Abstract
This paper analyzes the measurements regarding the urban elements used by the Spaniards for the foundation and design of the Spanish-American cities created on the American continent over three centuries during the colonial period. The measurements analyzed are from the urban elements of the plaza, streets, and blocks. The study was accomplished based on the following: 1) study of the measurements in the theoretical t h models and in the reticular main cities of Spanish urbanism until the 16 century, 2) study of the measurements in the Laws of the Indies (1573), and 3) by analysis of the measurements used in the cities created on the American continent, through the study of cartography corresponding to the Colonial Spanish period. In the urban models used during three centuries by the Spaniards on the American continent the use of some particular measurement is evident (besides the common use of urban reticular traces). These th measurements have a theoretical and practical base in Spain since the 12 century. Keywords: Spanish-American city; colonial city; urban measurements; history of Spanish urbanism; urban typology 1. Introduction 2. Methodology Over three centuries, during the urbanization process 1 ) A n a l y s i s o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s i n t h e m a i n accomplished by the Spaniards in America, almost a examples of the reticular Spanish cities before the thousand cities were founded. There are currently 911 American continent was discovered: (a) measurements cities that are known to have been created between of Jaime's II Ordinances (1300), (b) measurements 1492 and 1810 . Although some had spontaneous of the Theoretical City of Exiemenis (1385) and (c) origins, most of the cities were designed by urban measurements of the reticular Spanish cities during the th th planning. It is not possible to define one particular 15 and 16 centuries. model of the Spanish-American city, but in essence we 2) Study of the measurements described in the Laws can recognize similar traits in different urban elements, of the Indies (1573). (reticular traces, public spaces or plazas, types of 3 ) S t u d y o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s i n t h e S p a n i s h - blocks, measurements, etc.). American cities, through the analysis of old maps T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o a n a l y z e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c o l o n i a l S p a n i s h p e r i o d o n measurements used to design Spanish-American cities, t h e A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t . E x a c t l y 7 , 1 5 2 i m a g e s even in the different types of cities in which basic corresponding to cartography from the AGI (Archive of measurements can be recognized, and the disposition the Indies in Seville) were used as the main database. of the composition of the plaza and its surrounding blocks. 3 . H i s t o r i c a l C o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e S p a n i s h - American City Founding cities was not a very frequent activity for th the Spaniards in the 15 century. During this century, the conquerors were superintendents, in charge of the *Contact Author: Jimenez Verdejo, Juan Ramon, Guest research, cities. The classic conqueror is described in numerous University of Shiga Prefecture historical sources as a practical man that, among a Graduate School of Environmental Planning, thousand heterogeneous activities, created cities by 2500, Yasaka-cho, Hikone-shi, Shiga, 522-8353 Japan applying knowledge acquired during his personal Tel: +81-6-6356-1815 Fax: +81-6-6356-1815 experience, without having any theoretical background. e-mail: 00d107@kobe-du.ac.jp th During the 17 century there was an evolution from a ( Received October 8, 2006 ; accepted February 1, 2007 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/May 2007/16 9 period of conquest to a period of consolidation of the with a fairly consistent form during three urbanization territory (in the Law of the Indies of 1573 the word centuries on the American continent. However, the conquest is changed to pacification of the Indies), these p r o c e s s o f f o u n d i n g t h e c i t y i n S p a n i s h A m e r i c a conquerors, who were high officials, together with lacked continuity and hardly possessed similar aspects the governors promoted the foundation of new cities. as those created in the medieval cities of Spain. The The governors (virrey, president, governor) had highly biggest difference is that in the Spanish-American intellectual training and the training of high officials process, the creation of the city was accomplished from was based on experience, which helped them in getting a centralized and modern political system, and with a th elected to strategic positions. During the 18 century very concrete territorial occupation policy. The steps to many cities were founded based on population policy founding the cities included: and religious orders. 1) Election of the site. In most cases the election of the place was influenced by the experience of the indigenous peoples in choosing their settlements. The criteria for selection was basically: (1) Abundance o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , ( 2 ) H e a l t h y c l i m a t e , ( 3 ) Consideration of the prevailing winds, (4) The celestial constellation and (5) The orientation to the sun. 2) The name. Since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, the new continent was renamed by the Europeans: as were seas, ports, gulfs, rivers and mountains etc. A study of the names of the newly founded cities helps us to understand the personality of the founders, their experiences and beliefs, and even their feelings. As such, the names of the new foundations can be classified into three main groups: (1) Names of Spanish origin: Spanish places (the founders used the names of their own towns and places of origin), names related to the king or to the Spanish government, the founder's own names, their lovers names and religious names, (2) names in indigenous native languages, (3) mixed Fig.1. Map of the city of Mendoza, 1562 AGI- Mapas y Planos de Buenos Aires, 221 names. 3) Delimiting the Plaza. Normally on the same Basically, three procedures existed for the foundation day as the statement of the takeover of the territories, of cities: (1) The cities were founded by capitulation , the delimiting of the square was carried out. The which was a contract between the government and a d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e p l a z a e s t a b l i s h t h e g e o m e t r i c private citizen, who was committed to the foundation dimensions of the urban trace. In the middle of the of new cities in exchange for properties with rights to plaza is placed the Rollo as a symbol of the city. When inheritance, (2) other types of foundations were based a city had to be moved (which occurred frequently) the on private initiative, where people already settled neighbors took the Rollo to the place of the new plaza. in a place determined the creation and foundation 4) Election of the plot for the Church. After the of the city, (3) in places where the foundations were delimiting of the plaza, the place of the church was not successful, the government was obliged to create selected. A cross was erected in the selected place, and commissioners (with high administrative and military the first religious ceremony was celebrated. r a n k ) , w i t h t h e m i s s i o n t o c o n f i g u r e t h e a l r e a d y 5) Plot of the Cabildo (council). The self-governance founded cities with the same procedure as that of of the community was of great importance. Thus, the capitulation. The difference was that once the the figure of the Cabildo was very important for the assignment was accomplished, the commissioner did foundation of the city. After selecting the plot for the not remain linked to the city. church, the plot for the Cabildo was selected. 3.1 Steps to founding the city 6) Plot of the neighbors. The following step was The foundation of the city was accomplished with division of the blocks and allotment of plots. The most the creation of the plaza. The central plaza or main important citizens got first choice of their plots next to plaza is the ordering element of the urban settlement the plaza. The rest were distributed randomly among and is found in all the Spanish foundations in Spanish- the other neighbors. In the first foundations the blocks A m e r i c a , f r o m s m a l l r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s t o l a r g e were split into four parts, composed of blocks of administrative cities. Most of the cities created by the around 3,000 sq. m. and cities with low density. Spaniards in America had a foundation ceremony. 7) Map of the city. Together with the foundation This ceremony was a tradition imported from Spain record, a drawing was made representing the trace 10 JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo of the city and sometimes the land assignment of which is contained Theory of the Ideal City where the t h e i n h a b i t a n t s . T h i s g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n h a d measurements of square blocks were defined in 1,000 a great administrative, political and urban value. pasos (1.393 meters) along their sides. th 12 The foundation plans reflected the form of the city, 4.3 Spanish cities until the 15-16 century being the plaza and generating element as the cities' (1) In 1477 Chipiona (Fig.2.) was created, with a geometric and symbolic center. linear and parallel trace. A plaza was established in the interior with the council and the church. The plots th 4. Spanish Urban Measurements during the 14-16 were very large for the time, with dimensions of 140 Centuries varas (120 meters) by 70 varas (60 meters). (2) In 4.1 The Ordinances of Jaime II (1300) 1483, the Catholic Kings founded Puerto Real (Fig.2.), I n t h e y e a r 1 3 0 0 , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a c i t y w a s with the most regular trace to date. In its interior, two proposed as a model for the creation of new settlements blocks were left unconstructed to create two plazas, through the initiative of the king of Mallorca, Jaime in which were located the church and the council. The II. This model (Fig.2.) was designed for a population sizes of the blocks were between 90 x 50 varas (80 x of 100 families. Each family had one plot for housing 46 meters) and 130 x 80 varas (100 x 58 meters). (3) construction and another for cultivation. The urban Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Fig.2.) was founded at the 5 th p a r c e l i n g u n i t w a s k n o w n a s a c u a r t ó n , a n d t h e beginning of the 14 century, with a similar trace to cultivatable surface around the outside of the city Puerto Real and Chipiona. (4) The city of Santa Fe measured five cuarteradas . Sometimes 10 cuarteradas (Fig.2.) was built as a military camp in 1491, during were designated for use by cattle. The city streets had the conquest of the city of Granada. The perimeter dimensions of three brazas reales (6.36 meters). In the of the wall and pit drew a perfect rectangle guided to Ordinances there is neither a reference to the plaza nor cardinal points. Nicolás de Ovando participated in the to the church, although in the documents drawn up for foundation of Santa Fe, and years later founded the city the foundation of the city of Felan a plaza is described of Santo Domingo, the first regular trace city on the which had an arcade that measured 10 palmos in American continent. The square shape, an urban model th width. According to these dimensions, the tracing of in Spain, was not interrupted in the 15 century, with the cities of King Jaime II was basically composed numerous plots traced in perfect squares, for example: of square blocks, each of which measured 100 x 100 (5) Villamartín (1502), (6) Paterna de Ribera (1503) or varas. Fourteen settlements were established, but (7) Mancha Real (Fig.2.). the great majority of them were founded on existing settlements, which were of irregular tracing. Only the 5. Measurements of the Laws of the Indies (1573) cities of Sa Pobla and Petra (Fig.2.) maintained the The Laws of the Indies were written documents trace of the Ordinances. in which the geometry of the urban models was not 4.2 The Ideal City of Exiemenis (1385) well defined. There are several instructions about the In 1385 the first written city theory that appears construction process for a new city, but there is not i n S p a i n i s t h e w o r k o f F r a n c e s c h d e E x i e m e n i s much information regarding geometry and size. ( 1 3 4 9 - 1 4 1 2 ) . B e t w e e n t h e y e a r 1 3 8 4 a n d 1 3 8 5 , According to the criteria of García Fernádez , it is Francesch de Exiemenis wrote Dotzé del Crestiá , in possible to study the geometric urban form based on th th Fig.2. Spanish Urban Measurements, 14 -16 century JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo 11 Table 1. AGI cartographic classification five measurements (Fig.3.), described in The Laws of a radial trace (Nueva Paz, AGI- Mapas y planos de the Indies, as follows: According to the dimensions Santo Domingo, 650), which was also discarded. of the plazas described in The Laws of the Indies, 6.1 Database, selection of the city maps three sizes of cities, with modules of 6 x 6 blocks and T h e A G I c a r t o g r a p h i c i s a c o m p o u n d o f 7 , 1 5 2 squared blocks could be configured. (1) Type A: Plaza microfilms , which have been classified into eight of 200 x 300 feet (55.7 x 83.6 meters), modules of 6 g r o u p s : ( 1 ) G e o g r a p h i c g e n e r a l ( i n t e r i o r a n d x 6 blocks. (2) Type B: Plaza of 400 x 600 feet (111.4 maritime maps), (2) Geographic-military (reflected x 167.2 meters) which is a good proportion according t h e g e o g r a p h y o f t h e p l a c e w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f to The Laws of the Indies. (3) Type C: Plaza of 530 x s a f e g u a r d i n g a n d c o n t r o l l i n g t h e t e r r i t o r y ) , ( 3 ) 800 feet (147.7 x 222.9 meters). According to the two Geographic-project (reflected different designs of parceling units described, two more modules could engineering projects such as territory network, ports, also be configured: (4) Type D: plot divisions of five bastion roads, (4) Urban project (descriptive plans Peonies (381sq. m), (5) Type E: plot divisions of three of existing cities), (5) Urban general (city designs or Cavalries (1,143 ha.). urban infrastructure designs), (6) Architectonic project According to the plaza shapes described in the Laws (buildings or urban spaces), (7) Details (architectural of the Indies, traces of cities with only square blocks or urban project elements), (8) Others. are not possible. The total of urban project and urban general maps is 354 (Table 1.). Within this group, the original plans 6. Analysis of the Urban Measurements in Spanish- of only those cities built by Spaniards were selected American Cities (which reduces the number of maps to 339). In cities B y a n a l y z i n g A G I c a r t o g r a p h y t h e p r i n c i p a l with repeated maps, the original plan was selected, measurements used in the design of Spanish-American together with maps with a good definition level. cities, and their influence on the length of the blocks, Therefore the study was carried out on 110 city maps, the urban traces and the form of the plaza have been (of which only 85 cities had defined measurements ). studied. From the map’s data, only those cities with a 6.2 Definition of measurements reticular grid have been selected. Cities with irregular The plaza Mayor is the fundamental element of traces were discarded, since it is considered that they the Spanish-American city. It defines the downtown were not the product of a design a priori, but of natural area: the geometric and generating center from where urban growth, conditioned by the geography of the the trace of the city is organized. It is the vital and land. In the AGI cartography there is only one city with symbolic center and a gathering point for all social Fig.3. Measurements in the Laws of the Indies 12 JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo functions (political administration, justice, trade and were divided into six different types: (1) Plaza type celebrations). The plaza is an element of the grid. It A: from its corners (and aligned with the facades of is unfixed and also the result of leaving one or more the plaza) eight streets originated. This was the result empty blocks. In the plans of the AGI, there is no single of leaving a block unbuilt. Its area is (2s+a) x (2s+b) city without a main plaza. Three main measurements square varas. (2) Plaza type B: from its corners (and are required to define the space of the plaza (and its aligned with the facades of the plaza) eight streets surrounding blocks) during the foundation process originated, and perpendicular to the middle point of (Fig.4.), including: block measurements (a, b) and two of the facades of the plaza another street was street measurement(s). formed. In such a case a total of ten streets gave access 6.3 Definition of measurement units to the plaza. The design of this plaza was the result The maps and plans of the AGI were accomplished of converting two blocks into a public space. Its area by very different units that depended on the period was (2s+a) x (3s+2b) square varas. (3) Plaza type C: and region where they were created, and the origin of from its corners (and aligned with the facades of the their designers. From analysis of the maps 21 different plaza) eight streets originated and, perpendicular to the 1 6 t y p e s o f m e a s u r e m e n t u n i t w e r e f o u n d : C o rd e l middle point of four of the facades of the plaza another (Cord), Grados (Degrees), Legua (League), Legua street is formed. In this case a total of twelve streets 18 19 Americana (American League), Legua Castellana gave access to the plaza. The design of this plaza was 2 0 ( C a s t i l i a n L e a g u e ) , L e g u a E s p a ñ o l a ( S p a n i s h the result of converting four blocks into a public space. League), Legua Francesa (French League), Legua This type of plaza is defined in the Law of the Indies. 22 23 Inglesa (English League), Legua Marina (Marine Its area is (3s+2a) x (3s+2b) square varas. league), Milla Marina (Marine Mile), Paso (Step), (4) Plaza type D: from its corners (and aligned with Pie (Feet), Pie Castellano (Castilian feet), Pie Francés the facades of the plaza) eight streets originated and, (France feet), Pie de Paris (Feet of Paris), Pie de Rey also perpendicular to the middle point of two of the (King feet), Toesas , Varas, Varas castellanas, Varas facades of the plaza another street was formed, while Reales and Mexican Varas. another two streets were formed from the other two During analysis the chosen unit of measurement was facades. In this case a total of fourteen streets gave the VARAS (equal to 0.836 meters). Varas was the access to the plaza. The design of this plaza was the most widely used unit in the AGI city plans. result of converting six blocks into a public space. Its 6.4 Definition of Plaza types area is (3s+2a) x (4s+3b) square varas. (5) Plaza type E: According to the shape of the plaza and its relation from each of its four facades (in the middle point) one to the streets originating from it, the plans of AGI street originates. This is a plaza with only four streets. Fig.4. Creation of the plaza. Main measurements (a, b, s) in the square and rectangular trace Fig.5. City types JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo 13 It was a design in which the trace was maintained 6.5.2 Cities with three measurements (a), (b) and (s) because the form of the plaza was obtained inside four There are a total of 46 cities created by three main polygonal blocks of six sides each, creating a closed measurements. Their urban traces can be divided in corners plaza. (6) Plaza type F: Other cases of unusual half: shapes. 1) Cities with only rectangular blocks (axb) in their 6.5 Resume of analysis urban traces total seven. There are two cities with 6.5.1 Cities with two measurements (a) and (s) Plaza type A, one with Plaza type B and four with In such case a = b. These types of city had only Plaza type F. The measurements 80, 90, 100 and 150 square blocks (axa) in their urban traces. There are varas were used in two cities each. The measurements a total of 64 cities with these characteristics; 51 with 10, 15, 20, 23, 35, 50, 90 and 140 were used only once Plaza type A, one with Plaza type B, four with Plaza (Fig.7.). type C, four with Plaza type E, and four with Plaza 2) There are a total of 39 cities with square blocks type F. The measurement (a) of the square blocks most (axa) and rectangular blocks (axb) in their urban commonly used was 100 varas (16 cities), followed t r a c e s . S i x c i t i e s i n w h i c h a p l a z a w a s d e s i g n e d by 150 varas (11 cities), 80 varas (5 cities), 138 varas surrounded by a square block, three cities in which a (4 cities), 140 varas (4 cities), 200 varas (4 cities) and plaza was designed with only rectangular surrounding 75 varas (2 cities). The remaining measurements using blocks, and 30 cities in which a plaza was designed only one were 35, 55, 90 and 120 varas. There are 14 combining both square and rectangular blocks. The cities without defined measurements (Fig.6.). measurement most often used was 100 varas (19 cities) and 200 varas (13 cities), followed by 40 and 80 varas (4 cities), 20 varas (3 cities), 35, 44, 45, 50, 55, 65, 70, 75, 92, 110, 140, 175 and 212 varas (1 city) (Fig.8.). Of the total cities (Fig.9.), four measurements (a or b) were commonly used: 100 varas were used in 37 cities (44%), followed by 200 varas in 17 cities (20%), 150 varas in 13 cities (15%) and 80 varas in 11 cities (13%). The rest of the measurements were 10, 15, 20, 23, 35, 40, 44, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 75, 90, 92, 110, 120, 138, 140, 175 and 212 varas. Fig.6. Measurements of cities with square blocks only Fig.8. Measurements of cities with square and rectangular blocks Fig.7. Measurements of cities with rectangular blocks only Fig.9. Measurements in the Total Number of Cities 14 JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo 4) These selection criteria seem be grouped in sources as De re 6.5.3 Measurement of streets t h militari (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus, 4 century), De The measurement most commonly used was 12 th Regimine Primcipum (Santo Tomasde Aquino, 13 century), Siete varas (33 cities) and 10 varas (28 cities), followed th Partidas (Don Alfonso X el sabio, 13 century) and mainly in the b y 1 5 v a r a s ( 1 0 c i t i e s ) a n d 11 v a r a s ( 6 c i t i e s ) . Laws of the Indies (Felipe II, 1573). Jaime Salcedo. El modelo Measurements such as 8, 20, 23 and 40 varas were less urbano aplicado a la América Española: su génesis y su desarrollo teórico práctico. Estudios sobre urbanismo Iberoamericano. frequently used (1 city each). Siglos XVI al XVIII. Junta de Andalucia. Sevilla 1988. ISBN: 84-87004-09-1, p.79. 7. Conclusion 5) Rollo: Monument of stone column. Measurements used in the urban design of Spanish- 6) Cuartón: Old Spanish measurement with a surface equivalent to a square of 42.12 meters on its side, and an area of 1.775 m2. American cities had a theoretical and practical base t h 7) Cuarterada: Old Spanish measurement with equivalent surface to in Spain since the 12 century. The measurements area of 7.103 m2. and models created by Jaime II in 1300 for the new 8) Brazas reales: Old Spanish measurement of longitude equivalent settlements of Mayorca could have been the base for to 2.12 meters. Used in the navy it equals two rods, approximately the theoretical model that Exiemenis wrote in 1381. 1 . 6 7 1 8 m e t e r s . I n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s i t i s u s e d a s a n a g r a r i a n th measurement of 2 centimeters and 9 millimeters. Until the 16 century the 100 varas measurement of the 9) Palmos: Old Spanish measurement of longitude equivalent to 2.12 square and rectangular blocks was the most frequently centimeters, fourth part of a rod, and it is supposed that it is equal used in Spanish cities with geometric traces. to the length of the open hand of a man. Most of the cities founded by Spaniards on the 10) Vila Beltrán de Heredia, Soledad. El plan regular de Eximenis y American continent were created by geometric trace las Ordenanzas Reales de 1573. La ciudad iberamericana. Actas del Seminario Buenos Aires 1985. CEHOPU. Madrid. 1987. and standard measurements. Cities created using only ISBN: 84-505-6238-4, p.375. two measurements (one block measurement and one 11) Exiemenis, Francesch. Dotzé del Crestiá. Ed. Lambert Palmart, street measurement) were most common. Consequently Valencia. 1484. the urban trace with only square blocks is the most 12) 1 Pasos: Step = 5 feet = 1.393 meters. used. In the vast majority of these settlements the plaza 13) Jimenez Martin, Alfonso. Antecedentes: España hasta 1492. Historia Urbana de Iberoamerica I. La ciudad Iberoamericana is a perfect square. The street measurement most used hasta 1573. Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectura is 14 varas and the block measurement is 100 varas de Espana. Comision Nacional Quinto Centenario. Junta de (around 86 meters). Andalucia. Madrid 1987. ISBN: 84-86290-12-0, p.25. Va r i a t i o n s o f t h e s t a n d a r d m e a s u r e m e n t ( 1 0 0 14) Garcia Fernandez, Jose Luis. Analisis dimensional de los modelos varas) are 200 and 150 varas, cities created by three teoricos ortogonales de las ciudades españolas e hispanoamericanas desde el siglo XII al XIX. La ciudad iberamericana. Actas del measurements (two block measurements and one Seminario Buenos Aires 1985. CEHOPU. Madrid. 1987. 84-505- street measurement), whose characteristics are urban 6238-4, p.153. traces with only rectangular blocks or traces with the 15) Classification of the Archives of the Indies maps and images is combination of the square and rectangular blocks, and divided into 30 sub-sections, on several themes and areas, the names of which correspond to the old political division of the variations in the designs of the plazas. American continent during the Spanish colonial period. The T h e L a w s o f t h e I n d i e s w e r e n o t a n a c c u r a t e American continent maps are found only in sub-section 1) America description of the measurements of the Spanish- Generale, 2) Buenos Aires, 5) Florida y Luisiana, 6) Guatemala, 7) American city. In all the AGI maps, even those of all Mexico, 8) Panama, 9) Peru y Chile, 10) Santo Domingo and 11) the settlements created on the American continent , no Venezuela. 16) City maps used for measurement analysis: Santo Domingo 1494, geometry has been found that corresponds to the five Santiago de Cuba 1511, San Cristóbal de la Habana 1515, Buitrón possible types described by the Laws of the Indies. 1518, Veracruz 1519, Cumaná 1520, Panamá 1519, Santiago de Chile 1541, La Serena 1543, Osorno 1559, Nombre de Jesús 1571, Acknowledgments Propuesta 1550, Barquisimeto 1552, Caracas 1567, Cartagena T h e a u t h o r s e x p r e s s t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o de Indias 1532, Buenos Aires 1536, San Juan Bautista de Ribera 1559, Mendoza 1560, San Juan de la Frontera 1561, Ciudad de Professor Minohara Kei, Professor Saiki Takahito México 1521, Mérida 1528, Guadalajara 1531, Puebla 1531, (and his postgraduate students) of the Kobe Design Valladolid de Michoacán 1531, Querétaro 1531, Campeche 1540, University, Professor Funo Shuji of the University Concepción de Salaya 1570, Trujillo 1533, Arequipa 1534, Quito of Shiga Prefecture, the Archive of the Indies and 1534, Lima 1535, Santa Fe de Bogotá 1538, Loja 1546, Baeza the Department of Reproduction Archives from the 1559, La Palma 1564, Virreinato de Perú. Talavera de Madrid 1576, San Pedro Busto 1581, Portobello 1594, Nueva Palencia Ministry of Education and Culture of Spain. 1594, San Julián de Cuenca 1595, Candelaria 1627, Pedraza 1662, Santa Clara 1691, Triana 1740, Selva 1742, Tinguiririca References 1742, Illapel 1752, Nueva Concepción 1752, Santo Domingo 1) Catalina Romero Romero. Fundaciones Españolas en América: de las Rozas 1754, Punitaqui 1789, Carolina 1793, Guamanga Una sucesión cronológica. La ciudad Hispanoamericana. El 1793, Capitanía de Guatemala, Guatemala 1776, Sahacaha 1776, sueño de un Orden. CEHOPU, CEDEX. Madrid. 1997. ISBN: Ysabal 1807, San Luis del Principe 1724, Holguín 1731, Santiago 84-7790-276-3, p.275. de las Vegas 1747, San Felipe 1751, Santiago de las Vegas 1756, 2) The Law of the Indies (1573), book IV, title 5, laws VI and VII. Monte Christi 1757, Matanzas 1764, Daxabón 1766, Manajay 3) ( F r a n c i s c o d e S o l a n o , N o r m a s y l e y e s d e l a c i u d a d 1767, Charitas 1768, San Miguel 1769, San Juan de Jaruco 1773, hispanoamericana. CSIC. Madrid 1995. ISBN: 84-00-0761-7, Guynes 1784, Atocha 1798, Nueva Paz 1804, 71 Nueva Paz 1805, p.194). Nueva Paz 1806, Nuevitas 1819, 1822, 1827, Manzanillo 1829, JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo 15 Cárdenas 1830, 78 San Alejandro 1830, Ntra. Sra. Del Rosario 1749, Ntra. Sra. Del Rosario 1751, San Carlos 1777, Guayana 1790, Guarda 1819, Montevideo 1726, Malvalaes 1750, Luján 1755, Chaco 1774, Carlota 1788, Lusiana 1793, Concepción 1794, Orán 1795, Chuquisaca 1810, Fuerte Bacalar 1746, San Carlos 1763, Bellavista 1747, Concepción 1776, San Carlos 1778, Llera 1748, Guemes 1749, Padilla 1749, Santander 1749, Burgos 1749, Camargo 1749, Reinosa 1749, San Fernando 1749, Altamira 1749, Horcasitas 1749, Santa Bárbara 1749, Soto de la Marina 1750, Aguayo 1750, Revilla 1750, Escandón 1750. 17) 1 Cordel: 5 steps. 18) 1 Legua = 20.000 feet = 6.666 2/3 varas = 5.572, 7 meters. 19) 1 Legua americana: 3.000 steps = 2.179 meters. 20) 1 Legua Castellana: 4.190 meters. 21) 1 Legua Española = 5.572, 7 meters. 22) 1 Legua Francesa = 4.444 meters. 23) 1 Legua Inglesa = 4.827 meters. 24) Legua Marina = 5.555, 55 meters. 25) Milla Marina = 1.852 meters. 26) Pie Castellano = 0.302 meters. 27) Toesas = 1.946 m. 28) Francisco de Solano. Ciudades Hispanoamericanas y pueblos de indios. CSIC. Madrid. 1990. ISBN: 84-00-07075-5, p.79. 16 JAABE vol.6 no.1 May 2007 Juan Ramon Jimenez Verdejo
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: May 1, 2007
Keywords: Spanish-American city; colonial city; urban measurements; history of Spanish urbanism; urban typology
