival, small-scale performance/exhibition (regional culture- associated festival), five rural partners one market (exchange festival with Interregional cultural five rural areas), market economy, fine arts and music class for children exchange at market (economy, music and art experience exchange with children from the region) Cultural j06:curator (curator training and field education), club and bulletin management training (club inception and bulletin production training), visiting training successful markets Empowerment Building j07:history book (progress and achievement records), design guide activities sustainable book (merchant-directed design idea book publication), manual groundwork production(merchant-directed cultural activities methodology setup) Creating voluntary j08:'Motgol Forum' (debate for market development direction), 'Motgol cultural contents Moonhwa Sarang' club (managing voluntary cultural activity) >> A frequency of participation regarding each activity (I01~I04) Routine i01:sharing food, chatting, *drinking parties(drinking with neighboring Interactions Routine interactions merchants), participating family events of neighboring merchants(wedding activities ceremonies, funerals, etc.) Economic i 02:*store sitting(managing other stores when the owner is not Interactions Economic interactions available), lending and *borrowing money and goods among merchants, activities *cooperative buying(group purchases of materials) Fellowship Fellowship activities i03:hobbies(fishing, hiking), friendship meeting activities Autonomous i04:*cleaning the market, voluntary services, *crime prevention, *repair Autonomous activities activities and maintenance of simple devices and equipment >> A degree of Reliability(s01~s03) and Participation(s04~s06) and Network(s06~s09), S. of community(s10~s12) Neighboring merchants s01:aid from neighboring stores Reliability Merchant organization s02:a degree of trust for merchants' meeting and management corps Civil servant & PM corps s03:implementation policies of public institute and Project Manager corps Market management s04:market management, cleaning Participation Formal program s05:festivals, education, events Merchants' organization s06:merchants' committee, market management committee Internal interaction s07:visiting neighboring stores Network Internal aid s08:mutual aid with neighboring stores External aid s09:management consultancy with experts or civil servants Security awareness s10:merchants' preparedness against security problems Sense of Conflict c ountermeasures s11:merchants' readiness to cope with conflicts community Implict market rules s12:fulfillment of negotiations among merchants on the merchants of the Suwon Motgol Market over ten resources. For grassroots expansion activities, authors days, from September 13 to 22, 2012. Of the 90 stores, measured the degree of satisfaction about participating after excluding no responses and missing values, 53 in implemented programs (j03~j05) focusing on inter- valid copies were secured and used in the analysis. merchant club, interregional exchange of merchants, The degree of awareness for the measurement items and interregional cultural exchange at the market. For of the final extracted latent variables were measured empowerment activities, authors measured the degree on a seven-point likert scale: 1 point for "strongly of satisfaction about participating in implemented disagree," 4 points for "average," and 7 points for programs (j06~j08) on cultural management training, "strongly agree." building sustainable groundwork, and creating First, authors measured the latent variables that voluntary cultural content. constitute cultural promotion activities. For awareness Second, authors measured the routine merchant transition activities, authors measured the degree activities by the frequency of participation in routine of satisfaction about participating in implemented interactions (i01), economic interactions (i04), fellow- programs (j01~j02) that explored and expressed market ship activities (i03), and autonomous activities (i04). JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park 75 Social capital Routine activities Cultural promotion activities (dependent variables) (independent variables) (independent variables) Table 3. Study Hypotheses 4.2 Study Model Verification H1 Cultural promotion activities → social capital : (+) This study model was tested in a variable-testing h1-1-1 step and a model-testing step. For the variable Awareness transition → reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) testing, authors evaluated a confirmatory factor h1-1-4 analysis, convergent validity, internal consistency, h1-2-1 Grassroots expansion → reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) and discriminative validity. The model testing was h1-2-4 conducted by evaluating the overall goodness of fit of h1-3-1 Empowerment → the structural model, average goodness of fit of the path reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) h1-3-4 model, and overall goodness of fit of the path model. H2 Routine merchant activities → social capital : (+) In addition, authors constructed a high-order factor h2-1-1 Routine interactions → ~ model, first testing the 1st-order factor model, followed reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) h2-1-4 by the 2nd-order factor model. The results showed that h2-2-1 Economic interactions → the factor model and structural model were well-fitting reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) h2-2-4 (see Table 4.). h2-3-1 Fellowship activities → 4.3 Path Analysis reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) h2-3-4 1) Path analysis of 2nd-order factor model h2-4-1 The analyses of whether cultural promotion activities Autonomous activities → reliability, participation, network, s. of community : (+) h2-4-4 and routine merchant activities would exercise a significant influence on social capital formation (H1 Third, authors measured the latent variables that and H2) yielded path coefficients of 0.6010 (t-statistics constitute social capital. For the reliability, authors = 8.27) for routine activities and 0.3409 (t-statistics = measured the degree of reliability (s01~s03) on 4.71) for cultural promotion activities (see Table 5. and neighboring merchants, merchant organizations, and Fig.4.). This suggests that routine merchant activities civil servant and PM corps. For the participation, have more of an impact on social capital formation authors measured the degree of participation (s04~s06) in market management, formal programs, and merchant Table 5. Path Coefficient Analysis of 2nd-Order Model organizations. For the network, authors measured Path separator Coefficient t-statistics A/R the degree of internal interaction, internal aid, and Cultural promotion 0.34 4.71*** Accept external aid (s07~s09). Finally, to gauge the sense of activities → Social community, authors measured security awareness, Routine capital conflict countermeasures, and implicit market rules merchant 0.60 8.27*** Accept activities (s10~s12) (Fig.1. shows how the process was used to *** p<0.01 (t>2.58), ** p<0.05 (t>1.96), * p<0.1 (t>1.654) reflect the measurement index in the analysis model). Table 4. Results of the 1st-Order Factor Model and 2nd-Order Factor Model Testing Verification Item Test reference (ref. value) 1st-order factor model 2nd-order factor model Confirmatory Factor explanatory power ≥0.5 0.7 or above 0.7 or above factor analysis Convergent t-value≥1.65 (\alpha 90%) 2.58 (\alpha 99%) 2.58(\alpha 99%) validity Cronbach's α ≥0.5 0.7 or above 0.7 or above Internal AVE ≥0.5 0.7 or above 0.7 or above consistency Composite reliability≥0.7 0.7 or above 0.7 or above AVE squared multiple correlation ≥0.5 0.7 or above 0.7 or above Communality value ≥0.5 0.7 or above 0.5 or above Discriminant The smallest square root of the AVE validity > 0.83 < 0.86* 0.81 < 0.83* The largest correlation coefficient Reliability = 0.03, Overall goodness Participation = 0.07, Redundancy value of endogenous variables square of fit of the 2 Network= 0.09, Social capital = 0.27 (R ) = positive number structural model S. of community =0.05 Endogenous variables square (R ) Reliability = 0.63, Average goodness upper (0.26 or above), Participation =0.81, of fit of the Social capital =0.76 middle (0.26~0.13), Network =0.32, path model lower (0.13~0.02) S. of community=0.62 The square root of the multiplied value of the average Overall goodness endogenous variables square (R ) and the average of fit of the communality 0.6715 0.7525 path model upper (0.36 or above), middle (0.36~0.25), lower (0.25~0.1) * The smallest square root of the AVE is smaller than the largest correlation coefficient. Yet, it may be considered to have discriminative validity because it is estimated to have been influenced by the inherent interaction due to the construct of some of the items. and AVE squared multiple correlation and Communality value satisfy the criteria, so this structural model was well-fitting 76 JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park than do cultural promotion activities, although the In this case, the short-term tangible achievements latter do also have a positive impact on the social induced by the expert support cannot be sustained once capital formation in the market. the financial assistance is curbed. The analyses of Hypotheses H2-1-1 to H2-4- 4 resulted in the following findings: 1) routine interactions only have a positive impact on network building (0.3346); 2) economic interactions have a positive impact on participation (0.1118) and network building (0.2189); 3) fellowship activities have a positive impact on reliability (0.1985), participation (0.2024), and sense of community (0.0947), while exercising a negative influence on network building Fig.4. Path Coefficient Analysis of 2nd-order Model (-0.3391); and 4) autonomous activities have a positive 2) Path analysis of the 1st-order factor model impact on enhancing reliability (0.4361), participation The analyses of Hypotheses H1-1-1 to H1-3- (0.4945), and sense of community (0.4255). 4 resulted in the following findings: 1) awareness These results suggest that routine merchant transition activities have a positive impact on activities with community characteristics, such as reliability (0.3780), participation (0.1812), and sense fellowship activities and autonomous activities, of community (0.2754), in other words, all constituent have a proportionally higher impact on social capital elements except network; 2) grassroots expansion formation. Furthermore, the fact that fellowship activities only have a positive impact on sense of activities exercise a negative influence on network community (0.3505); and 3) empowerment activities building suggests a conflict in the structure between only have a positive impact on the enhancement of individual merchants in the process of social participation (0.1668), while exercising a negative relationship building. influence on reliability (-0.2509), network (-0.3132), and sense of community (-0.2723). 5. Conclusion These results may be interpreted as a limitation of The present study performed empirical analyses, cultural promotion activities that begin under expert targeting a traditional market, to find out whether guidance, gradually increasing merchants' participation. cultural promotion activities have an impact on social capital formation. Table 6. Path Coefficient Analysis of 1st-Order Model The analysis results revealed that both cultural Path separator Coefficient t-statistics A/R promotion activities and routine activities have a →reliability 0.37 3.05*** Accept positive impact on social capital building. Awareness Awareness →participation 0.18 1.86* Accept transition transition activities had a positive impact on reliability, →network 0.03 0.21 Reject activities participation, and sense of community; grassroots →s. of community 0.27 2.77*** Accept expansion activities had a positive impact on sense of →reliability 0.04 0.35 Reject Grassroots community; and empowerment activities negatively →participation -0.10 1.12 Reject expansion influence reliability, network, and sense of community →network 0.26 1.47 Reject activities →s. of community 0.35 2.83*** Accept (i.e., all constituent elements except participation). →reliability -0.25 1.69* Accept Routine interactions had a positive impact on network Empower- →participation 0.16 1.83* Accept building. Economic interactions had a positive impact ment →network -0.31 1.73* Accept activities on participation and network building. Finally, →s. of community -0.27 1.91* Accept autonomous activities had a positive impact on →reliability 0.00 0.07 Reject reliability, participation, and sense of community, →participation -0.00 0.01 Reject Routine while negatively influencing network building. interactions →network 0.33 3.08*** Accept Taken together, the above results suggest that →s. of community -0.01 0.18 Reject cultural promotion activities are positively related to →reliability 0.07 0.86 Reject →participation 0.11 1.92* Accept social capital formation, but include the possibility of Economic interactions →network 0.21 2.41** Accept a widespread attitude of merchants expecting public →s. of community 0.09 1.29 Reject assistance. Furthermore, routine activities are positively →reliability 0.19 1.74* Accept related to social capital formation in proportion to the →participation 0.20 2.32** Accept Fellowship degree of community characteristics. However, this activities →network -0.39 2.55** Accept fact points to the possibility of generating indifferent →s. of community 0.26 1.85** Accept merchants who are not able or inclined to be integrated →reliability 0.43 2.97*** Accept in joint activities that build social relationships. →participation 0.49 4.91*** Accept Autonomous activities Therefore, based on our research findings, authors →network 0.42 2.06** Accept →s. of community 0.22 1.29 Reject propose a shift in the system of public support policy *** p<0.01 (t>2.58), ** p<0.05 (t>1.96), * p<0.1 (t>1.654) that secures sustainability by empowering merchants to (Only paths with t-values satisfying the reliability level of 90% were selected) voluntarily participate in cultural activities, even though JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park 77 5) Chin, W. W. (1998) Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation this tends to show slower performance than the system Modeling, MIS Quarterly, 22(1), pp.7-16. that focuses on tangible results within a short period. 6) Coleman, J. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, The present study is significant in that it sheds Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. light on the influence relationship between cultural 7) Chun, H. S. (2004) A Study on the Social Capital of Apartment Complex in Large Cities. Korean Journal of Sociology, 38(4), promotion activities in traditional markets and social pp.215-247. capital formation, thus presenting groundwork for 8) Cultural Consulting Group (2010), Culture through traditional expanding the culture-based regeneration policy markets enable a pilot project evaluation report. Seoul: Ministry of culture, sports and tourism. to declining commercial areas. A limitation of this 9) Dale, A., Onyx, J. 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(2010) The Impact Analysis of Social 14) Heo, S. Y., Lee, H. C. (2012) The Effect and Factor of Capital on Urban Competitiveness. Journal of Korea Association Community-based Traditional Market Revitalization Projects on for Local Government Studies, 14(3), pp.97-116. Merchants Empowerment. Journal of the Urban Design Institute Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1997) Does social capital have a payoff?. of Korea, 13(5), pp.21-35. Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1251-1339. 15) Innes, J. E. (1994) Planning theory's emerging paradigm: Yoo, J. H., Kim, N. D. (2001) Knowledge-Based Economy communitive action and interactive practice. Journal of Planning Promotion Strategy. Seoul, Korea: Ihwa University Press. Education and Research, 14(3), pp.183-190. Davies and Herbert (1993) defined neighborhood as the smallest 16) Kim, I. S., Kwak, H. K. (2007) An Exploratory Study on Social geographical unit where interaction with neighbors can occur. Capital Distribution Based on Types of Neighborhood Resident There is no recognized method of classifying neighborhood with Organization. Journal of the Korean Regional Development a clear-cut nomenclature. However, Suttles (1972) identified Association, 19 (4), pp.151-178. four types of neighborhood: 1) "face block," a small area within 17) Ko, M. Y., Kwon, S. D. (2008) A Study on the Effects of User which children are allowed to play without parental surveillance; Participation on Stickiness and Continued Use on Internet Community. 2) "defended neighborhood," the smallest area with an identity Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 18(2), pp.41-72. distinguishable from other areas; 3) "community of limited 18) Kleinhans, R., Priemus, R., & Engbersen, G. (2007) Understanding liability," a district of the local authority; and 4) at the highest- social capital in recently restructured urban neighbourhoods: two level, "extended community of limited liability," the broadest studies in Rotterdam. Urban Studies, 44(5/6), pp.1069-1091. subdivision of a city or an entire city. 19) Onyx, J. and Bullen, P. (2000) Measuring Social Capital in Five Motgol Market is situated in a commercial area of the old Communities. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 36(1), downtown of Suwon City. The market was built in 1975 as one pp.23-42. of the nine markets constituting the south gate market complex. It 20) Putnam, R. D. (1993) The prosperous community: social capital was formed naturally as a shopping street market along a public and public life. The American Prospect, 13(spring), pp.35-42. footpath. It is a small market with some 90 stores lined along both 21) Putnam, R. D. (2000) Bowing Alone: The collapse and revival of sides of an alley of approximately 190m, and has a clear identity American community. New York: Simon & Schuster. distinguished from the surrounding area. It was included in 22) Perkins, D. D., and Long, D. A. (2002) Neighborhood Sense MOONJEONSUNGSI Project in 2008 and has become a flagship of Community and Social Capital: A Multi-Level Analysis. In case for the traditional market revitalization program. Psychological Sense of Community: Research, Application, and Routine activities: Sharing food, visiting neighbors, chatting Implications, edited by A. Fisher, C. Sonn, and B. Bishop, pp.291- and having conversations, attending weddings or funerals, 316, New York: Plenum. housesitting, lending and borrowing money, borrowing things, 23) Rydin, Y., Pennington, M. (2000) Public participation and Local group purchases of daily necessities, hobbies, forming a mutual Environmental Planning: the collective action problem and the financing association, cleaning the community, volunteer work, potential of social capital. Local Environment, 5(2), pp.153-169. babysitting, helping with housework, invitations to a meal. 24) Seo, S. T. (2002) The Role and Task of Urban Planning for Kim, H. Y. (2011) A study of the effects of social capital on life Building Social Capital: Approaches and Policy Implications, The satisfaction of the residents participating in a mobilization program Korea Spatial Planning Review, (33), pp.73-87. of community resources. Journal of Korean Social Welfare 25) Suttles, G. D. (1972) The Social Construction of Communities. Administration, 13(3), pp.1-29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kim, W. L., Koo, J. H. (2011) The Influence of Making 26) Tamura, Akira. (2008) Community Planning Practice. Tokyo: Collaborative Governance on Building Social Capital in a Iwanami press. Residential Environment by Improving Projects. Journal of Korea 27) The active region Forums Inc. (2009) history book for cultural Planners Association, 46(4), pp.105-119. project on Motgol Market in Suwon, Seoul: Free Press. 28) The active region Forums Inc. (2010) Manual book for a merchant-led culture. Seoul: Free Press. References 29) Western, J., Stimson, R., Baum, S., and Gellecum, Y. Van. (2005) 1) Allen, N.J., Meyer, J.P. (1998), Commitment in the Workplace, Measuring community Strength and social capital. Regional Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Studies, 39(8), pp.1095-1109. 2) Baik. S. H., Ra, D. S. (2008) A Study on the Projects of Making a 30) Wilson, P. A. (1997) Building Social Capital: A Learning Agenda Region through the Arts. Seoul: Seoul Development Institute. for the Twenty-first Century. Urban Studies, 34(5/6), pp.745-60. 3) Brisson, D. S., & Usher, C. L. (2005) Bonding social capital in 31) Woldoff, R. A. (2002) The Effect of Local Stressor on low-income neighbourhoods. Family Relations, 54(5), pp.644-653. Neighborhood Attachment. Social Forces, 81(1), pp.87-116. 4) Chun, H. S. (2001) A Study on the relationship between the 32) Zadeh, B. S., Ahmad, N. (2010) Social development, Community characteristics of the residents and the community to promote development and Participation. Journal of US-China Public livability of community. Journal of Korea Association for Housing Administration, 7(1), pp.66-69. Policy Studies, 9(1), pp.143-172. 78 JAABE vol.13 no.1 January 2014 Cheong-Ho Park
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Jan 1, 2014
Keywords: Traditional market; social capital; cultural promotion activities; routine activities
