Abstract
When Buddhism was introduced into Korea, the altar was located in the center of the Buddhist hall, and stayed there for a long time. However, the location of the altar eventually moved to the back of the hall as time went on. As for the planar structure of the hall, there are 5 exceptions where altars were situated on the far side of the hall, so that an asymmetrical space was created while wooden structures had an influence. The 5 halls investigated here can be classified into types in terms of whether their wooden structure and the elevation are symmetrical or asymmetrical. In the asymmetrical type, a part of the upper structure, floor structure, column arrangement, and window arrangement show asymmetrical features. In conclusion, first, as the location of the altar was moved to the side of the hall, it induced alterations such as a planar plan, structure, window arrangement and type of roof. Second, as the construction plan of the hall was initiated, asymmetrical structural features were considered. Third, asymmetrical features were used as a method to achieve effective spatial use of part of the altar and worshippers. Keywords: central hall of Buddhist temple; location of the altar; wooden structure; elevation; asymmetry 1. Introduction Among the 165 Buddhist temples designated as 1.1 Background and Purpose of Research cultural properties, the front of the altar faces the same In the Buddhist temples of Korea, the central hall direction as the hall facade in 160 of them. enshrines the statue of Buddha and the altar and, being In only five of the temples, the altar is located to the place where Buddhist rituals are performed, is the one side of the hall, with the front of the altar facing most important building within each temple. It was the side. These halls have various wooden structures common to enshrine the Buddha statue in the center of and elevations without fixed rules. Some of these halls 1) the hall , towards the front. In other words, just as the show asymmetry in the structure and the elevation hall is the center of the temple, the statue of Buddha when seen from the front. Namely, some of them show occupies the spatial center of the hall. asymmetry with respect to the longitudinal section Historically, the interior of the hall has shown a as a plane of the symmetry. Therefore, when the tendency to change in specific directions. This began asymmetrical areas are examined, the influence of altar with the increasing importance of the area in front of movement on hall construction can be understood. In 2) the altar as a space used by people. Thus, the interior addition, as the front of the altar and the hall are facing of the hall has changed from a statue-oriented space to different directions, the effect of altar direction on the a people-oriented space. The most noticeable change hall can also be examined. has been the tendency to expand the area in front of the This study aims to examine the architectural altar to allow more space for use by people. To permit characteristics of halls in which altars are located to expansion, the altar was often moved from the center one side. Furthermore, it aims to examine the effect of to the rear, or to the side of the hall. The change in altar altar movement on hall construction planning. 3) location affects the structure of the hall and ultimately 1.2 Research Method and Scope 4) results in holistic changes to the hall's architecture . Among the 165 halls designated as cultural properties, five halls with altars located to one side were chosen as research subjects. These are the Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseosa temple( 浮石寺 *Contact Author: Dai Whan An, Assistant Professor, 無量壽殿 ), Daeungjeon Hall of Gosansa Temple in Department of History, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoonro Daejeon( 大田 高山寺 大雄殿 ), Daegwangbojeon Hall of 221, TangjungMyun, AsanSi, Chungnam, 336-708, South Korea Magoksa Temple( 麻谷寺 大光寶殿 ), Daeungjeon Hall Tel : +82-10-2757-4229 Fax: +82-70-8883-4229 of Bulgapsa Temple( 佛甲寺 大雄殿 ) and Daeungjeon E-mail: archira91@hotmail.com Hall of Tongdosa Temple( 通度寺 大雄殿 ). ( Received April 10, 2013 ; accepted February 26, 2014 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/May 2014/278 271 5) Table 1. The Symmetrical Characteristics of the Buddhist Hall where the Altar is Facing the Front Floor plan Front elevation Ceiling plan Side cross-sectional view The structure and elevation of these halls will the same way because the advantages outnumber the be examined to categorize them as symmetrical or disadvantages. asymmetrical and compared on the left and right side 2.2 The Altar is Located to One Side of the Hall of the hall when seen from the front of the hall. In When the altar is located to one side of the hall, it is detail, column, daeryang (main girder: 大樑 ), toeryang skewed to one side of the hall when seen from the front (rear girder: 退樑 ), chungryang (cross girder: 衝樑 ), and and faces towards the side of the hall. So, the hall is beam frame arrangement of the floor were considered not symmetrical when seen from the front. the main elements of the structural composition, The characteristics that appear in all five of the halls while the stairs, door, windows, and roof form were are as follows. First, the front of the hall is viewed examined concerning elevation, entrance to the hall while entering. However, the side of the skewed altar is and outer events in front of the hall. seen while entering, which results in visual asymmetry. At first, the symmetry of the hall is examined Second, the interior of the hall becomes asymmetrical, according to whether the direction of the altar as it is divided into the area where the altar is located corresponds to the direction of the hall to find the basic and the area where rituals are performed. Third, when characteristics of the hall with a side located altar. there are outdoor events in the front yard, the events Secondly, each research subject is analyzed to examine are conducted facing the side of the statue of Buddha. asymmetrical areas. Finally, the author examined the In other words, rituals are performed towards a Buddha significance of the asymmetrical areas that appear statue that has 'turned its back.' Therefore, in outdoor simultaneously in the structure and elevation of halls events performed in the front yard, there is relatively with altars located to one side. less concentration on the statue of Buddha. Among the five halls, only a few showed asymmetry in the structure and elevation. It can be seen that the 2. Characteristics According to Direction of Hall structure and elevation were not planned in accordance and Altar 2.1 The Direction of the Hall and Altar Correspond with certain fixed rules, as the altar was positioned to In these temples, the altar location is either the one side of the hall. Therefore, different degrees of center or the rear of the hall. In the latter, changes to influence of altar location on structure and elevation architectural elements occurred in accordance with can be identified through the asymmetrical areas seen the movement of the altar towards the rear, as can be from the front of the hall. seen in the longitudinal section and side of the hall. The advantage of halls with an alter located at the However, when seen from the front, the architectural side is that the altar is located on the shorter side. elements are symmetrical, and it is difficult to notice Thus, when there are rituals conducted in front of the changes to architectural elements resulting from the altar, concentration can be heightened in this space. 6) movement of the altar <Table 1.>. However, this seems to have only been applied in a There are various advantages to having the direction few halls due to the aforementioned advantages of of the altar correspond to that of the hall. First, as the having the altar and hall face the same direction. hall and altar can be seen while entering, religious awe can be evoked. Second, emphasizing the front of 3. Case Analysis of Halls with Altars to One Side the altar has the same effect as emphasizing the statue The outline of individual halls is examined, and of Buddha, heightening people's concentration on the asymmetrical features of the structure and elevation building and statue. Therefore, the design of the front when seen from the front are investigated. can be more heavily emphasized compared with the 3.1 Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa Temple other sides. Third, the structure becomes symmetrical, This hall was rebuilt in 1016 and renovated in 1376, which means that the load of the upper structure can and it is one of the oldest wooden buildings. be effectively conveyed to the structure below. Fourth, This hall faces south, and the altar is located on the when holding large-scale outdoor events in the yard in west side of the hall, facing east. It is known to express front of the hall, the front of the statue of Buddha can the doctrine of the 'Western Paradise ( 西方淨土 )' be faced to create a sense of centrality. Inside, it enshrines the Amitabha Buddha. The size of One possible disadvantage is that the altar is located the hall is 5 kan ( ) to the front and 3 kan to the side. on the long side of the hall, and there may be relatively The area is 216 m , with a front length of 18.75 m and less concentration on rituals towards the Buddha side length of 11.52 m. The structural composition 7) statue . In most halls, however, the altar and hall face consists of 2 high columns and 9 purlins. The brackets 272 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An Table 2. Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa Temple Location plan Floor plan Cross section Ceiling plan Front elevation (south) Rear elevation (north) Western side elevation Eastern side elevation Roof plan ( 栱包 ) are in jusimpo form ( 柱心包 ), and the roof is a When seen from the front, the asymmetrical element gambrel roof. is that there is an entrance door on the eastern side of In the front, a lattice door was installed, while in the the hall. It seems to have been installed on the eastern central kan of the rear, a panel door was installed. In side because the altar is located on the western side. the kan between the columns to the left and right of the However, even in temples in which the hall and altar center of the building, a grill window was installed, face the same direction, there are many cases where and panel windows were attached over it on the inside. doors have been installed on one side for entry and The entrance stairs were installed in the front central exit. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that the door kan and in the kan next to the center of the building. was built on one side because of the altar's location on When seen from the front, the entire structure and the other side of the hall. elevation are symmetrical, other than the altar being 3.3 Daegwangbojeon Hall of Magoksa Temple skewed to one side of the hall and the subsequent This hall was constructed in 1650. Since then, there asymmetry in the interior. Therefore, this hall is have been repeated episodes of loss, reconstruction, considered to be the least influenced by the change in and repair. The hall faces south, and the altar is located altar location. on the western side, facing east. Inside, it enshrines the 3.2 Daeungjeon Hall of Gosansa Temple Variocana Buddha. This hall was reconstructed in 1636. The hall faces The size of the hall is 5 kan to the front and 3 kan to south-east, and the altar faces north-east; hence, it the side. The area is 160.79 m , with a front length of expresses the doctrine of the 'Western Paradise.' Inside, 18.61m and side length of 8.6m. The brackets (栱包 ) it enshrines the Sakyami Buddha. The size of the hall is are in dapo form, and the roof is a gambrel roof. 3 kan to the front and 3 kan to the side. The area is 50.6 The asymmetrical areas found in the structure are as m , with a front length of 8.65 m and side length of 5.85 follows. m. The structural composition is 5 purlins, without Internal column ( 內柱 ): There are three columns any high columns. The brackets on the columns are on the eastern side, which is the area people use, and in dapo form ( 多包 ), and the roof is a gable roof. In two on the western side with the altar. On the side of front of the hall, there are slender-ribbed doors in the the hall that people use, there are two columns towards central kan and the adjacent kans. On the eastern side, the rear and one towards the front. On the altar side, an entrance door is in the front adjacent kan area. No there are two columns installed at the rear of the altar. doors or windows were installed in the rear or western Daeryang ( 大樑 ): There is no daeryang above the sides. Wide stairs were installed in the front, and the second column row—in other words, the location of stone platform has only one layer. the altar and baldachin (the canopy above the Buddha JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An 273 Table 3. Daeungjeon Hall of Gosansa Temple in Daejeon Location plan Floor plan Cross section Ceiling plan Front elevation (south) Rear elevation (north) Western side elevation Eastern side elevation statue). The daeryang on the third column row from essentially unaltered since the 17th century. According to the east consists of a single member from the front to a repair report for this hall, the altar was located to one the rear of the hall, and it has the largest cross area. side of the hall from 1765 to 1825 and from 1987 to the The daeryang on the fourth column row from the east present. However, records indicate that from 1825 to 1987, 8) extends from the front to the column just in front of the the altar faced the front of the hall. Thus, it serves as a farthest column from the back, and it has the second useful subject for this analysis in that factors regarding the largest cross-sectional area. The daeryang on the fifth adjustment of altar location can be examined. column row from the east is a member that extends from In contrast to the Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa the column just in front of the farthest column in the temple, this hall faces west, and the altar is on the north front to the column just in front of the farthest column side, facing south. Therefore, it does not follow the doctrine in the back, and it has the smallest cross-sectional area. of the 'Western Paradise.' Inside, it enshrines the Sakyami Toeryang ( 退樑 ): On the second column row from Buddha. The size of the hall is 3 kan to the front and 3 the east, there is a toeryang on both the front and rear kan to the side. The area is 82.98 m , with a front length sides. There is no toeryang on the third column row of 11.14 m and side length of 7.44 m. The brackets on the from the east. On the fourth column row from the east, columns are in dapo form, and the roof is a gambrel roof. there is a toeryang only on the rear side of the hall. On The asymmetrical areas found in the structure are as the fifth column row from the east, there is a toeryang follows. on both the front and rear sides. Internal column: In the northern part, where the Regarding elevation, the asymmetrical part is the stairs. altar is located, there are four columns arranged around There are stairs at the front central kan and the eastern the altar, but there are no columns in the south, which central kan. Stairs were installed on the eastern central is the area that people use. kan seemingly to allow entry on the side that people use. Daeryang: There is no daeryang in the second In conclusion, there are many asymmetrical features column row from the north above the altar and in the structure, but regarding elevation only the stairs baldachin, but there is one on the third column row appeared to be asymmetrical. from the north. 3.4 Daeungjeon Hall of Bulgapsa Temple Toeryang: In the second column row from the north, This hall is believed to have been built in 1635. there is a toeryang in the front and rear of the hall. However, Despite reconstruction since then, its appearance has been there is no toeryang on the third row from the north. 274 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An Table 4. Daegwangbojeon Hall of Magoksa Temple Location plan Floor plan Cross section Ceiling plan Front elevation (south) Rear elevation (north) Western side elevation Eastern side elevation Roof plan Chungryang ( 衝樑 ): There is no chungryang on thus, it does not express the doctrine of the 'Western the northern side, but there is one on the southern side. Paradise.' Because a window was installed facing the Floor frame: There are two long frames installed keumkanggyedan ( 金剛戒壇 ), rituals are performed inside the hall from the front to the rear. The long towards the keumkanggyedan. Therefore, inside the frame on the northern side in front of the altar has a hall, there is only an altar and no statue of Buddha. smaller cross-sectional area than the long frame on the Thus, this hall is a unique structure as it is considered southern side. The cross-sectional area is small, as the to be in the same domain with keumkanggyedan. long frame in front of the altar is divided by columns, The size of the hall is 5 kan to the front and 3 kan resulting in shorter length. to the side. The area is 175.4 m , with a front length of The asymmetrical features regarding elevation are as 15.83 m and side length of 11.08 m. The brackets on follows. the columns are in dapo form, and the roof is T-shaped, On the southern side, which is the front of the which is unusual. hall, a large main door with flower patterns was The asymmetrical areas found in the structure are as installed in the central kan and adjacent kan. follows. There are no doors or windows to the north, Internal columns: On the northern side, where which is the rear side. the altar is located, there are two columns arranged in On the western side, where the altar is located, a front of the altar. On the southern side, the area that large main door with flower patterns was installed only people use, there are two columns on the eastern side in the central kan. and no columns on the western side. The method of On the eastern side, which is the area used by arrangement is identical to that of Daegwangbojun people, there is a large main door in the central kan and Hall of Magoksa temple. cross-ribbed window in the adjacent kan. Daeryang: There is no daeryang in the second Therefore, there was a tendency to have a small column row from the north above the altar, but there number of undecorated doors or windows on the same is two on the third and fourth column row from the side as the altar, but a large number of decorated doors north in an east-to-west direction. On the northern side, or windows on the side facing the altar. On all sides there are two daeryang in a north-to-south direction, except the front, the stone platform was low, enabling perpendicular to the other daeryang. entry without stairs, and stairs were built only on the Toeryang: There is one on the southern side and front central kan, creating symmetry. three towards the rear (western side). 3.5 Daeungjeon Hall of Tongdosa Temple Chungryang: There is one on the southern side This hall was expanded in 1644. It faces east, and and two on the second column row from the north. the altar is located on the northern side, facing south; JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An 275 Table 5. Daeungjeon Hall of Bulgapsa Temple Location plan Floor plan Cross section Ceiling plan Front elevation (south) Rear elevation (north) Western side elevation Eastern side elevation Roof plan Floor frame: The frame arrangement is different The roof forms a T-shape, where the ridges of on the northern and southern sides of the hall, and the the roof are gathered towards the north; this creates direction of the floor boards also differs accordingly. asymmetry when seen from the eastern side (the On the northern side, the large, main floor frame was façade), but it is symmetrical when seen from the installed in a south-to-north direction, whereas on the southern side. In conclusion, this hall is characteristic southern side, the large, main floor frame was installed in that it forms asymmetry in both structure and in an east-to-west direction. elevation. The following asymmetrical features can be found with regard to elevation. 4. Types in Accordance with Symmetry The front (eastern) door and windows are installed 4.1 Types and Characteristics of Structures across 5 kans. However, in the rear (western side), only The composition of structures is directly related 3 kans from the south are installed with a door and to the location of the altar and the use of the interior. windows. Doors and windows were not installed on In this respect, the shared characteristics when the the kan with the altar, nor on the adjacent kan, as these structure is symmetrical or asymmetrical are examined. consist of walls. (1) Symmetrical when seen from the front In other words, the northern side, where the altar is The structures of Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa located, has fewer doors or windows, and doors and temple and Daeungjeon Hall of Gosansa temple are windows were mainly constructed on the southern side, symmetrical when seen from the front. One shared which is the area that people use and toward which the characteristic of these halls is that, because only altar faces. the altar has moved to the side, the location of the On the southern side, there are stairs in the central altar is fluid. Thus, they have similar structures to kan, whereas there are none on the northern side. those of halls in which the altar and hall face in the On the western side, there are no stairs in the same direction. Therefore, the load of the upper roof central kan but in the southern adjacent kan. On the and structures can be conveyed evenly below, and eastern side, there are small stairs at the end of the structural stability is considered to be relatively higher southern stone platform. Therefore, it is evident that compared with asymmetrical types. stairs were installed with the aim of emphasizing Hence, regarding spatial use, the altars in these halls spaces used by people. have been moved to the side to heighten the practicality of the space for rituals. 276 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An Table 6. Daeungjeon Hall of Tongdosa Temple Location plan Floor plan Cross section Ceiling plan Front elevation (east) Rear elevation (west) Southern side elevation Northern side elevation Roof plan (2) Asymmetrical when seen from the front Overall, the spaces used by people were made lower The structures of Daegwangbojeon Hall of Magoksa and wider, while the spaces with altars were made temple, Daeungjeon Hall of Bulgabsa temple, and narrower and higher. Thus, it is evident that the column Daeungjeon hall of Tongdosa temple are asymmetrical arrangement and member composition of the upper when seen from the front. structures were considered along with the location of The common characteristic of the structures of these the altar during hall planning. halls is that they were constructed to maximize the Because halls with asymmetrical structures are not practicality of the interior space. When the space used able to convey the load of the roof and upper structure by people is examined, the space was made to appear evenly to the lower structures, there is less structural larger through removal of the columns in the entrance stability. It can be presumed that halls with altars to one area. Because the upper structure was constructed side were built less frequently due to these structural in a similar manner to halls with altars at the center, problems. there is a sense of stability when using the hall. Major 4.2 Types and Characteristics of Elevation members with large cross-sectional areas were used, Elevation involves the characteristics of outdoor such as the daeryang to supplement the areas without space usage as well as use of the interior. In this columns; this has the effect of making the upper respect, the shared characteristics when the elevation is structure seem lower. On the other hand, when the symmetrical or asymmetrical are examined. space with the altar is examined, Daegwangbojeon (1) Symmetrical elevation hall of Magoksa temple did not omit the column, and When seen from the front, Muryangsujeon hall of Daeungjeon hall of Bulgapsa temple and Daeungjeon Buseoksa temple is symmetrical in the entire elevation, hall of Tongdosa temple added a column at the front of while Daegwangbojeon hall of Magoksa temple is the altar, giving the appearance of guarding the altar. asymmetrical in only its eastern stairs. Daeungjeon The upper structure in Daeungjeon Hall of Bulgapsa hall of Gosansa temple is asymmetrical in only its temple and Daegwangbojeon hall of Magoksa temple eastern entrance, while all other areas are symmetrical. omitted members with large cross-sectional areas, In the case of Daegwangbojeon hall of Magoksa such as daeryang and chungryang, and in Daeungjeon temple and Daeungjeon hall of Gosansa temple, hall of Tongdosa temple, the direction of the structure these characteristics are commonly seen in halls in changes, with no daeryang passing above the altar. which the altar and hall face the same direction; thus, In other words, it is typical to create a high space by the asymmetrical elements in elevation cannot be having no large members passing through the upper understood as arising from the location of the altar. structure above the altar. Therefore, when seen from the outside, it is not evident JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An 277 whether the altar is facing the front or toward one side roof and upper structure is unevenly conveyed, the of the hall. From the outside, the location of the altar asymmetrical structure has relatively less structural is only known when the door of the hall is opened. stability than the symmetrical structure. In addition, in terms of arrangement, these halls do For types with symmetrical elevation, it was hard not have outdoor spaces in which to perform events to discern the location of the altar from the outside, towards the front of the hall. Only when outdoor events and outdoor events had to be conducted while viewing are performed or people go toward the hall, they can the side of the statue of Buddha. However, in the recognize the asymmetrical situation. asymmetrical type, the location of the altar could be Therefore, these halls have the disadvantage that perceived from the outside, and the aim, evidently, was it is very difficult to conduct outdoor events facing to open up the side faced by the altar. the front of the statue of Buddha. During the late Overall, halls with altars to one side were practical Joseon dynasty, especially, when outdoor events were for using the interior space, but certain aspects of the expanded, this would have been a fatal disadvantage. structure and outdoor space usage were inefficient. (2) Asymmetrical elevation Such halls were used only until the mid-Joseon dynasty Daeungjeon hall of Bulgapsa temple and Daeungjeon and then fell out of use. hall of Tongdosa temple are asymmetrical in elevation when seen from the front of the hall. When the Acknowledgements common characteristics of these halls are examined, The early draft of this paper was presented at the the elevations on the front side and on the side faced 'Proceedings of Region IV (Asia and Oceania) UIA by the altar are constructed similarly; decorative doors 2010 International Symposium on the conservation of and windows are installed to allow an opening on the Architectural Heritage', China, and the author wishes to side of the hall faced by the altar. In addition, stairs are thank Sung-Woo, Kim Professor of Yonsei University installed. However, the side where the altar is located is for his help in producing the proceeding paper. relatively closed, as the number of doors and windows is reduced and decorations are minimized. Notes 'Hall' means central hall in the Buddhist temple in this study. In this way, a feeling of openness characterizes The altar addressed in this study refers to a main altar on which a the side faced by the statue of Buddha. And, the statue of Buddha is placed. Auxiliary altars are located on the right location of the altar can be recognized from outside and left sides of the main altar. 'Structure' means wooden structure. the hall and can affect the spatial orientation of the There are two types of Buddhist ceremony. One is performed with ritual. As mentioned before, when outdoor events people circling around the altar and the other is performed in front were held in the space in front of the hall, there was of the altar. As time passed, the latter was emphasized. The red line means the plane of symmetry when seen from the the disadvantage that rituals had to be performed front of the hall. while viewing the side of the statue of Buddha. To 6 The study of Dai Whan An is Reference 2). compensate, the direction faced by the statue was When the altar is located on the long side of the hall, fewer people are able to face directly towards front of the altar, and more must opened up, and a small space was made on one side face toward its side, compared with when the altar is located on of the hall so that small-scale outdoor events could be the short side of the hall. performed. A report on the repair of Daeungjeon Hall of Bulgapsa temple, 5. Conclusion References Until the early period of the Joseon dynasty, 1) Sang-Hyeon, Kim (1997) A study on the organization of the positioning the altar to one side of the hall was used as floor plan and position of the altar in a Buddhist sanctum. Master a method to secure space in front of the altar. Currently, Dissertation, Department of Architectural Engineering Graduate School of Yeung Nam University. five halls with altars to one side remain, and these have 2) Dai-Whan, An (2011) The relationship and it's change between various kinds of structure and elevation; hence, the location of Altar and Wooden structure of central halls in types were categorized. Korean Buddhist temples. Doctoral Dissertation Department of architectural Engineering Graduate School of Yonsei University. Types that have a symmetrical structure were built 3) Ministry of Culture (2002). Actual Survey Report of according to construction plans nearly identical to Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa Temple, Korea. those of halls with altars facing the front of the hall; 4) Ministry of Culture (1989) An actual survey report of Magoksa, Korea. hence, it is evident that adjusting the location of the 5) Ministry of Culture (2004) A report on the repair of Daeungjeon altar is not difficult. So, the location of the altar can hall of Bulgapsa temple, Korea. be understood to have little influence on architectural 6) Youngchukchongrim, (1997) Actual survey report on Daeungjeon Hall of Tongdosa temple and the Pagoda for Buddha's bones, elements. In asymmetrical types, however, there Tongdosa. is evidence that consideration was given to the 7) Cho Eun Kyung, Han Joo Sung, (2010) A study on the constitution positioning of the altar to one side from the initial of Toekan and Asymmetrical Structure in Buddhist Pavilion, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, June 2010, Vol. 26. stages of planning. To maximize the effectiveness of No.4. Architectural Institute of Korea. the interior space, there was differentiation between 8) Lee Woo Jung, (2000) A study on the framework and arrangement the upper structures of the area with the altar and the of interior columns in single-story Buddhist halls, Master Dissertation, Graduate school of Seoul National University. area used by people. However, because the load of the 278 JAABE vol.13 no.2 May 2014 Dai Whan An
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: May 1, 2014
Keywords: central hall of Buddhist temple; location of the altar; wooden structure; elevation; asymmetry
