Abstract
A standard architectural project comprises multiple interfaces among individual modules of information, components, systems, or players. Each society possesses its own history and background that derives a unique pattern of modules and interfaces. In 2005, Prof. Tomonari Yashiro and Prof. Satoshi Yoshida identified the antagonistic concept of design tendency between modularity and integration. Players from different countries tend to manage projects on different levels of modularity or integration, and create unique work system structures for each. The effects of the difference between modularity and integration were identified, but the mechanism was not demonstrated in visualized or quantified models. This research identifies the United States as the most oriented to modularity and Japan as the country most oriented to integration. The Two countries were the focus of analyses to demonstrate the effect of using the task structure matrix (TSM). The TSM analysis model is a method to visualize and quantify the module pattern and relationship by recording the dependencies of all the elements. This research sought to verify the different pattern of regional modularity between the United States and Japan, as well as offer a quantified understanding to help transnational project players identify the critical paths that are potentially omitted from a project. Keywords: modularity; integration; task dependency; design structure matrix; design information 1. Introduction Configuration Based on the Development of Globalization has been widely infiltrating every Architectural Elements", the authors, Prof. Tomonari aspect of our lives, and even the building construction Yashiro and Prof. Satoshi Yoshida noted the industry is not immune to this trend. When multiple antagonistic differences in design methods between professional players engage in a transnational modularity and integration. They also observed how project with different construction knowledge and the different orientations of integration and modularity backgrounds, the project usually leads to unpredicted would shape the final outcome of artifacts among failure caused by inappropriate management of conflict different cultures. However, this observation was among the players. Although a large amount of research seeking a further quantitative study for verification. has been dedicated to differences among cultures, little To model the process of project execution affected is known about how the mechanism of differing local by concepts of modularity or integration, this research design philosophies and convention could affect the adapted the approach used in "Design Rules, Vol. 1: The outcome of architectural collaborations. Power of Modularity" by Prof. Carliss Y. Baldwin and Prof. Kim B. Clark. This book presented a methodology 2. Theory and Literature Review for modularity in response to a dynamic economic and In 2005, in the report titled "Study of the Shift commercial world. "Design Structure Matrix" method of Construction Technology and Organizational was presented as an efficient analytical tool to describe the abstract concept of modularity in a scientific format. *Contact Author: Zhi Qiu, Lecturer, 3. Hypothesis and Research Methods College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University 3.1 Definition No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou City, China A Task is an action element that can be accumulated Tel: +86-1865-7182-859 to provide a service or form an artifact. It can be E-mail: qiuzhi0710@yahoo.co.jp information, a process for execution, or a component. ( Received April 7, 2014 ; accepted October 27, 2014 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/January 2015/56 49 The dependency among task elements is the link to 3. The strength requirement determines the material maintaining the task function, and is the primary target of the block, and the method of pouring and maintaining the task function, and is the primary tar- 4. The precision requirement defines the appearance maintaining the task function, and is the primary tar- 4. The precision requirement defines the appearance for improving design and project management. curing time. mge aint t fain or im ing pro the vi ng task de fsunct ign i aon nd p , and roject m is the anpri agm em ar en y t. ta r- 4. Th of e the precbl isock ion , req anui d rem give en s t gui define dance s the to app the ea mrance olding get for improving design and project management. of the block, and gives guidance to the molding 3.2 Hypothesis 4. The precision requirement defines the appearance method and calibration of molding. get for improving design and project management. of the block, and gives guidance to the molding 3.2 Hypothesis method and calibration of molding. 3.2Desi Hypo gns th i esn is countries oriented towards high of the block, and gives guidance to the molding 5. The appearance requirement controls the calibra- method and calibration of molding. Designs in countries oriented towards high modu- 3.2 Hypothesis 5. The appearance requirement controls the calibra- modularity Designs in tend coun to tri have es orie less nted dependency towards high among modu- method and calibration of molding. tion standard and the surface treatment method. 5. The appearance requirement controls the calibra- larity tend to have less dependency among tasks than Designs in countries oriented towards high modu- tion standard and the surface treatment method. larity tend to have less dependency among tasks than tasks than those in countries oriented towards high 5. The appearance requirement controls the calibration 6. The molding method determines the precision of tion standard and the surface treatment method. those in countries oriented towards high integration larity tend to have less dependency among tasks than 6. The molding method determines the precision of those in countries oriented towards high integration integration levels. standard and the surface treatment method. 6. Th the e m fin ola di l ng product, method and determ what in es kin th d e of preci calib sion ration of levels. those in countries oriented towards high integration the final product, and what kind of calibration levels. 3.3 Analysis Modeling Tool 6. The molding method determines the precision methods can be used. the final product, and what kind of calibration levels. 3.3 Analysis Modeling Tool methods can be used. The research aims to develop a scientific model that 3.3 Analysis Modeling Tool of the final product, and what kind of calibration 7. The calibrating procedure affects the molding methods can be used. 7. The calibrating procedure affects the molding The research aims to develop a scientific model 3.3 Analysis Modeling Tool can visualize and quantify the disparity in dependency The research aims to develop a scientific model methods can be used. method, and determines the beginning of the pro- 7. The calibrating procedure affects the molding method, and determines the beginning of the pro- thT ath e c an resea visu rcal h ize aimand s to qua devel ntify op ta he scdisp ientifi arit c y miod n el de- between the modularity oriented United States, and the that can visualize and quantify the disparity in de- 7. The calibrating procedure affects the molding cess. method, and determines the beginning of the pro- pendency between the modularity oriented United cess. that can visualize and quantify the disparity in de- integration pendency bet oriented ween Japan, to identify the modularity orie possible causes nted United method, and determines the beginning of the process. 8. The pouring process will affect the final surface cess. States, and the integration oriented Japan, to identify 8. The pouring process will affect the final surface pendency between the modularity oriented United of transnational project failure. States, and the integration oriented Japan, to identify 8. The pouring process will affect the final surface treatment, and determines the beginning of con- 8. The pouring process will affect the final surface treatment, and determines the beginning of con- possible causes of transnational project failure. States, and the integration oriented Japan, to identify 3.3.1 possibl Task Structur e causes of tra e Matrix Based on DSM nsnational project failure. treatment, and determines the beginning of crete curing. treatment, and determines the beginning of con- crete curing. possible causes of transnational project failure. 3.3.1 Task Structure Matrix Based on DSM Donald V. Steward conceived the Dependency 3.3.1 Task Structure Matrix Based on DSM concrete curing. 9. The concrete curing determines the beginning of crete curing. 9. The concrete curing determines the beginning of Donald V. Steward conceived the Dependency 3.3.1 Task Structure Matrix Based on DSM Structure Matrix (DSM), also called Design Structure Donald V. Steward conceived the Dependency 9. The concrete curing determines the beginning of the surface treatment. 9. The concrete curing determines the beginning of the surface treatment. Structure Matrix (DSM), also called Design Structure Donald V. Steward conceived the Dependency Matrix, Incidence Matrix, or Design precedence Structure Matrix (DSM), also called Design Structure the surface treatment. 10. Surface treatment as finish of the work. the surface treatment. 10. Surface treatment as finish of the work. Matrix, Incidence Matrix, or Design precedence ma- Structure Matrix (DSM), also called Design Structure matrix, in 1967 while designing a nuclear power plant. Matrix, Incidence Matrix, or Design precedence ma- 10. Surface treatment as finish of the work. 10. Surface Table 1 t Ta resk D atmen escript t as fi ionnish of Mak of ing the a wor Concr k. ete Block Table 1 Task Description of Making a Concrete Block trix, in 1967 while designing a nuclear power plant. It Matrix, Incidence Matrix, or Design precedence ma- It was systematically introduced to the public in his trix, in 1967 while designing a nuclear power plant. It Table 1 Task Description of Making a Concrete Block The second step is to locate the dependency among was systematically introduced to the public in his The second step is to locate the dependency among trix, in 1967 while designing a nuclear power plant. It 1981 book, "Systems Analysis and Management: was systematically introduced to the public in his The second step is to locate the dependency among tasks. The correlations of each task are listed in 1981 book, “Systems Analysis and Management: Th tae sks. secThe ond co ste rp rela is tion to s loc ofa te each theta dep sk are endenc listed y am in on “Fig. g was systematically introduced to the public in his Structure, Strategy and Design". The basic idea of 1981 book, “Systems Analysis and Management: tasks. The correlations of each task are listed in “Fig. "Fig.2.". If the existence of lower tasks depends on the Structure, Strategy and Design”. The basic idea of ta2 sks. ”. If The the coerxisten relation ce s of of each lower tata sks k are s depend listed isn on “Fig. the 1981 book, “Systems Analysis and Management: DSM is to break each element of the target artifact Structure, Strategy and Design”. The basic idea of 2”. If the existence of lower tasks depends on the DSM is to break each element of the target artifact higher tasks as shown in the left side of the matrix, then Structure, Strategy and Design”. The basic idea of 2” hi . gher If the task existen s as sho ce wn of lo in w the er ta les ft k s side depend of the s on mat the rix , down into a list and recreate the dependency network DSM is to break each element of the target artifact higher tasks as shown in the left side of the matrix, down into a list and recreate the dependency network the authors label it at the lower left corner, and if the DSM is to break each element of the target artifact hith gher en the task au s thors as sho lawn bel iin t at the thele lo ftwer side left of cthe orner, mat arix nd , if a do mwn ong i e nto lem a e list nts for and proj recreeate ct a the nalysi deps. endency Similarl ne y,twor TSM k then the authors label it at the lower left corner, and if among elements for project analysis. Similarly, TSM dependency is in reverse, they label it on the upper right down into a list and recreate the dependency network the dependency is in reverse, they label it on the upper then the authors label it at the lower left corner, and if uses operationa among elementl s tasks instead for project analysis. of elements Simil to assess the arly, TSM the dependency is in reverse, they label it on the upper uses operational tasks instead of elements to assess the corner. In the case that both tasks are interdependent to among elements for project analysis. Similarly, TSM right corner. In the case that both tasks are interde- the dependency is in reverse, they label it on the upper tar use get construction approach. s operational tasks instead of elements to assess the right corner. In the case that both tasks are interde- target construction approach. each other, they were labeled on both sides. uses operational tasks instead of elements to assess the pendent to each other, they were labeled on both sides. right corner. In the case that both tasks are interde- 3.3.2 target con The Basic Principle of Making struction approach. TSM pendent to each other, they were labeled on both sides. 3.3.2 The Basic Principle of Making TSM target construction approach. pendent to each other, they were labeled on both sides. 3.3.2 The Taking prod Basic Principle uction of a of Ma conc king T rete bl SMoc k as an Taking production of a concrete block as an exam- 3.3.2 The Basic Principle of Making TSM Taking production of a concrete block as an exam- example of TSM modeling, a designer would collect ple of TSM modeling, a designer would collect a sys- Taking production of a concrete block as an exam- ple of TSM modeling, a designer would collect a sys- a systematic set of information to complete the design tematic set of information to complete the design pro- ple of TSM modeling, a designer would collect a sys- tematic set of information to complete the design pro- process, such as manufacturing processes, the feature cess, such as manufacturing processes, the feature of tematic set of information to complete the design pro- cess, such as manufacturing processes, the feature of of the specimen, and the designer's intention. The first the specimen, and the designer’s intention. The first cess, such as manufacturing processes, the feature of the specimen, and the designer’s intention. The first step is to list all the affective factors of this target job step is to list all the affective factors of this target job the specimen, and the designer’s intention. The first step is to list all the affective factors of this target job as parameters during the design process, and collect as parameters during the design process, and collect step is to list all the affective factors of this target job as parameters during the design process, and collect corresponding data associated with the parameter. corresponding data associated with the parameter. as parameters during the design process, and collect corresponding data associated with the parameter. In this example, producing a concrete block would In this example, producing a concrete block would corresponding data associated with the parameter. In this example, producing a concrete block would involve the ten different types of information or Fig. 2 Example of TSM Fig. 2 Example of TSM inIn voltve his te he xa m ten ple, di ff produ erent c ing type as con of cre info te rm blo atc ik onwo or uld ac- involve the ten different types of information or ac- Fig.2. Example of TSM actions listed below in "Fig.1.". Each information Fig. 2 Example of TSM tions listed below in “ Fig. 1”. Each information or involve the ten different types of information or ac- tions listed below in “ Fig. 1”. Each information or or action was labeled as "Task" for manufacturing Dependency mark on one side suggests a hierar- Dependency mark on one side suggests a hierar- action was labeled as “Task” for manufacturing pa- tions listed below in “ Fig. 1”. Each information or Dependency mark on one side suggests a hierarchical action was labeled as “Task” for manufacturing pa- parameters such as "molding", specimen features such chical relationship between two tasks (One dominates Dependency mark on one side suggests a hierar- chical relationship between two tasks (One dominates rameters such as “molding", specimen features such action was labeled as “Task” for manufacturing pa- relationship between two tasks (One dominates the rameters such as “molding", specimen features such as "treatment", and design intents such as "dimension", the other). Dependency marks on both sides show chical relationship between two tasks (One dominates the other). Dependency marks on both sides show as “treatment”, and design intents such as “dimen- rameters such as “molding", specimen features such other). Dependency marks on both sides show these as “treatment”, and design intents such as “dimen- or precision" and so on. these two tasks are interdependent (Coexistence). the other). Dependency marks on both sides show these two tasks are interdependent (Coexistence). as sio “n trea ”, or pre tment”, ci sio and n” a de nd sign so o in n.tents such as “dimen- two tasks are interdependent (Coexistence). sion”, or precision” and so on. these two tasks are interdependent (Coexistence). sion”, or precision” and so on. Fig. 3 Principle of Task Marking Fig. 3 Principle of Task Marking Fig. 3 Principle of Task Marking Fig.3. Principle of Task Markin 3.3.3 The Basic Pattern from TSM Fig. 1 Task List of Making a Simple Concrete Block 3.3.3 The Basic Pattern from TSM Fig. 1 Task List of Making a Simple Concrete Block Fig.1. Task List of Making a Simple Concrete Block The TSM may be applied to almost all artifacts to 3.3.3 The Basic Pattern from TSM Fig. 1 Task List of Making a Simple Concrete Block The TSM may be applied to almost all artifacts to 3.3.3 The Basic Pattern from TSM analyze the design dependency mechanism. Depend- The TSM may be applied to almost all artifacts to 1. The concrete dimension defines the strength of analyze the design dependency mechanism. Depend- The TSM may be applied to almost all artifacts to 1. The concrete dimension defines the strength of Table 1. Task Description of Making a Concrete Block ing on the nature of different artifacts, the Task Struc- analyze the design dependency mechanism. Depend- the block and the size of molding 1. The concrete dimension defines the strength of ing on the nature of different artifacts, the Task Struc- the block and the size of molding analyze the design dependency mechanism. Depending 1. The concrete dimension defines the strength of the ture Matrix reveals some corresponding preset pat- ing on the nature of different artifacts, the Task Struc- 2. The Material of the block controls the strength the block and the size of molding ture Matrix reveals some corresponding preset pat- 2. The Material of the block controls the strength on the nature of different artifacts, the Task Structure block and the size of molding tute re rns. M atrix reveals some corresponding preset pat- and appearance of the block, and decides the 2. The Material of the block controls the strength terns. and appearance of the block, and decides the Matrix reveals some corresponding preset patterns. 2. The Material of the block controls the strength and The first type of pattern is the modularized block terns. method of pouring and curing time. and appearance of the block, and decides the The first type of pattern is the modularized block method of pouring and curing time. The first type of pattern is the modularized block appearance of the block, and decides the method of pattern, as shown in “Fig. 4a”. Modularized blocks, The first type of pattern is the modularized block 3. The strength requirement determines the material method of pouring and curing time. pattern, as shown in “Fig. 4a”. Modularized blocks, 3. The strength requirement determines the material pattern, as shown in "Fig.4.a". Modularized blocks, pouring and curing time. also called object-oriented design, are commonly seen pattern, as shown in “Fig. 4a”. Modularized blocks, of the block, and the method of pouring and cur- 3. The strength requirement determines the material also called object-oriented design, are commonly seen of the block, and the method of pouring and cur- also called object-oriented design, are commonly seen in the electronics or information technology industries. also called object-oriented design, are commonly seen ing time. of the block, and the method of pouring and cur- in the electronics or information technology industries. ing time. in the electronics or information technology industries. ing time. 50 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu 2 JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX XXXX XXXXX 2 JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX XXXX XXXXX 2 JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX XXXX XXXXX In such patterns, each block contains sufficient self- 4.1 Modularity Analysis of Intra-organization support information, and requires very limited infor- Construction Method mation from other blocks. Case selection: Examples of precast concrete de- tails (Fig. 6) were selected to identify the effects of in the electronics or information technology industries. joint, and 4) window construction. organizational behavior on building construction In such patterns, each block contains sufficient self- These targets for observation were selected In such patterns, each block contains sufficient self- 4.1 Modularity Analysis of Intra-organization methods where the interfaces and related components support information, and requires very limited to demonstrate four different levels of system support information, and requires very limited infor- Construction Method are all provided by the same entity. information from other blocks. mechanisms, 1) intra-organization integration, 2) mation from other blocks. Case selection: Examples of precast concrete de- United States: This detail was selected from the collaborative integration, 3) function integration, and 4) tails (Fig. 6) were selected to identify the effects of Architectural Graphic Standard (AGS) issued by the integration of multiple entities. In such patterns, each block contains sufficient self- organizational behavior on building construction 4.1 Modularity Analysis of Intra-organization American Institute of Architects (AIA) which pro- 4.1 Modularity Analysis of Intra-Organization support information, and requires very limited infor- methods where the interfaces and related components Construction Method vides a privilege of authority as a guideline to the Construction Method mation from other blocks. a b are Ca all p se rse ovid lecti ed on: by the Exam spl am ese of entpre ity.c ast concrete de- building construction industry as the minimum stand- Case selection: Examples of precast concrete Fig. 4 a, Highly Modularized Interface; b, Sequential Tasks tails (Fig. 6) were selected to identify the effects of United States: This detail was selected from the ard datum. details (Fig.6.) were selected to identify the effects without Clear Module and Interface organizational behavior on building construction Architectural Graphic Standard (AGS) issued by the of orJap ganizational an: This detail behavior was on sele building cted from construction the “Manual The second pattern is the linear sequential task as methods where the interfaces and related components American Institute of Architects (AIA) which pro- methods of Pre-where the fab PC for interfaces Construcand related tion and Dcomponents esign” by the shown in “Fig. 4b”. The linear sequential layout of are all provided by the same entity. vides a privilege of authority as a guideline to the a b are all provided by the same entity Kajima Company. . United States: This detail was selected from the tasks indicates that every task depends on another task building construction industry as the minimum stand- Fig. 4 a, Highly Modularized Interface; b, Sequential Tasks Ar United chitectu States: ral Grap This hic detail Standard was (AGS selected ) issued from by the the and acts as a unit of transmission linkage. This pattern Fig.4.a, Highly Modularized Interface; b, Sequential Tasks ard datum. without Clear Module and Interface American Institute of Architects (AIA) which pro- Architectural Graphic Standard (AGS) issued by the without Clear Module and Interface is commonly seen in factory assembly lines or con- Japan: This detail was selected from the “Manual The second pattern is the linear sequential task as vides a privilege of authority as a guideline to the American Institute of Architects (AIA) which provides struction aprojects. b of Pre-fab PC for Construction and Design” by the shown in “ Fig. 4b”. The linear sequen tial layout of building construction industry as the minimum stand- The second pattern is the linear sequential task as a privilege of authority as a guideline to the building Fig. 4 a, Highly Modularized Interface; b, Sequential Tasks The third pattern is the integrated module block as Kajima Company. tasks indicates that every task depends on another task ard datum. without Clear Module and Interface shown in "Fig.4.b". The linear sequential layout of construction industry as the minimum standard datum. shown in “Fig. 5c”. In such pattern, there are modules Japan: This detail was selected from the “Manual and acts as a unit of transmission linkage. This pattern The second pattern is the linear sequential task as tasks indicates that every task depends on another Japan: This detail was selected from the "Manual existing in the matrix with intensive interdependency of Pre-fab PC for Construction and Design” by the is commonly seen shown in “Fig . in 4 b” factory assembly lines . The linear sequential la or co yout n- of task and acts as a unit of transmission linkage. This of Pre-fab PC for Construction and Design" by the among module blocks. This occurs in customized Kajima Company. tasks indicates that every task depends on another task struction projects. pattern is commonly seen in factory assembly lines or Kajima Company. US JPN product markets, such as laptop computers, or high- and acts as a unit of transmission linkage. This pattern The third pattern is the integrated module block as construction projects. Fig. 6 Typical Detail of Precast Concrete in the US and Japan end vehicles. is commonly seen in factory assembly lines or con- shown in “ Fig. 5c”. In such pattern, there are modules struction projects. existing in the matrix with intensive interdependency 4.1.1 Observation on Precast Concrete Assembly The third pattern is the integrated module block as among module blocks. This occurs in customized Fig. 7 shows the design of a precast concrete floor shown in “Fig. 5c”. In such pattern, there are modules US JPN product markets, such as laptop computers, or high- existing in the matrix with intensive interdependency to bearing wall connection in the United States in ac- Fig. 6 Typical Detail of Precast Concrete in the US and Japan end vehicles. among module blocks. This occurs in customized cordance with the “AGS”. The connections between US JPN product markets, such as laptop computers, or high- slab and bearing wall require less predefined engage- 4.1.1 Observation on Precast Concrete Assembly Fig. 6 Typical Detail of Precast Concrete in the US and Japan end vehicles. ment. The embedded connection is a typical standard US JPN Fig. 7 shows the design of a precast concrete floor product, and no special welding skill is required. to bearing wall connection in the United States in ac- 4.1.1 Observation on Precast Concrete Assembly c d Fig.6. Typical Detail of Precast Concrete in the US and Japan cordance with the Fig. 7 shows the de “AGS”. The connections b sign of a precast concrete floor etween Fig. 5 c. Integrated Orientation; d. Mixture Module with Inte- Fig.5. c. Integrated Orientation; d. Mixture Module with to bearing wall connection in the United States in ac- slab and bearing wall require less predefined engage- grated Correlation 4.1.1 Observation on Precast Concrete Assembly Integrated Correlation cordance with the “AGS”. The connections between ment. The embedded connection is a typical standard The fourth pattern is the mixture pattern shown in Fig.7. shows the design of a precast concrete slab and bearing wall require less predefined engage- product, and no special welding skill is required. “Fig. 5d”. In this pattern, there are a few modularized The third pattern is the integrated module block as floor to bearing wall connection in the United States c d ment. The embedded connection is a typical standard blocks in the system that depend on an assembly pro- shown in "Fig.5.c". In such pattern, there are modules in accordance with the "AGS". The connections Fig. 5 c. Integrated Orientation; d. Mixture Module with Inte- product, and no special welding skill is required. c d cess to hold all the pieces together. This is the most existing in the matrix grated Correlation with intensive interdependency Fig. 5 c. Integrated Orientation; d. Mixture Module with Inte- typical pattern in the building construction industry. amThe fo ong mu odul rth pattern is the mixture pattern shown in e blocks. This occurs in customized grated Correlation On the basis of the abovementioned observation, it “ product markets, such as laptop computers, or high-end Fig. 5d”. In this pattern, there are a few modularized The fourth pattern is the mixture pattern shown in is imperative to match the structure of the design team bl vehicles. ocks in the system that depend on an assembly pro- “Fig. 5d”. In this pattern, there are a few modularized with the project task pattern. Otherwise, a critical task cess to hold The fourthal pattern l the pieces together. This is the most is the mixture pattern shown in blocks in the system that depend on an assembly pro- dependency may be ignored or omitted, which leads typical pattern in "Fig.5.d". cess to hol In this d the al pattern, l th bui e lding con pie there ces tog are str ether. This a uc few tionmodularized indust is the m ry. ost 2 to protypi jectcal pa failure tte.rn in the building construction industry. blo On cks t i he n t basis of the abovementioned he system that depend on a observation, it n assembly On the basis of the abovementioned observation, it 4 is i process to hold all Gene mperative to match the ral Observ the pieces ation o st nruc Mo together tudu re la of . rThis is the ity the Te design team ndenc most ies is imperative to match the structure of the design team with the project task pattern. Otherwise, typical pattern in the building construction industry between the United States and Japan a critical .task with the project task pattern. Otherwise, a critical task dependency may be ignored or omitted On the basis of the abovemen To compare the hypothesis in tioned observation, it section , whic 0 with h le ad the s dependency may be ignored or omitted, which leads m to project failure. is imperative ethodology in to match se ction the 0, structure this research of the assessed design team four 9 to project failure. 4 with Gene the ral O project bserv task pattern. ation on Mo Otherwise, dularitya critical Tendenc task ies different types of construction methods utilized in the 4 General Observation on Modularity Tendencies dependency may be ignored or omitted, which leads to Unit betw ed Sta eete n s an the United St d Japan, 1) ate pre s ca and st conc Japan rete assembly, between the United States and Japan project failure. 2) parapet To compa const re the hypothesis ruction method, in 3) secti roo on f 0e x with pansi the on 2 9 To compare the hypothesis in section 0 with the jo methodology in section int, and 4) window con0 str , this uction rese . arch assessed four methodology in section 0, this research assessed four 2 4. General Observation on Modularity Tendencies different types of construction methods These targets for observation were utilized in selected the to different types of construction methods utilized in the between the United States and Japan United States and Japan United States and Jap , a 1) n, precast concrete assembly, 1) precast concrete assembly, demonstrate four different levels of system mecha- To2) parapet compare the const hypothes ruction m iset in hod, section 3) roo 0f w exith pansi the on 2 2) parapet construction method, 3) roof expansion Fig. 7 TSM of Typical Slab Connec 2t ion in the United States 9 nisms, 1) intra-organization integration, 2) collabora- joint, and 4) window construction. methodology in section 0, this research assessed four joint, and 4) window construction. tive integration, 3) function integration, and 4) inte- These targets for observation were selected to different types of construction methods utilized in the Fig. 8 shows a similar detail used in Japan. This These targets for observation were selected to gration of multiple entities. demonstrate four different levels of system mecha- United States and Japan, 1) precast concrete assembly, connection contains more hardware and cut-out s on demonstrate four different levels of system mecha- Fig. 7 TSM of Typical Slab Connection in the United States nisms, 1) intra-organization integration, 2) collabora- 2) parapet construction method, 3) roof expansion nisms, 1) intra-organization integration, 2) collabora- Fig. 7 TSM of Typical Slab Connection in the United States Fig.7. TSM of Typical Slab Connection in the United States tive integration, 3) function integration, and 4) inte- XXXX XXXXX JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX 3 tive integration, 3) function integration, and 4) inte- Fig. 8 shows a similar detail used in Japan. This gration of multiple entities. Fig. 8 shows a similar detail used in Japan. This gration of multiple entities. connection contains more hardware and cut-outs on connection contains more hardware and cut-outs on JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu 51 XXXX XXXXX JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX 3 XXXX XXXXX JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX 3 between slab and bearing wall require less predefined 4 . 2 M o dul a r i t y Ana l y si s o f Co l l a bo r a t i v e engagement. The embedded connection is a typical Integration standard product, and no special welding skill is The second example for analysis is the parapet area, required. which is a location most vulnerable to water infiltration Fig.8. shows a similar detail used in Japan. This in building construction. connection contains more hardware and cut-outs on This comparative analysis was conducted to discuss components, which also involves onsite grout injection. the differing collaborative behaviors among parties in components, which also involves onsite grout injec- This comparative analysis was conducted to dis- The detail requires higher precision overhead onsite the United States and Japan. The representative cases tion. The detail requires higher precision overhead cuss the differing collaborative behaviors among par- welding. The embedded rod fabrication relies greatly selected for the US and Japan are shown in "Fig.9.". onsite welding. The embedded rod fabrication relies ties in the United States and Japan. The representative on the attributes of other components. The detail for parapet construction in Japan shown greatly on the attributes of other components. cases selected for the US and Japan are shown in “Fig. in Fig.9. was selected from "Building Construction 9”. Standard Detail", which was released by the Ministry The detail for parapet construction in Japan shown of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Fig. 9 was selected from “Building Construction (Mai Standard Detail ntenance Division, ”, which was Government released by t Buildings he Ministry Department,). of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan has a typical system of civil law (Maintenance Division, Government Buildings D system. The regulations and public guidelines e- epartment,). Japan stablished by govehas a rnme nty t a piuctal ho rsystem of ities establcivil law ish strict standards for every user system. The regulation.s and public guidelines estab- lished by government authorities establish strict standards for every user. 29 4 2 US JPN Fig.9. Typical Parapet Detail in the US & Japan US JPN Fig. 9 Typical Parapet Detail in the US & Japan The corresponding details in the United States are based on the standard in the AGS as shown in The corresponding details in the United States are "Fig.9.". The typical approach by American architects based on the standard in the AGS as shown in “Fig. 9”. to overcome water infiltration issues at the parapet The typical approach by American architects to over- 4 2 14 is to disregard the wall as part of the waterproofing come water infiltration issues at the parapet is to dis- solution. They consider the waterproofing system to be regard the wall as part of the waterproofing solution. an attachment to the structure. They consider the waterproofing system to be an at- 4.2.1 Observations on Design and Construction tachment to the structure. Fig. 8 TSM of Typical Slab Connection in Japan Methods for Parapets Fig.8. TSM of Typical Slab Connection in Japan 4.2.1 Observations on Design and Construction The corresponding TSM indicates practices similar On the basis of TSM analysis, the authors identi- Methods for Parapets On the basis of TSM analysis, the authors identified t o i nt ra-orga ni za t i on be havi or. T he c onstruct i on fied the following points, The corresponding TSM indicates practices similar the following points, method used in the United States requires only 1. The quantity of total tasks in the US (the modulari- to intra-organization behavior. The construction 1. The quantity of total tasks in the US (the modularity 15 tasks to complete, and the dependent task ty oriented country) tends to be less than in Japan. method used in the United States requires only 15 oriented country) tends to be less than in Japan. connections among systems occur only at the wall to 2. The quantity of hierarchical dependent tasks in the tasks to complete, and the dependent task connections 2. The quantity of hierarchical dependent tasks in the roof and waterproofing-to-wall. The installation of US is relatively less than in Japan. among systems occur only at the wall to roof and wa- US is relatively less than in Japan. waterproofing reveals a linear sequential pattern, which 3. The quantity of interdependent tasks in the US is terproofing-to-wall. The installation of waterproofing 3. The quantity of interdependent tasks in the US is indicates that the process tends to a low interdependent somewhat less than in Japan. reveals a linear sequential pattern, which indicates that somewhat less than in Japan. pattern as shown in "Fig.10.". 4. The number of internal tasks required to produce a the process tends to a low interdependent pattern as 4. The number of internal tasks required to produce a The Japanese standards for parapet design show a single component in the US is less than in Japan. shown in “Fig. 10”. single component in the US is less than in Japan. fold back from the top to cover the inner waterproofing 5. The assembly system transition process in the US 5. The assembly system transition process in the US is system as the first line of defense against water is generally simpler than in Japan. generally simpler than in Japan. infiltration. This is a very common approach in According to the judgment criterion identified in According to the judgment criterion identified in section 0, a TSM which tends to have less hierarchical Japanese building construction, but not in the United section 0, a TSM which tends to have less hierarchical dependent tasks, interdependent tasks, and internal States. dependent tasks, interdependent tasks, and internal task task leads the user toward a modularity oriented ap- The TSM pattern for the parapet design in Japan leads the user toward a modularity oriented approach. proach. In this case, American intra-organization reveals a high tendency toward interdependence, In this case, American intra-organization tends to be tends to be more modular-oriented, while Japanese which indicates that the design of the parapet is taking more modular-oriented, while Japanese organizations organizations tend to be more oriented toward integra- a highly integrated approach. The base concrete tend to be more oriented toward integration. tion. parapet requires a significant amount of interdependent 4.2 Modularity Analysis of Collaborative Integration 52 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu The second example for analysis is the parapet area, which is a location most vulnerable to water infiltra- tion in building construction. 4 JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX XXXX XXXXX The different levels of interdependence among components caused by disparate construction ap- approaches can be explained by the tendency proaches can be explained by the tendency toward toward modularity of designers from different social modularity of designers from different social back- backgrounds. Japanese are more willing to surrender grounds. Japanese are more willing to surrender bene- benefits to provide a more competitive, highly fits to provide a more competitive, highly integrated, integrated, and better quality product. American and better quality product. American contractors work contractors work only according to the specification only according to the specification in the contract. in the contract. These two different tendencies also These two different tendencies also magnify the dif- magnify the difference in construction quality between ference in construction quality between the US and the US and Japan. Japan. Fig. 10 TSM for Typical Parapet Detail in the United States 4.3 Modularity Analysis of Function Integration 3 4.3 Modularity Analysis of Function Integration From a macro scale, each component of the TSM The Japanese standards for parapet design show a From a macro scale, each component of the TSM serves a distinct function. The final outcome represents fold back from the top t1 o cover the inner waterproof- serves a distinct function. The final outcome repre- the accumulation of subordinate functions from every ing system as the first line of defense against water sents the accumulation of subordinate functions from component, however, at the micro scale, each task infiltration. This is a very 1 common approach in Japa- every component, however, at the micro scale, each also has a specific function that contributes to the nese building construction, but not in the United task also has a specific function that contributes to the establishment of a network and generates a synergistic States. establishment of a network and generates a synergistic construction operation. The TSM pattern for the parapet design in Japan construction operation. In this section, a slab-wall expansion joint is the reveals a high tendency toward interdependence, In this section, a slab-wall expansion joint is the basis for discussion of the comparative tendencies which indicates that the design of the parapet is taking basis for discussion of the comparative tendencies of of function integration between the United States a highly integrated approach. The base concrete para- function integration between the United States and Fig.10. TSM for Typical Parapet Detail in the United States and Japan. Expansion joints are commonly used pet requires a significant amount of interdependent Japan. Expansion joints are commonly used in build- information from other components to be poured on in buildings to absorb heat-induced expansion or information from other components to be poured on ings to absorb heat-induced expansion or seismic time, such as the recess space for the waterproofing time, such as the recess space for the waterproofing seismic movements and to avoid leakage or alleviate movements and to avoid leakage or alleviate concen- material, or the extension of rebar to receive and hold material, or the extension of rebar to receive and hold concentrated stress. trated stress. the inner concrete in place as shown in "Fig.11.". the inner concrete in place as shown in “Fig. 11”. The authors' research selected a typical roofing The authors’ research selected a typical roofing ar- area expansion joint detail used in Japan from the ea expansion joint detail used in Japan from the “Ar- "Architectural chitectural W aW terpro aterproofing ofing Hand Handbook" book” p rov provided ided by by the the Building Building Wat Werp aterproof System Handbook Committee. roof System Handbook Committee. For For pa parapets rapets in in Japan, arc Japan, architects hitects generally generally create create a a lateral lateral ca cantileve ntilever from a vertical r from a vertical m member ember to provide a to provide a solid solid base base to to c cover over t the he j joint oint and and waterproof waterproof sy system stem as as shown in “Fig. 12”. shown in "Fig.12.". US JPN US JPN Fig. 12 Typical Expansion Joint Detail in the US and Japan 15 1 1 Fig.12. Typical Expansion Joint Detail in the US and Japan In the United States, architects follow the same In the United States, architects follow the same principle used in parapet design (Fig. 12). The typical principle used in parapet design (Fig.12.). The typical expansion joint on the roof would not be considered a 4 expansion joint on the roof would not be considered part of the structure, and the installation of the expan- a part of the structure, and the installation of the sion joint would be an additional step in the construc- expansion joint would be an additional step in the tion process. 19 9 construction process. 4.3.1 Observations on Expansion Joint 4.3.1 Observations on Expansion Joint Construction Construction In the United States and Japan, design of expansion In the United States and Japan, design of expan- joints at roof or terrace areas reflect two opposite sion joints at roof or terrace areas reflect two opposite approaches to following the same principle. The approaches to following the same principle. The ex- 4 3 expansion joint detail in the United States tends pansion joint detail in the United States tends to be to be detached from element to element as shown Fig. 11 TSM of Typical Parapet Detail in Japan detached from element to element as shown in “Fig. Fig.11. TSM of Typical Parapet Detail in Japan in "Fig.13.". The concrete supplier only needs to 13”. The concrete supplier only needs to deliver the deliver the product on time and within tolerance. The The different levels of interdependence among waterproofing contractor would only need to cover XXXX XXXXX JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX 5 components caused by disparate construction JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu 53 product on time and within tolerance. The waterproof- 2 3 ing contractor would only need to cover the gap with an independent expansion joint device. There is al- the gap with an independent expansion joint device. most no interdependent flow of information between There is almost no interdependent flow of information the processes for the two components. between the processes for the two components. The design of expansion joints in the United States 7 2 The design of expansion joints in the United States shows that the function of each component is relative- shows that the function of each component is relatively ly simple. For example, the function of the concrete simple. For example, the function of the concrete wall wall is to receive the metal flashing. is to receive the metal flashing. Fig. 14 TSM of Typical Roof to Wall Detail in Japan product on time and within tolerance. The waterproof- 2 3 ing contractor would only need to cover the gap with 4.4 Modularity Analysis of Integration with an independent expansion joint device. There is al- Multiple Entities most no interdependent flow of information between A typical construction project is carried out by the processes for the two components. multiple players with varying types of components The design of expansion joints in the United States 7 2 and functions. In a building system, the w 14 indow is an shows that the function of each component is relative- interface between the interior space and exterior envi- ly simple. For example, the function of the concrete ronment. Due to its special characteristics, numerous wall is to receive the metal flashing. interior components would meet or engage with the exterior components in this area and create multiple points of communication among players. The intensity of communication would depend on the extent of modularity, as mentioned in section 0. Fig. 13 TSM of Typical Roof to Wall Detail in the United In general, there are multiple systems in contact Fig.13. TSM of Typical Roof to Wall Detail in the United States States with each other in the window area. When comparing Fig. 14 TSM of Typical Roof to Wall Detail in Japan The Japanese design tends to contain more hardware processes in the United States and Japan, conscious- Fig.14. TSM of Typical Roof to Wall Detail in Japan The Japanese design tends to contain more hard- and multiple lines of defense to control water ness of modularity would greatly affect the complexi- 4.4 Modularity Analysis of Integration with ware and multiple lines of defense to control water Comparatively, the typical window detail used infiltration. This, in turn, requires more preparation of ty of the window design, and verify the modularity or Multiple Entities infiltration. This, in turn, requires more preparation of in Japan shows that more methods of transition are the base concrete, such as grooving, notching, or laying the degree of integration in construction methods. A typical construction project is carried out by the base concrete, such as grooving, notching, or lay- applied among window frame to structure, as well as embedment in advance. As a result, more processes for Comparatively, the typical window detail used in multiple players with varying types of components ing embedment in advance. As a result, more process- to exterior surface treatment and the interior drywall integration are engaged during construction. Analysis Japan shows that more methods of transition are ap- and functions. In a building system, the window is an es for integration are engaged during construction. system as shown in "Fig.15.". For example, Japanese of similar designs in Japan reveals that each component plied among window frame to structure, as well as to interface between the interior space and exterior envi- Analysis of similar designs in Japan reveals that each architects tend to use more steel rods to connect tends to have multiple functions as shown in "Fig.14.". exterior surface treatment and the interior drywall sys- ronment. Due to its special characteristics, numerous component tends to have multiple functions as shown 4 the window frame to the structural wall. A sloped For example, in the Japanese design the same structure tem as shown in “ Fig. 15”. For example, Japanese interior components would meet or engage with the in “ Fig. 14”. For example, in the Japanese design the concrete sill with grout infill is commonly used in covers the gap, receives the metal flashing, holds architects tend to use more steel rods to connect the exterior components in this area and create multiple same structure covers the gap, receives the metal this application. Clearly, this method involves more the stiffener, and provides a recess to accommodate window frame to the structural wall. A sloped con- points of communication among players. The intensity flashing, holds the stiffener, and provides a recess to interdependent communication during construction. crete sill with grout infill is commonly used in this sealant. of communication would depend on the extent of accommodate sealant. application. Clearly, this method involves more inter- 4.4 Modularity Analysis of Integration with modularity, as mentioned in section 0. Fig. 13 TSM of Typical Roof to Wall Detail in the United dependent communication during construction. Multiple Entities In general, there are multiple systems in contact States A typical construction project is carried out by with each other in the window area. When comparing multiple players with varying types of components processes in the United States and Japan, conscious- The Japanese design tends to contain more hard- and functions. In a building system, the window is ness of modularity would greatly affect the complexi- ware and multiple lines of defense to control water an interface between the interior space and exterior ty of the window design, and verify the modularity or infiltration. This, in turn, requires more preparation of the degree of integration in construction methods. environment. Due to its special characteristics, the base concrete, such as grooving, notching, or lay- Comparatively, the typical window detail used in numerous interior components would meet or engage ing embedment in advance. As a result, more process- Japan shows that more methods of transition are ap- with the exterior components in this area and create es for integration are engaged during construction. plied among window frame to structure, as well as to multiple points of communication among players. Analysis of similar designs in Japan reveals that each exterior surface treatment and the interior drywall sys- The intensity of communication would depend on the component tends to have multiple functions as shown US JPN tem as shown in “ Fig. 15”. For example, Japanese extent of modularity, as mentioned in section 0. in “ Fig. 14”. For example, in the Japanese design the US JPN architects tend to use more steel rods to connect the Fig.15. Typical Window Detail in the US and Japan In general, there are multiple systems in contact same structure covers the gap, receives the metal Fig. 15 Typical Window Detail in the US and Japan window frame to the structural wall. A sloped con- with each other in the window area. When comparing flashing, holds the stiffener, and provides a recess to The design of building window areas in the United crete sill with grout infill is commonly used in this The design of building window areas in the United pra oc cco esse mm s od in at the s e Un ealant. ited States and Japan, consciousness States takes an opposite approach as shown in “ Fig. application. Clearly, this method involves more inter- States takes an opposite approach as shown in of modularity would greatly affect the complexity of dependent communication during construction. "Fig.15.". This approach minimizes the interconnection the window design, and verify the modularity or the among components, and only a very few connecting degree of integration in construction methods. 6 JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX XXXX XXXXX 54 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu US JPN Fig. 15 Typical Window Detail in the US and Japan The design of building window areas in the United States takes an opposite approach as shown in “ Fig. 6 JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX XXXX XXXXX 15”. This approach minimizes the interconnection words, each task group could be performed free of, or among components, and only a very few connecting with minimum constrains from other task groups. The devices are applied to assemble all the components in designer provides only enough information for other the window area. parties to follow up. It consists of 34 identified tasks with a total of 69 dependency links among tasks, and 4.4.1 Observations on Multiplayer Construction of only 33 dependency links among blocks (~48% of Windows total dependency links). Based on the selected detail and corresponding The TSM for window construction in Japan reveals TSM, the window consists of a larger amount of tasks the opposite as shown in “ Fig. 17”. With the excep- and blocks in both the American and Japanese exam- tion of the dependent tasks between design and con- ples. Based on the comparative analysis as shown in struction components, multiple interdependent blocks “Fig. 16”, the dependent tasks of window construction appear on the TSM among structure, window, and design in the United States occurs mostly between exterior finish. This suggests a highly indivisible inte- design and components (X1-X9/Y10-Y24); very few gration and verifies that the organizational tendency is tasks will interfere with other components, and most closer to integrated design. modules are carried out in a linear sequence. In other Internal Dependency Link: 36 External Dependency Link: 33 Total Dependency Link: 69 7 8 3 7 2 2 4 1 4 2 1 Fig. 16 TSM of Typical Window Construction in the United States Fig.16. TSM of Typical Window Construction in the United States On the corresponding TSM for window construc- devices are applied to assemble all the components in groups. No clear pattern can be observed on the tion in Japan, the dependencies are distributed among the window area. matrix. Each task group has multiple constraints of groups. No clear pattern can be observed on the ma- 4.4.1 Observations on Multiplayer Construction of dependency with other task groups. trix. Each task group has multiple constraints of de- Windows A total of 46 active tasks are identified in total with pendency with other task groups. Based on the selected detail and corresponding TSM, 150 dependency links among tasks, and 89 dependency A total of 46 active tasks are identified in total with the window consists of a larger amount of tasks and links among blocks. 150 dependency links among tasks, and 89 dependen- blocks in both the American and Japanese examples. Based on the results of the abovementioned analysis, cy links among blocks. Based on the comparative analysis as shown in dependency links for window construction in Japan Based on the results of the abovementioned analy- "Fig.16.", the dependent tasks of window construction represent 217% dependency of the dependency link sis, dependency links for window construction in Ja- design in the United States occurs mostly between for the same process in the US (150:69). The critical pan represent 217% dependency of the dependency design and components (X1-X9/Y10-Y24); very few dependency in Japanese window construction (external link for the same process in the US (150:69). The crit- tasks will interfere with other components, and most dependency among blocks) is also 270% of the US ical dependency in Japanese window construction modules are carried out in a linear sequence. In other (89:33). (external dependency among blocks) is also 270% of words, each task group could be performed free of, or the US (89:33). with minimum constrains from other task groups. The designer provides only enough information for other XXXX XXXXX JAABE vol.X No.X April 20XX 7 parties to follow up. It consists of 34 identified tasks with a total of 69 dependency links among tasks, and only 33 dependency links among blocks (~48% of total dependency links). The TSM for window construction in Japan reveals the opposite as shown in "Fig.17.". With the exception of the dependent tasks between design and construction components, multiple interdependent blocks appear on the TSM among structure, window, and exterior finish. This suggests a highly indivisible integration and verifies that the organizational tendency is closer to integrated design. On the corresponding TSM for window construction in Japan, the dependencies are distributed among JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu 55 14 Internal Dependency Link: 61 External Dependency Link: 89 Total Dependency Link: 150 11 8 10 18 3 22 2 12 15 8 6 4 8 9 Fig. 17 TSM of Typical Window Construction Area in Japan Fig.17. TSM of Typical Window Construction Area in Japan 2 Conclusion organization may not be arranged to deal with an un- 5. Conclusion The organization may not be arranged to deal with an The Task Structure Matrix is an effective tool for familiar amount of tasks and task dependencies in The Task Structure Matrix is an effective tool for unfamiliar amount of tasks and task dependencies in modeling to verify any differences between similar different interface areas. modeling to verify any differences between similar different interface areas. details and helps to determine whether a different details and helps to determine whether a different References modularity or integration of players would meet the modularity or integration of players would meet the References 1) Carliss Y. B & Kim B. C, (2000) Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power project requirements. This research assessed four ex- 1) Carliss Y. B. & Kim B. C, (2000) Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity, The MIT Press project requirements. This research assessed four of Modularity, The MIT Press. amples of construction methods in the US and Japan, 2) Yoshida S, & Yashiro T, (2005) Study on the Concept of “Architec- examples of construction methods in the US and Japan, 2) Yoshida S., & Yashiro T., (2005) Study on the Concept of ture” to Analyze the Modular Components of Construction System, 1) precast concrete assembly, 2) parapet construction, 1) precast concrete assembly, 2) parapet construction, 3) "Arc h i t e c t ur e " t o An a l y z e t h e Mo du l a r C om po n e n t s o f Journal of architecture and planning, 3) roof expansion joint, and 4) the window construc- roof expansion joint, and 4) the window construction. Construction System, Journal of architecture and planning. 3) Yoshida S, & Yashiro T, (2005) Study on the Concept of "Architec- tion. The purpose of the assessment was to verify four 3) Yoshida S., & Yashiro T., (2005) Study on the Concept of The purpose of the assessment was to verify four ture" to Describe Design and Construction System of Buildings, different levels of system mechanisms: 1) intra- "Architecture" to Describe Design and Construction System of Journal of architecture and planning, different levels of system mechanisms: 1) intra- organization integration, 2) collaborative integration, Buildings, Journal of architecture and planning. 4) Yoshida S, & Yashiro T, (2005) Study of the Shift of Construction organization integration, 2) collaborative integration, 4) Yoshida S., & Yashiro T., (2005) Study of the Shift of Construction 3) function integration, and 4) integration of multiple Technology and Organizational Configuration Based on the De- 3) function integration, and 4) integration of multiple Technology and Organizational Configuration Based on the velopment of Architectural Elements, Journal of architecture and entities. Based on the assessment, the active tasks and entities. Based on the assessment, the active tasks Development of Architectural Elements, Journal of architecture planning, dependencies among construction tasks in the modu- and planning. and dependencies among construction tasks in the 5) Lee J & Chun J (2009) Risk Response Analysis Model for Co n- larity-oriented United States tend to be less than the 5) Lee J. & Chun J. (2009) Risk Response Analysis Model for modularity-oriented United States tend to be less than struction Method Using the Forced-Decision Method and Binary integration-oriented Japan. Construction Method Using the Forced-Decision Method and Weighting Analysis. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building the integration-oriented Japan. Binary Weighting Analysis. Journal of Asian Architecture and The relationship between task quantity and project Engineering, Vol. 8 No. 1. pp. 205-212 The relationship between task quantity and project Building Engineering, Vol. 8 No. 1. pp.205-212. 6) Tsai T. C. & Yang M. L. (2009) Risk Management in the Constru c- outcome still need further study, but it is clear that a outcome still need further study, but it is clear that 6) Tsai T. C. & Yang M. L. (2009) Risk Management in the tion Phase of Building Projects in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Archi- project player originally designated to a particular task Construction Phase of Building Projects in Taiwan. Journal of a project player originally designated to a particular tecture and Building Engineering, Vol. 8 No. 1 pp. 143-150 structure pattern may not perform equally in an oppo- Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, Vol. 8 No. 1 pp.143- task structure pattern may not perform equally in an site modularity tendency project environment. The opposite modularity tendency project environment. 8 JAABE vol.X No.X November 20XX XXXX XXXXX 56 JAABE vol.14 no.1 January 2015 Ying-Chang Yu
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Jan 1, 2015
Keywords: modularity; integration; task dependency; design structure matrix; design information
