Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Loading next page...
/lp/taylor-francis/assessment-of-trace-elements-and-its-influence-on-physico-chemical-and-CZyJ92jpfE
References
References for this paper are not available at this time. We will be adding them shortly, thank you for your patience.
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Copyright
- © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
- ISSN
- 2474-9508
- DOI
- 10.1080/24749508.2018.1452475
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
GeoloGy, ecoloGy, and landscapes, 2018 Vol . 2, no . 3, 169–176 https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1452475 INWASCON OPEN ACCESS Assessment of trace elements and its influence on physico-chemical and biological properties in coastal agroecosystem soil, Puducherry region a b b c M. Sudhakaran , D. Ramamoorthy , V. Savitha and S. Balamurugan a b d epartment of environmental s ciences, Tamil nadu a gricultural University, c oimbatore, India; d epartment of ecology and environmental s ciences, pondicherry University, puducherry, India; d epartment of earth s ciences, pondicherry University, puducherry, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 27 s eptember 2017 The concentration of trace elements Ba, Sr, V, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Mn, and Co were assed in the a ccepted 25 January 2018 surface soil of agricultural lands, Puducherry region. The ranking order of occurrence of the heavy metals in 10 farms soils was Ba > Sr > Mn > Cr > V > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > As indicating that KEYWORDS Ba concentration was high. Trace elements such as, Cu, Cr, V, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, and As enrichment β-glucosidase; trace levels were high in current years. Most of the farming soil showed metals Ba and Sr were higher elements; actinomycetes; than maximum permissible limit. Organic farming (farm 3, 6, and 9) soils were containing higher agricultural; fertilizer amount of plant available nutrients, sol microbial population and β-glucosidase activity. Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, and As trace elements were stronger inhibitory effects on soil biological properties. The enrichment of these trace elements in agriculture soil samples conforms their higher input of trace element contaminated organic manures, synthetic fertilizer, and fungicides by the farmers. Introduction used during agricultural activities (Rapheal & Adebayo, 2011). Organic materials, such as farm manures, bio-sol- Trace elements are very essential for growth of plants, ids, or composts contain higher concentration of trace enzyme production, hormone regulation, and protein elements than most agricultural soils. The use of bio-sol - synthesis. There are nine elements such as Fe, Mn, Cl, ids and compost increases the total amount of Cu, Zn, Zn, Ni, Cu, B, Co, and Mo that are required in very Pb, Cd, Fe, Ba, and Mn in soils (Keskin, 2010). small quantities. However, when the concentration of e a Th gricultural system in India is typically a mon- such trace elements goes higher which leads to negative soon-driven low-input farming with limited use of effects on soil physico-chemical and biological proper - organic amendments. The inorganic chemical fertilizers ties (Venkatesan & Senthurpandian, 2006). The concen - with inadequate organic amendments are used primar- trations of trace elements in soils are associated with ily to meet the gap between the soil reserve and crop biological and geochemical cycles. They are influenced requirement. However, such farming practices ae ff cts by anthropogenic activities, such as, transport, waste dis- the physical, chemical, mineral, biological processes, and posal, industrialization, social, and agricultural activities biochemical properties of soil. In Pondicherry region, have an ee ff ct on environmental pollution and the global most of the farmers follow indiscriminate usage of inor- ecosystem (Wong, Li, Zhang, Qi, & Min, 2002). These ganic fertilizer and synthetic pesticides which leads to functions lead to a negative effect on human health enhance ecological imbalance, soil salinity, and health and on all living organisms. Although trace elements hazards (Reddy, Satpathy, & Dhiviya, 2013). Hence, the are naturally present in soil, contamination and comes present study was undertaken to assess the trace ele- from local sources: mostly industry waste incinera- ments and its influence on physico-chemical and biolog - tion, combustion of fossil fuels, irrigation with polluted ical properties in agricultural farming soils, Puducherry waters, syntactic fertilizer, contaminated manure, and region. pesticide containing heavy metals (Fytianos, Katsianis, Triantafyllou, & Zachariadis, 2001). Materials and methods Additional use of fertilizers and pesticides in agri- cultural activities to increase productivity due to the Study area and soil sampling rapid population increase. However, excessive usage Pondicherry is located along the Coramandel coast threatens to the groundwater quality and soil health on of peninsular India with the geographical coordinates a large scale. In most of the countries, soils and waters 11° 52′N, 79° 45′E, 11° 59′N and 79° 52′ E covering have been contaminated by fertilizers and pesticides CONTACT d. Ramamoorthy d.ramamoorthy01@gmail.com © 2018 The a uthor(s). published by Informa UK limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an open a ccess article distributed under the terms of the creative c ommons a ttribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 170 M. SUDHAKARAN ET AL. Figure 1 s tudy area map. Image modified from: p ondicherry/puducherry Road Map (available at https://www.mapsofindia.com/ maps/pondicherry/pondicherry_road.htm). an area of 480 km. The mean annual rainfall of the Analyses of soil trace elements and physico- study area is about 1311–1172 mm. The mean number chemical properties of annual rainy days is 55; the mean monthly tem- e s Th oil trace elements Ba (barium), Sr (strontium), perature ranges between 21 and 30 °C in the study V (vanadium), Cr (chromium), Ni (nickel), Pb (lead), area. This region gets more rainfall during north- Cu (copper), Zn (zinc), As (arsenic), Mn (manganese), east monsoon. Humidity is also high in this region and Co (cobalt) were analyzed by WD-XRF method as the study area is located near the coast. The study (Beckho, K ff anngießer, Langho, W ff edell, & Wolff, sites, Sorriyankuppam, Bahour, and Kuruvinatham is 2007). Soil reaction (pH) (1:2 soil water suspension) was located 25 km away from the Puducherry city towards determined by potentiometry method (Jackson, 1973). to Cuddalore district, Nallavadu site is 10 km away Soil salinity (E C) (1:2 soil water suspension) was deter- from Puducherry city and the other site is Kalapet, mined by conductometry method (Jackson, 1973). Total located 11 km from the city. In this study region, comes nitrogen (N) was determined by Macro-Kjeldahl diges- under Eastern Coastal plains, Agro-climatic zone of tion (Piper, 1966). Total phosphorus, total potassium, India, predominant soil type is coastal alluvium and were analyzed by WD XRF instrument (Beckhoff et al., the texture of soils is sandy loam. Rice, groundnut, and 2007).Organic carbon (OC) was determined by chromic sugarcane are the predominant crops cultivated in the acid wet digestion (Walkley & Black, 1934). Ammonium study area (Figure 1). nitrogen (NH -N) was determined by nitroprusside cat- Soil from 10 agricultural farms were sampled from alyst method (Bashour & Sayegh, 2007). Nitrate nitro- June 2013 to December 2014. They were located gen (NO -N) was determined by chromotrophic acid in Kalapet (farm 1&2), Kuruvinatham (farm 3&4), spectrophotometric method (Sims & Jackson, 1971). Sorriyankuppam (farm 5&6), Bahour (7&8), and Extractable phosphorus was determined by modified Nallavadu (farm 9&10). Among 10 farms, farm 3, Olsen method (Olson & Somers, 1982). Exchangeable 6, and 9 were adopted organic farming and any syn- potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) were determined by thetic fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides were not flame photometry (Stanford & English, 1949). Sulphate used. Three composite soil samples were collected from (SO ) amount was determined by turbidimetric method each of the 10 farms. Composite samples were done by (Tendon, 1991). sampling approximately 15 kg of soil from each of the three farming system using augur at 0–15 cm depth. Analyses of soil biological properties Bulked samples were kept separately according to the location within each field for replication maintenance. Soil respiration was determined by CO during the Composite soil samples were stored in deep freezer to incubation of soil in closed system, CO is trapped in control microbial and enzyme activities for soil dilution, NaOH (0.05 M) solution, then the trapped solution was plating and biological analysis. The soil was transferred titrated with HCl solution (0.05 M) which is expressed to the storage room and were stored at 40 °C until the −1 −1 as CO (mg). 100 g of soil day (Monaco, Hatch, time of analysis. Microbial and enzyme analysis were Sacco, Bertora, & Grignani, 2008).β-glucosidase activ- done within 48–72 h. ity was determined by para nitrophenol release aer t ft he GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 171 Table 1. c oncentration of trace elements in soils. Trace elements Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 MPC cr (mg/kg) 58 ± 4 51 ± 5 66 ± 9 42 ± 6 48 ± 4 47 ± 7 27 ± 2 45 ± 3 48 ± 3 39 ± 4 100 n i (mg/kg) 13 ± 1 10 ± 1 21 ± 2 13 ± 1 17 ± 3 19 ± 2 9 ± 1 13 ± 2 15 ± 1 12 ± 1 80 c u (mg/kg) 6 ± 1 8 ± 2 16 ± 3 12 ± 2 14 ± 1 16 ± 4 7 ± 1 11 ± 1 10 ± 1 12 ± 2 30 Zn (mg/kg) 36 ± 3 53 ± 2 42 ± 3 29 ± 4 43 ± 1 31 ± 5 19 ± 2 39 ± 4 31 ± 2 36 ± 2 200 as (mg/kg) 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 2 5 ± 2 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 2 ± 1 7 ± 1 12 pb (mg/kg) 7 ± 2 10 ± 3 12 ± 2 11 ± 1 10 ± 2 10 ± 1 7 ± 2 15 ± 2 16 ± 2 13 ± 3 70 Mn (mg/kg) 52 ± 5 58 ± 2 87 ± 6 134 ± 9 66 ± 4 155 ± 6 112 ± 4 106 ± 4 102 ± 2 62 ± 3 - V (mg/kg) 40 ± 2 36 ± 1 58 ± 1 35 ± 1 47 ± 3 51 ± 2 27 ± 1 33 ± 3 39 ± 2 36 ± 3 100 c o (mg/kg) 6 ± 1 5 ± 1 8 ± 1 6 ± 2 8 ± 1 9 ± 2 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 5 ± 1 5 ± 2 17 sr (mg/kg) 24 ± 2 32 ± 1 331 ± 6 172 ± 9 180 ± 6 140 ± 5 82 ± 2 156 ± 3 336 ± 11 196 ± 6 200 Ba (mg/kg) 78 ± 5 113 ± 3 627 ± 15 396 ± 10 428 ± 12 431 ± 3 298 ± 8 366 ± 12 654 ± 13 395 ± 19 300 notes: ± – s tandard error and Mpc – Maximum permissible concentration in soil. incubation of soil with para nitrophenylglucoside solu- in soil are within permissible levels, which indicate its tion for 1 h at 37 °C (Tabatabai, 1982). The numbers of normal concentration and reflect the background value bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were determined by in soil. The geogenic contribution and fertilizer applica - serial dilution plate count method (Germida, 1993). The tions are the main sources of trace elements occurrence colony forming units were expressed as CFU 10 g of soil in faming soils. Our findings showed level of Zn and on the moisture basis. Cu were increased compare with previous study (Reddy et al., 2013). Most of the farming soil showed higher concentration of Ba compare with maximum permis- Data analysis sible limit. Barium waste may be released to air, soil, All the experimental data were analyzed with SPSS/16. and water during nearest industrial operations (Kabata- e r Th elationship among heavy metals, soil chemical, and Pendias, 2010). biological properties was analyzed by person correlation. Soil physico-chemical and biological properties Result and discussion e Th results revealed that pH range was higher in farm 8 Trace elements in coastal agroecosystem soils (8) lowest in farm 10 (6). EC was higher in farm 5 (0.43 mS/cm) lower was in farm 1 (0.069 mS/cm) (Table 2). e in Th dividual results obtained for each trace elements e t Th otal amount of nitrogen (3.57 g/kg), total phos- concentration in soil and maximal permitted threshold phorus (2.38 g/kg) and NO -N (2.17) and SO (1.14 mg/ of potentially toxic metals prescribed by WHO guide- 3 4 kg) were present higher amount in farm 3 soil. Total lines (were also given in Table 1. Among 10 farming potassium (62.2 g/kg), NH -N (1.1 g/kg) and extractable soil chromium concentration was varied between 27 4 phosphorus (0.62 g/kg) were present higher amount in and 66 mg/kg, followed by Ni 9–17 mg/kg, Cu 6–16 mg/ farm 9 soil. Farm 2 soil was containing higher amount of kg, Zn 9–43 mg/kg, As 2–7 mg/kg, Pb 7–16 mg/kg, exchangeable calcium (2.04 mg/kg) (Table 3). Amount Mn 52–152 mg/kg, V 27–58 mg/kg, Co 5–9 mg/kg, Sr of organic carbon was higher in farm 6(9.6 g/kg) (Tables 21–336 mg/kg, and Ba 78–654 mg/kg. The ranking order 2 and 3). Among 10 farms, farm 3, 6, and 9 were prac- of occurrence of the heavy metals in 10 farms soils was ticing organic agriculture and application of bioferti- Ba > Sr > Mn > Cr > V > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co >As lizers, farmyard manure, and vermicompost were also indicating that Ba concentration was high. Cr, Ni, Cu, huge. These factors were enhanced the amount total N, and V concentration were higher in farm 3 soil. Pb, Sr, total P, NO -N, SO -S, and microbial population in soil and Ba concentration were higher in farm 9 soil. Mn and 3 4 (Padmavathy & Poyyamoli, 2011). Co concentration were higher in farm 6, followed by Zn −1 7 Bacterial population (45 CFU g × 10 ) (Figure 2) and and As concentration were higher in farm 2 and farm amount of soil respiration (Figure 3) (6.9 CO (mg).100 g 10. These findings agree with previous research study 2 −1 - 1 of soil day ) were higher in farm 3 soil. Population of and also concentration of heavy metal such as Mn, Zn, −1 4 fungi (54 CFU g × 10 ) was high in farm 6 soil (Figure Pb, Cr, and Cu were increased in recent times (Reddy −1 5 4) and actinomycetes (CFU g × 10 ) Population was et al., 2013). high in farm 9 (Figure 5). Soil respiration was signifi- During the study period Cu, Cr, V, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, and cantly higher in organic farms 3, 6, and 9. This indicates a As levels in soil were shows low as compare to permissi- higher soil microbial activity due to the addition of liable ble limit. The levels of Cu and V in soil normally reflect organic matter to the soil because of the stimulation of the concentration in parent and pedogenic process, like heterotrophic micro-organisms (Araújo, Leite, Santos, Cu in igneous basaltic rocks (90 mg/kg). Composition & Carneiro, 2009). Soil organisms contributed to wide of the parent material has less bearing on V content of range of functions are essential for all ecosystem. This mature, developed soils. Zinc is readily adsorbed by clay function includes C, P, N, and S cycling and turns over minerals, carbonates. Moreover, the Zn, Cu, and V level 172 M. SUDHAKARAN ET AL. Table 2. physico-chemical characterization of soil samples. Soil physi- cal param- eters Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 pH 6.31 ± 0.82 7.56 ± 0.79 7.2 ± 0.93 6.61 ± 1.02 7.52 ± 0.82 7.84 ± 0.96 7.92 ± 0.53 8 ± 1.03 7.04 ± 0.95 6 ± 1.10 ec (ms/cm) 0.069 ± 0.022 0.074 ± 0.015 0.298 ± 0.023 0.258 ± 0.012 0.43 ± 0.052 0.242 ± 0.032 0.135 ± 0.025 0.353 ± 0.091 0.232 ± 0.034 0.388 ± 0.071 Total nitro- 2.55 ± 0.12 2.05 ± 0.15 3.57 ± 0.25 1.78 ± 0.14 1.85 ± 0.10 4.89 ± 0.52 1.59 ± 0.24 1.99 ± 0.16 2.6 ± 0.36 2.36 ± 0.41 gen (g/kg) Total phos- 1.12 ± 0.05 0.92 ± 0.08 2.38 ± 0.09 1.73 ± 0.10 1.7 ± 0.11 2.34 ± 0.13 1.48 ± 0.05 1.9 ± 0.09 1.4 ± 0.07 1.2 ± 0.04 phorous (g/kg) Total potas- 15.6 ± 1.23 17.5 ± 1.09 50.97 ± 37.9 ± 1.35 33.2 ± 1.69 44.2 ± 2.01 28.2 ± 1.89 41.8 ± 2.39 62.2 ± 2.93 35.4 ± 1.24 sium (g/ 0.98 kg) organic car - 6.15 ± 1.25 6.05 ± 0.96 8.5 ± 1.35 6.9 ± 0.85 7 ± 1.42 9.6 ± 1.91 7.05 ± 1.28 7.5 ± 1.53 7.8 ± 0.96 8.4 ± 1.22 bon (g/kg) note: ± – s tandard error. Table 3. physico-chemical characterization of soil samples. Soil chemical parameter Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 NH -n (g/kg) 0.72 ± 0.01 1 ± 0.02 1 ± 0.04 0.81 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.03 0.5 ± 0.01 1.1 ± 0.01 0.65 ± 0.05 no -n (g/kg) 1.4 ± 0.04 0.89 ± 0.01 2.17 ± 0.09 0.89 ± 0.07 1.23 ± 0.05 2.5 ± 0.08 0.81 ± 0.01 1.09 ± 0.05 2.1 ± 0.09 1.03 ± 0.01 extractable 0.41 ± 0.002 0.25 ± 0.001 0.61 ± 0.003 0.56 ± 0.006 0.19 ± 0.007 0.59 ± 0.004 0.35 ± 0.002 0.27 ± 0.006 0.62 ± 0.003 0.27 ± 0.004 phosphorus (g/kg) exchangeable 0.23 ± 0.004 0.23 ± 0.007 0.28 ± 0.002 0.2 ± 0.008 0.24 ± 0.002 0.29 ± 0.005 0.26 ± 0.003 0.26 ± 0.009 0.36 ± 0.006 0.27 ± 0.008 potassium (g/kg) so -s (g/kg) 0.51 ± 0.001 0.54 ± 0.002 1.14 ± 0.005 0.57 ± 0.001 0.57 ± 0.002 0.83 ± 0.003 0.5 ± 0.006 0.82 ± 0.005 0.96 ± 0.002 0.86 ± 0.003 exchangeable 15.03 ± 1.02 2.04 ± 0.65 5.01 ± 0.96 12.02 ± 1.10 10.02 ± 0.93 12.02 ± 1.14 9.018 ± 0.85 17 ± 1.87 19 ± 1.56 10.4 ± 1.24 c alcium (mg/kg) note: ± – s tandard error. Figure 2. Bacterial population in farming soils. soil organic matter by enhancing the efficiency of plant Compare to 10 farms soils organically managed farming available nutrients and utilized by crops (Chinnadurai, soils showed higher activity of β-glucosidase enzyme. Gopalaswamy, & Balachandar, 2014). Microbial degradation and organic matter deposition were −1 Activity of β-glucosidase (79.18 mg p-NP g soil improved the β-glucosidase activities in soil (Sudhakaran, −1 h ) (Figure 6) was higher in farm 3 soil. β-glucosidase Ramamoorthy, & Kumar Rajesh, 2013). These enzyme was common and major enzyme in agriculture soils. properties can be used as a good biochemical indicator for GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 173 Figure 3. s oil respiration in farming soils. Figure 4. Fungal population in farming soils. measuring ecological changes resulting from soil acidifi- β-glucosidase and soil respiration. Cu was significantly cation (Acosta-Martínez, Zobeck, Gill, & Kennedy,2003). positive correlated with electrical conductivity, total P, β-glucosidase enzyme is produced by a wide range of soil and organic carbon. Pb was significantly positive corre- organism and their activity mainly links to the amount lated with total and SO -S. Water holding capacity and of soil organic matter. This enzyme was characteristically total P were significantly positive correlated with Mn. used as a soil quality indicator and may give reflection of total N, total P, NO -N, bacterial population, and fungal past biological activity and soil organic matter (Ndiaye, population were significantly correlated with V. Cobalt Sandeno, McGrath, & Dick, 2000). was significantly positive correlated with total N and total P. Sr was significantly positive correlated with total K, exchangeable K and soil respiration (Table 4). However, Influence of trace elements on soil physico- trace elements Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, and As were not show chemical and biological properties any positive correlation with biological properties. It indi- Correlation among soil physico-chemical and biologi- cates that Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, and As trace elements were cal properties showed that Ni was significantly positive stronger inhibitory effects on soil biological properties correlated with total N, total P, organic carbon, SO -S, (Wiatrowska, Komisarek, & Dluzewski, 2015). 4 174 M. SUDHAKARAN ET AL. Figure 5. a ctinomycetes population in farming soils. Figure 6. β-glucosidase activitiy in farming soils. Table 4. c orrelation among trace elements, soil physico-chemical, and biological properties. Cr Ni Cu Zn As Pb Mn V Co Sr Ba pH ns 0.085 0.136 ns ns ns 0.416 0.014 0.302 ns 0.068 ec ns 0.439 0.704* 0.085 0.201 0.542 0.076 0.282 0.361 0.576 0.605 Tn 0.446 0.732* 0.598 ns 0.267 0.051 0.398 0.743* 0.690* 0.257 0.330 Tp 0.238 0.791* 0.816** ns 0.122 0.181 0.658* 0.639* 0.806** 0.490 0.619 TK 0.110 0.588 0.596 ns ns 0.760* 0.502 0.370 0.247 0.918** 0.956** oc 0.028 0.643* 0.766** ns 0.220 0.228 0.538 0.524 0.538 0.563 0.673* nH 0.444 0.065 ns 0.301 ns 0.174 ns 0.163 ns 0.417 0.261 no 0.533 0.830** 0.569 ns ns 0.249 0.352 0.779** 0.631 0.542 0.587 ep 0.314 0.527 0.329 ns ns 0.385 0.589 0.430 0.284 0.527 0.551 eK ns 0.332 0.277 ns ns 0.532 0.469 0.147 ns 0.767** 0.796** so 0.422 0.662* 0.625 0.095 0.044 0.705* 0.174 0.569 0.288 0.840** 0.766** eca ns 0.022 ns ns ns 0.412 0.278 ns ns 0.213 0.230 BGU 0.380 0.778** 0.563 ns ns 0.228 0.416 0.014 0.571 0.626 0.687* sR 0.270 0.732* 0.572 ns ns 0.174 0.076 0.282 0.546 0.655* 0.742* Bp 0.191 0.429 0.334 ns ns 0.249 0.398 0.743* 0.288 0.473 0.523 Fp ns 0.548 0.612 ns ns 0.385 0.650* 0.639* 0.438 0.596 0.753* ap 0.005 0.319 0.221 ns ns 0.532 0.502 0.370 0.041 0.620 0.695* notes: *correlation is significant at the ≥ 0.05 level of interval, ns – not significant, **correlation is significant at the ≥ 0.01 level of interval; ec – electrical conductivity, Tn – total nitrogen, Tp – total phosphorus, TK – total potassium, oc – organic carbon, nH – ammonia, no – nitrate, ep – extractable p , eK 4 3 – exchangeable K, ec a – exchangeable c a, so – sulphate, BGU – β-glucosidase, sR – soil respiration, Bp – bacterial population, Fp – fungal population, ap – actinomycetes population. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 175 Ba trace elements was positively correlated with more References number of soil parameters Viz, total K, organic carbon, Acosta-Martínez, V., Zobeck, T.M., Gill, T.E., & Kennedy, SO -S, exchangeable K, β-glucosidase activity, soil res- 4 A.C. (2003). Enzyme activities and microbial community piration, fugal population, and actinomycetes popu- structure in semiarid agricultural soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 38(4), 216–227. lation. Cr and Zn metals were not showed significant Araújo, A.S., Leite, L.F., Santos, V.B., & Carneiro, R.F. (2009). positive correlation with any soil parameters (Table 4). Soil microbial activity in conventional and organic Micro-organisms can adapt to high concentrations of agricultural systems. Sustainability, 1(2), 268–276. trace elements. These findings showed that microbial Bashour, I.I., & Sayegh, A.H. (2007). Methods of analysis for populations are highly tolerated to excess level of Ba soils of arid and semi-arid regions. Rome: FAO. (Kabata-Pendias, 2010). Application of excess amount Beckho, B ff ., Kanngießer, B., Langho, N., W ff edell, R., & Wolff, H. (2007). Handbook of practical X-ray fluorescence of nitrate and DAP fertilizers, Cu-based fungicides and analysis. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pesticides main reason to enhance the level of heavy Chinnadurai, C., Gopalaswamy, G., & Balachandar, D. metal in agricultural soils. In other hand organic mate- (2014). Impact of long-term organic and inorganic rials, such as farm manures, composts contain higher nutrient managements on the biological properties and concentration of trace elements than most agricultural eubacterial community diversity of the Indian semi-arid soils (Irshad, Malik, Shaukat, Mushtaq, & Ashraf, 2013). Alfisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(4), 531– es Th e factors also lead to increasing level of trace ele- Fytianos, K., Katsianis, G., Triantafyllou, P., & Zachariadis, ments in organic farming soils. The use of bio-solids and G. (2001). Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables composts increases total amount of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, grown in an industrial area in relation to soil. Bulletin of and Mn in soils (Hariprasad & Dayananda, 2013). Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 67(3), 423– Germida, J.J. (1993). Cultural methods for soil Conclusion microorganisms. In M.R. Carter (Ed.), Soil sampling and methods of analysis. A special publication of the canadian e Th present study showed that organic farming (farm 3, society of soil science (pp. 263–275). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis. 6, and 9) soils were containing higher amount of plant Hariprasad, N.V., & Dayananda, H.S. (2013). Environmental available nutrients, soil microbial population, and β-glu- impact due to agricultural runoff containing heavy metals cosidase activity. Microbial activities was the main factor – A review. International Journal of Scientic a fi nd Research for enhance the plant available nutrients in agriculture Publications, 3(5), 224–280. Irshad, M., Malik, A.H., Shaukat, S., Mushtaq, S., & Ashraf, soil thorough the process of organic matter decompo- M. (2013). Characterization of heavy metals in livestock sition and mineralization. Heavy metals such as, Cu, manures. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(4), Cr, V, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, and As concentration were less 1257–1262. than permissible limits. However, enrichment level of Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis. New Delhi: these metals was higher in current years. Most of the Prentice Hall of India. farming soil showed metals Ba and Sr were higher than Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants. London: CRC Press. maximum permissible limit. It can be concluded that all Keskin, T.E. (2010). Nitrate and heavy metal pollution farming soils effected by Ba and Sr metals toxicity. The resulting from agricultural activity: A case study from enrichment of these metals in agriculture soil samples Eskipazar (Karabuk, Turkey). Environmental Earth conforms their higher input of trace element contami- Sciences, 61(4), 703–721. nated organic manures, synthetic fertilizer, and fungi- Monaco, S., Hatch, D.J., Sacco, D., Bertora, C., & Grignani, cides by the farmers. C. (2008). Changes in chemical and biochemical soil properties induced by 11-yr repeated additions of different organic materials in maize-based forage systems. Soil Acknowledgement Biology and Biochemistry, 40(3), 608–615. Ndiaye, E.L., Sandeno, J.M., McGrath, D., & Dick, R.P. (2000). e a Th uthors are grateful towards the department of Ecology Integrative biological indicators for detecting change in and Environmental Science, Pondicherry University for pro- soil quality. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, viding laboratory facilities in order to conduct the experi- 15(1), 26–36. ment. They extend their gratitude to Central Instrumentation Olson, S.R., & Somers, L.E. (1982). Phosphorus. In A.L. Page Facility, Pondicherry University for soil trace element analysis. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2 Agron. No. 9, part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., Am. Soc. (pp. 403–430). Madison, WI: Agronomy USA. Disclosure statement Padmavathy, A., & Poyyamoli, G. (2011). Effects of No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. conventional and organic management strategies on soil quality and biodiversity in agricultural fields of Bahour, Puducherry, India. American-Eurasian Journal of Funding Agriculture and Environmental Science, 10(4), 644–652. e p Th resent research was funded through a Research pro- Piper, C.S. (1966). Soil and plant analysis; A laboratory ject ID. No. 10/DSTE/RP/JSA-1/2013/184, dated 12.03.2013, manual of methods for the examination of soils and the funded by Department of Science, Technology and determination of the inorganic constitutents of plants. Environment, Government of Puducherry. Bombay: Hans Publications. 176 M. SUDHAKARAN ET AL. Rapheal, O., & Adebayo, K.S. (2011). Assessment of trace biochemical properties, Puducherry. India. International heavy metal contaminations of some selected vegetables Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(1), 28. irrigated with water from River Benue within Makurdi Tabatabai, M.A. (1982). Soil enzymes. In A.L. Page, R.H. Metropolis, Benue State Nigeria. Advances in applied Miller, & D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Parr science research, 2(5), 590–601. I (pp. 903–947). Madison, WI: Agronomy 9. Reddy, M.V., Satpathy, D., & Dhiviya, K.S. (2013). Assessment Tendon, H.L.S. (1991). Sulphur research and agricultural of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and micronutrients (Cu, production in India (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: The Mn, and Zn) of paddy (Oryzasativa L.) field surface soil Sulphur Institute. and water in a predominantly paddy-cultivated area Venkatesan, S., & Senthurpandian, V.K. (2006). Enzyme at Puducherry (Pondicherry, India), and effects of the activities of laterite soils as influenced by trace element agricultural runoff on the elemental concentrations contamination. International Journal of Soil Science, 1, 20–26. of a receiving rivulet. Environmental Monitoring and Walkley, A., & Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Assessment, 185(8), 6693–6704. Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, Sims, J.R., & Jackson, G.D. (1971). Rapid analysis of soil and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration nitrate with chromotropic acid. Soil Science Society of method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38. America Journal, 35(4), 603–606. Wiatrowska, K., Komisarek, J., & Dluzewski, P. (2015). Stanford, S., & English, L. (1949). Use of flame photometer Effects of heavy metals on the activity of dehydrogenases, in a rapid soil test for K and Ca. Agronomy Journal, 41, phosphatases and urease in naturally and artificially 446–447. contaminated soils. Journal of Elementology, 20(3), 743–756. Sudhakaran, M., Ramamoorthy, D., & Kumar Rajesh, S. Wong, S.C., Li, X.D., Zhang, G., Qi, S.H., & Min, Y.S. (2002). (2013). Impacts of conventional, sustainable and organic Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, farming system on soil microbial population and soil South China. Environmental Pollution, 119(1), 33–44.
Journal
Geology Ecology and Landscapes – Taylor & Francis
Published: Jul 3, 2018
Keywords: β-glucosidase; trace elements; actinomycetes; agricultural; fertilizer