Abstract
This is a study of forms loosening in German modern architecture. Through computer graphics form analysis, we have explored the design process of Hannes Meyer's (1889-1954) Federal School of the General German Trade Unions Federation (ADGB) (1928-1930). We then verified our conclusions with Meyer's own explanations. In Chapter 2, we have examined the formation of the psychological effects of the glazed corridor during the design process. In Chapter 3, we have clarified the formation of the method known as "dissolution into the landscape" through the analysis of landscape and architecture. Then in Chapter 4, we have explained that a "biological" concept is present in these two methods. Meyer loosened architectural form based on a "biological" concept and presented a new architectural methodology at the end of the 1920s. Keywords: Bauhaus; Hannes Meyer; modernism; Germany; computer graphics 1. Introduction teachers' houses was analyzed using the same method. Modernist architect Hannes Meyer (1889-1954), In Chapter 4, the results of Chapters 2 and 3 were the radical functionalist, was also the second Bauhaus discussed on his theoretical background. Analyzing director (1928-1930). Director Meyer moved away these different elements in his argument, I will show from Bauhaus formality by introducing scientific what each element signified in the "biological concept" methodology while simultaneously designing his most for his method of loosening conventional architectural important work, The Federal School of the General form. German Trade Unions Federation (ADGB) at Bernau This paper examines three plans, the competition near Berlin from 1928-1930. The staggered form of plan (drawn April 1928, Fig.1.) , the architectural the school comes from Meyer's concepts, each with application plan (drawn 16 August 1928, Fig.2.) and its own theory, arriving from different departure the execution plan (drawn 31 May 1930, Fig.3.) . points to loosen the formality of Modern Architecture. D i s c u s s i n g t h e s e p r o b l e m s a s a s i n g l e c o n c e p t 2. Psychological Effects of the Glazed Corridor complicates analyzing them. 2.1 Formal changes Past studies have concentrated on the psychological The competition plan's corridor is characterized by effects and relationship to the landscape, examining its independence from the dormitory building, due to the shadow garden between the dormitory building these theoretical backgrounds independently . To understand the theoretical context in which Meyer's and the corridor (Fig.4.). In that section, the corridor ideas were shaped, we need to consider Klaus-Jürgen is assumed to be made of wire glass on the roof and of Winkler's thesis on the biological concept of the ADGB glass on the right and left wall. As a result, the lawn, School . school building, shadow garden and the dormitory D u r i n g M e y e r ' s d e s i g n p r o c e s s , h e c o n s i d e r s building can all be seen through the glass from the b i o l o g i c a l c o n c e p t s c o n c e r n i n g p s y c h o l o g i c a l viewpoint of the community building side corridor e f f e c t s a n d l a n d s c a p e . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y, i n (Fig.5.). Moreover, the indication that the corridor was Chapter 2, analyzes the psychological effects in the attached to the dormitory building after the competition glazed corridor with 3D-Computer Graphics (CG) plan can be seen in the pergola that unifies the form of representation and his explanation of the project. the glazed corridor and the shadow garden. I n C h a p t e r 3 , t h e d i s s o l u t i o n i n t h e l a n d s c a p e i n The architectural application plan's corridor is c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y i t s a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e d o r m i t o r y building and the disappearance of the shadow garden *Contact Author: Hideo Tomita, Lecturer, (Fig.6.). In that section, the brick, concrete and glass Kure National College of Technology, 2-2-11 Agaminami, block wall of the dormitory building appears because Kure, Hiroshima, 737-8506 Japan the corridor is attached to the dormitory. The roof and Tel: +81-823-73-8499 Fax: +81-823-73-8499 the northwest wall are still glazed. From the viewpoint E-mail: tomita@kure-nct.ac.jp, tktomit0@hotmail.com ( Received April 8, 2008 ; accepted June 24, 2008 ) of the corridor of the community building side (Fig.7.), Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/November 2008/185 179 the lawn can be seen through the glass wall on the northwest side and the staggered walls of the dormitory building are seen directly through the glazed roof. The execution plan is similar to the architectural application plan (Fig.8.). However, the former plan is characterized by a waterproof Ruberoid finished roof and a wood finished ceiling. In brief, only the northwest side wall is glass. From the standpoint of the corridor of the community building side (Fig.9.), the lawn can be seen through the only glass wall on the northwest side. On the southeast side, the staggered brick walls are viewed directly. The changes made to the architectural form during the design process are represented in Table 1. In the Fig.1. Hannes Meyer and Hans Wittwer, Federal School of the end, the glass wall was restricted to only the northwest General German Trade Unions Federation, Competition Plan, April 1928, (Traced by Author) side where the lawn can be seen. Thus, the glass surfaces were gradually limited to the lawn side, and the dormitory building's staggered form was gradually acknowledged inside the building. 2.2 Psychological effects It has been speculated that these design changes occurred due to practical problems in the design process. However, in this paper, the author instead examines the relationship between the design changes and Meyer's ideological changes, especially vis-à-vis the psychological effects. Meyer's psychological effects could be categorized into two categories, based upon Meyer's own explanation of the building. The first is the psychological effect wherein man acknowledges social community through the impression caused by the space composition; the second is the psychological Fig.2. Meyer, Federal School of the General German Trade effect that causes man to relax upon viewing the Unions Federation, Architectural Application Plan, landscape. 16 August 1928, (Traced by Author) According to his explanation of the competition plan (1928), Meyer had the following intention for the glass corridor: "[the] automobile approach [and] main entrance point to its underlying purpose. special entryways to the auditorium (conferences!) along the glass-covered walkway also permit quick orientation for the new entrant; orientation and access (without going astray) to each elemental part of the building: residential areas, sport, school." When comparing Meyer's intention with the formal a n a l y s i s , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t t h e r e i s a n e ff e c t o f recognizing the composition of the building. In other words, this community becomes organized by making the glass corridor independent from each building and making the ceiling and both sidewalls glazed into a corridor. I n t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e e x e c u t i o n p l a n , t h e Fig.3. Meyer, Federal School of the General German psychological effects of the glass corridor are described Trade Unions Federation, Execution Plan, as follows: 31 May 1930, (Traced by Author) "During rainy periods lasting several days good humor was preserved by ensuring there were plenty on an incline with re-entrant corners and glass walls of things for the students to do and that their view of affording a view of the school as a whole while other nature outside continually changed. It was with this w i n d o w s b r o u g h t t h e b e h o l d e r i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h in mind that the main glazed corridor was designed nothing but forest and nature." 180 JAABE vol.7 no.2 November 2008 Hideo Tomita Table 1. The Design of Corridor Plan Relationship to Northwest Wall Roof Southeast Wall Dormitory Building Competition Plan Independent Glass Wire Glass Glass A r c h i t e c t u r a l Attached Glass Glass B r i c k , C o n c r e t e a n d Application Plan Glass Block Execution Plan Attached Glass Roof: Ruberoid roofing Brick Ceiling: Wood Fig.4. Hannes Meyer and Hans Wittwer, Federal School of the Fig.7. Glazed Corridor of Architectural Application Plan (CG) General German Trade Unions Federation, Competition Plan, April 1928, (The Remarks were Written by Author) Fig.8. Meyer, Federal School of the General German Trade Fig.5. Glazed Corridor of Competition Plan (CG) Unions Federation, Execution Plan, 31 May 1930, (The Remarks were Written by Author) Fig.9. Glazed Corridor of Execution Plan Fig.6. Meyer, Federal School of the General German Trade (Photo: Walter Peterhans) Unions Federation, Architectural Application Plan, 16 August 1928, (The Remarks were Written by Author) JAABE vol.7 no.2 November 2008 Hideo Tomita 181 If you contrast this explanation with the architectural or contour lines (Fig.3.). In other words, there is form change, it is understood that the rugged walls of an increased relationship between the geographical the dormitory building promote psychological effects features and architecture after a synthetic consideration t h a t s h a p e t h e s c h o o l c o m m u n i t y ' s o rg a n i z a t i o n . of that mutual relationship (Fig.13.). Moreover, as already noted, the glass planes of the As the analysis reflects, the special characteristics of corridor were gradually decreased and limited to the those changes are represented in Table 2. Specifically, northwest side in the design process. According to throughout the changes from the competition plan to Meyer's explanation, this formal change had the result the architectural application plan, although the scale of forcing the eye of the beholder to rest only upon of the units changed, the design concept remained the nature and the forest. same. However, the design concept did change from As mentioned above, the architectural form had the architectural application plan to the execution b e e n r e c o g n i z e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f g l a s s i n t h e plan despite the unit scale remaining unchanged. As competition plan; however this had changed gradually evidenced below, in paying attention to such features, in the design process so that the psychological effects w e c a n s e e t h a t t h e c h a n g e i n a r c h i t e c t u r a l f o r m might become more pronounced. Consideration of the mirrors Meyer's evolving ideas about landscape. psychological effects of viewing nature through the window is the intent behind the competition plan. To illustrate this intention, the plan has arrows indicating the direction of the glance. As well, a student looking at the forest and nature through the window was drawn in those sections (Fig.10.). Therefore, changes to the glass corridor were likely made to gain the desired psychological effects. Fig.11. Teachers' Houses of Competition Plan (CG, Fig.11. and 12 are Same Standpoint) Fig.10. Meyer and Wittwer, Federal School of the General German Trade Unions Federation, Competition Plan, April 1928 3. Dissolution into the Landscape in Teachers' Houses 3.1 Formal changes Fig.12. Teachers' Houses of Architectural Application Plan O n e f e a t u r e o f t h e t e a c h e r s ' h o u s e s i n t h e (CG, Fig.11. and 12 are Same Standpoint) competition plan is their layout, which makes the architecture abut the landscape (Fig.11.). As a result, the architectural volume reflected an inclination toward the landscape. In other words, geographical site features were incorporated in the planning layout. The floor space of one unit of the teachers' house was increased in the architectural application concept, expanding the total length of the teachers' houses. However, the composition was unchanged from the competition plan idea. Four units of teachers' houses Fig.13. Teachers' Houses of Execution Plan were arranged squarely around a central building (Photo: Unknown) (Fig.2.) and along an inclined slope (Fig.12.). I n t h e e x e c u t i o n p l a n , t h e f l o o r s p a c e o f t h e 3.2 Landscape and architecture teachers' houses was closer to that of the architectural The composition of the teachers' houses four straight application plan. However, the composition changed so houses, was maintained throughout the design process. that the architectural form flatly runs along landscape However, the plan and elevation both changed in terms Table 2. The Design of Teachers' House Change of plan Scale Design method Character of change f r o m C o m p e t i t i o n p l a n t o different same T h e s a m e d e s i g n m e t h o d i s a d o p t e d Architectural application plan regardless of the different scale. from Architectural application same different The different design method is adopted plan to Execution plan regardless of the same scale. 182 JAABE vol.7 no.2 November 2008 Hideo Tomita of scale and internal composition. Meyer expressed 4.1 Psychological effects in "biological" architecture the relationship between architecture and landscape in Meyer wrote a famous text, "building" (1928), in an explanatory manuscript for the execution plan as which he used the term "biological" as follows: follows: "building is a biological process. building is not an "it has always been the nature of such a 'school in aesthetic process. in its basic design the new dwelling the forest' to disparage any change in the structure of house becomes not only a piece of machinery for living the landscape.... the naturally formed ridges on the in but also a biological apparatus serving the needs of bank of a small forest lake already contain multifarious body and mind." building components for living, schooling, gymnastics, Thus, it can be understood that the term "biological" dining, and gathering." c o n t a i n e d b o t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d e r g o n o m i c Thus, it is thought that the vertical composition was c o m p o n e n t s . T h i s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l determined by an idea that put architecture on rolling a s p e c t s w a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f M e y e r d u r i n g t h i s landscapes. In other words, if the site contains a hill, period. Afterwards Meyer wrote the text "Bauhaus the composition of architecture is arranged like steps Dessau" (1940) using the words "psychological" and along the landscape's incline. "biological" as follows: "The school organism, as does each living entity, "It was our hope to give added depth and richness to should offer the maximum possibilities for life. The architecture by an analysis of the social situation and a value of each building is its efficiency rather than its careful study of all biological factors, special attention being paid to the psychological factors involved in the appearance." Meyer's formal intention confirms the change from way people organized their lives." competition plan to architectural application plan. The In this text, there are two overarching themes: social design intentions of the teachers' houses in the two situations and the biological factor. The psychological plans were, namely, adaptations to the landscape. effects were a notable point contained within these In the execution plan, the teachers' houses were concepts. Thus, it is understood that "biological" is, not simply laid along the landscape, but were more so to speak, a major premise of Meyer's architecture integrated into it. That is, a piloti-type concept using and the resulting psychological effects are a method g e o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e s w a s a d o p t e d . I n t h i s w a y, that Meyer especially valued among the subordinate architecture was formed to appear to be dissolving concepts. into the landscape. This theory is confirmed Meyer's 4.2 Dissolution into the landscape in "biological" following description: architecture " T h e l a n d s c a p e c a m e r i g h t u n d e r t h e t e a c h e r s ' Meyer had the idea that it was necessary to form a houses and these modern pile-dwellers could step close relationship to nature in this school. down from inside the house into their covered portion " N a t u r e ' s s h a p e s a r e s o w o n d e r f u l l y p a t t e r n e d because it balances the multitude of demands from its of garden." Thus, the method known as dissolution into the organisms. In our best structures, we must come close 13 16 landscape was formed in the execution plan. to nature." As mentioned above, it was an adaptation to the The problem was how to arrange the architecture, idea of putting architecture onto the landscape that in a way that accurately translated its function in the was seen in the competition plan and the architectural landscape along the lake in Bernau's Forest. Meyer a p p l i c a t i o n p l a n . I t w a s b y d i s s o l u t i o n i n t o t h e described this task as follows: landscape that the design formed a closer relationship "The building itself represents an attempt to design between the landscape and architecture. Thus, it was the organism of a school collective in an unambiguous clarified that the changes in the teachers' houses in the way. Just like a crab at the seashore, this innovative design process was a move from "adaptation to the 'school system' is located on the sand in the Mark landscape" to "dissolution into the landscape." A more B r a n d e n b u r g b y a s m a l l f o r e s t l a k e . A s a c r a b elaborate relationship to the landscape was achieved in demonstrates that its separate parts are functionally this design process. correct, so the school's construction elements point to the various functions of school life: the facade 4. "Biological" Architecture of the living space is not turned to the sun through Tw o m e t h o d s o f " b i o l o g i c a l " a r c h i t e c t u r e , i t s coincidence and peradventure; rather the dwelling's p s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s a n d d i s s o l u t i o n i n t o t h e orientation is calculated according to a biological landscape, have been clarified in previous chapters. m e t h o d o l o g y t h a t s t r i v e s t o a c h i e v e t h e g r e a t e s t In this chapter, these methods are further considered possible solar illumination for all living quarters in this w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f M e y e r ' s u s e o f t h e t e r m northern German clime. No bed without sun!" "biological." Afterward, the term "biological" is Thus, Meyer called the layout method "biological." examined as a term that forms the basis of the two As well, he joined the landscape and its architecture methods. through the "biological" concept. JAABE vol.7 no.2 November 2008 Hideo Tomita 183 4 . 3 T h e L o o s e n i n g o f f o r m t h ro u g h b i o l o g i c a l Endnotes K. Michael Hays, Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject, knowledge The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer, Meyer wrote about his methodology, using the term C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , T h e M I T P r e s s , 1 9 9 5 ( 1 s t e d . "biological," in his manuscript as follows: 1992), pp. 120-147. Simone Hain, "Schicksal der Landschaft. "the segmentation of the school building in bernau P e r s p e k t i v e n o d e r F l u c h t e n e i n e s A r c h i t e k t e n , " I n : s t r i v e s t o f o l l o w b i o l o g i c a l o r d e r. r e c o g n i z i n g Funktionalismus-Utopie und Wirklichkeit, Bernau, baudenkmal bundesschule bernau e.V., 1998, pp.20-37. c o m m e r c e , s u n , w i n d , w a r m t h , s o u n d a n d l i g h t , Klaus-Jürgen Winkler, "Über den Wert eines Baudenkmals: Die ventilation and space-defining factors. the result is an 18 ehemalige Bundesschule des ADGB in Bernau," in : Johnas Geist, edifice that works as a constructive shell." Dieter Rausch (eds.), Die Bundesschule des ADGB in Bernau bei In brief, based on biological knowledge, Meyer Berlin., Arbeitshefte des Brandenburgischen Landesamtes für dismantled the formal school system and created new Denkmalpflege Nr. 1, Potsdam, Potsdamer Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1993, pp.6-21. architecture such as the Federal School of ADGB. This Hannes Meyer, "erläuterungen zum schulprojekt" (1928), in: methodology that loosened formalities, one based on bauhaus, Zeitschrift für Gestaltung, 2/3, 1928, Nendeln, Kraus "biological" knowledge and research, was a key feature Reprint, 1976, pp.14-15. in Meyer's architectural education at Bauhaus. Meyer 4 The pictures of these drawings belong to Bauhaus-Archiv Museum wrote in "bauhaus and society" (1929) as follows: für Gestaltung. Plan-Nr. 609/36, 30, 25a, 23a, 29, 28a, 24a, 26a, "its [new architectural theory of bauhaus] creative 2?a, 19a, 20a, 21a, 22a. Werner Kleinerüschkamp, Magdalena Droste (eds.), hannes meyer m e d i a a r e - d e l i b e r a t e l y e m p l o y e d - t h e r e s u l t s o f 1889-1954 architekt urbanist lehrer, Berlin, Ernst & Sohn, 1989, biological research." pp.194-195. Therefore, biological research can be considered the 6 Winkler, "Über den Wert eines Baudenkmals" op. cit., pp.12-13. heart of Meyer's Architectural theory. „ a u t o - a n f a h r t , h a u p t e i n g a n g e rg e b e n s i c h z w e c k b e d i n g t . sondereingang zur aula (konferenzen!) und der glasgedeckte laufgang ermöglichen auch dem neueintretenden rascheste 5. Conclusion orientierungsmöglichkeit und (ohne fehlgehen) zugang zu jedem Thus, we have revealed the changes within Meyer's gebäudeelement: wohnung, sport, schule." Meyer, "erläuterungen architecture at the end of the 1920s by analyzing the zum schulprojekt," op. cit., p.15. (original text was written in small design process of the Federal School of the General letter) German Trade Unions Federation (ADGB). In Chapter Hannes Meyer, "Federal School of the General German Trade Unions Federation, Bernau near Berlin", in: Claude Schnaidt, 2, we examined the formation of the psychological Hannes Meyer, Teufen AR/Schweiz, Verlag Arthur Niggli AG, effects of the glazed corridor during the design process. 1965, p.49. In Chapter 3, we clarified the formation of the method Meyer, "erläuterungen zum schulprojekt," op. cit. known as "dissolution in landscape" through analyzing "der charakter einer solchen > schule im walde < ließ jegliche landscape and architecture. Then, in Chapter 4, we v e r ä n d e r u n g d e r l a n d s c h a f t l i c h e n s t r u k t u r v o n v o r n h e r e i n explained that the "biological" concept is present in sinnwidrig erscheinen.... die natürlichen bodenwellen am ufer eines kleinen waldsees tragen die so verschiedenartigen bauglieder these two methods. f ü r w o h n e n , s c h u l e n , t u r n e n , s p e i s e n u n d z u s a m m e n s e i n . " In the mid 1920s, Meyer was known for his radical Hannes Meyer, "Manuskriptfragment zur Bundesschule des f u n c t i o n a l i s m a n d h i s c r i t i c i s m o f c o n v e n t i o n a l ADGB", IV4(2)-82|1- 447. This manuscript belongs to Deutsches formalism in modern architecture. By the end of the Architekturmuseum. (original text was written in small letter) 1920s, his modified functionalism based on biological "Wie jedes Lebewesen soll auch dieser Schul-Organismus ein Maximum an Lebensmöglichkeiten bieten. Entscheidend für knowledge and analysis opened a new vista for modern den Wert jedes Bauwerkes ist sein Nutzeffekt und nicht sein architecture. Until now, this change has only been Aussehen." Hannes Meyer, "Die Bundesschule des Allgemeinen clarified in fragments by other researchers. However, D e u t s c h e n G e w e r k s c h a f t s b u n d e s i n B e r n a u b e i B e r l i n , " as explained in detail in this paper, Meyer's holistic use M a n u s k r i p t , I V 4 ( 2 ) - 8 2 | 1 - 4 4 5 . T h i s m a n u s c r i p t b e l o n g s t o of the "biological" concept in architecture was unique. Deutsches Architekturmuseum. Meyer, "Federal School of the General German Trade Unions The special Bauhaus lecturer, Konrad von Meyernburg, Federation, Bernau near Berlin", op. cit., p.49. supported this concept . Hannes Meyer, "VORTRAGE IN WIEN UND BASEL 1929," Modern architecture faced a turning point, a crisis in: Hannes Meyer, Bauen und Gesellschaft, Schriften, Briefe, of identity, at the close of the 1920s. Through his Projekte, Lena Meyer-Bergner(ed.), Dresden, Verlag der Kunst i n t r o d u c t i o n a n d u s e o f t h e " b i o l o g i c a l " c o n c e p t Dresden, 1980, p. 59. Arieh Sharon, Kibbutz + Bauhaus, Israel, Karl Krämer Verlag Stuttgart and Massada Israel, 1976, p.31. b e g i n n i n g a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e n e w d e c a d e , M e y e r Hannes Meyer, "building" (1928), in: Schnaidt, Hannes Meyer, p. significantly modified modern architecture and became 95. (original text was written in small letter) an architect who helped propel modern architecture to Hannes Meyer, "Bauhaus Dessau 1927-30" (1940), ibid., p.112-113. the next stage. " We i l d i e N a t u r i n i h r e n O r g a n i s m e n d e n v i e l s e i t i g s t e n Lebensansprüchen gerecht wird, sind ihre Gebilde so wunderbar Acknowledgment gestaltet. In unseren besten Bauwerken müssen wir der Natur nahekommen." Meyer, IV4(2)-82|1-445. I would like thank Prof. Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Winkler, "Das Bauwerk selbst stellt einen Versuch dar, den Organismus for his advice in preparing this article. This research einer Schulkommune eindeutig zu gestalten. Wie ein Krebs auf was supported by KAKENHI, 15760483, Grant-in- dem Sand am Meer liegt dieses neuartige "Schulwesen" auf dem Aid for Young Scientists (B), Ministry of Education, märkischen Sand bei einem kleinen Waldsee. Wie beim Krebs die Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. Organe sich funktionsrichtig abzeichnen, so zeigen die Bauteile 184 JAABE vol.7 no.2 November 2008 Hideo Tomita der Schule die verschiedenen Funktionen des Schullebens: Nicht Illustration Credits zufällig und von ungefähr ist die Hauptfront der Wohngebäude der Figs. 1-3, 5, 7, and 11-12: Hideo Tomita, Akihiko Sonne zugekehrt, sondern ihre Wohnrichtung ist mit biologischer Okamoto and Takashi Kosaka. M e t h o d i k e r r e c h n e t i n d e m B e s t r e b e n , d i e g r ö s s t m ö g l i c h e Figs. 4, 6, 9 and 10: Bauhaus Archiv Berlin. Besonnung aller Wohnräume in dieser norddeutschen Gegend zu Fig. 8: Bauhaus Universität Weimar. erreichen. Kein Bett ohne Sonne!" Ibid. "die in bernau angestrebte zertrümmerung des schulhauses ist Fig. 13: I 1700 F, Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau, Foto eine folge biologischen erkenntnis. verkehr, sonne, wind, wärme, (Reproduktion): Horst Frchner, http://www.bauhaus- schall und licht lüftung und raumbildende faktoren. der bau als dessau.de konstruktive schale ist deren ergebnis." Meyer, IV4(2)-82|1-447. (original text was written in small letter) "ihre gestaltungsmittel sind - bewußt angewendet - die ergebnisse der biologischen forschung." Hannes Meyer, "bauhaus und gesellschaft" (1929), in: Hannes Meyer, Bauen und Gesellschaft, Schriften, Briefe, Projekte, op. cit., p.52. (original text was written in small letter) k. von meyenburg, "kultur von pflanzen, tieren, menschen" (1927), in: bauhaus, Zeitschrift für Gestaltung, 4, 1927, Nendeln, Kraus Reprint, 1976. References 1) H a y s , K . M . ( 1 9 9 5 , 1 s t e d . 1 9 9 2 ) , M o d e r n i s m a n d t h e Posthumanist Subject, The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, pp.120-147. 2) Hain, S. (1998) "Schicksal der Landschaft. Perspektiven oder Fluchten eines Architekten," In: Funktionalismus-Utopie und Wirklichkeit, Bernau, baudenkmal bundesschule bernau e.V., pp.20-37. 3) Winkler, K. J. (1993) "Über den Wert eines Baudenkmals: Die ehemalige Bundesschule des ADGB in Bernau," in : Johnas Geist, Dieter Rausch (eds.), Die Bundesschule des ADGB in Bernau bei Berlin., Arbeitshefte des Brandenburgischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Nr. 1, Potsdam, Potsdamer Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp.6-21. 4) Meyer, H. (1st ed. 1927, reprint 1976) "erläuterungen zum schulprojekt"in: bauhaus, Zeitschrift für Gestaltung, 2/3, Nendeln, Kraus Reprint, pp.14-15. 5) Kleinerüschkamp, W. and Droste, M. (eds.)(1989) hannes meyer 1889-1954 architekt urbanist lehrer, Berlin, Ernst & Sohn. 6) Schnaidt, C. (1965) Hannes Meyer, Teufen AR/Schweiz, Verlag Arthur Niggli AG. 7) M e y e r- B e rg n e r, L . ( e d . ) ( 1 9 8 0 ) H a n n e s M e y e r, B a u e n u n d Gesellschaft, Schriften, Briefe, Projekte, Dresden, Verlag der Kunst Dresden. 8) M e y e r, H . " D i e B u n d e s s c h u l e d e s A l l g e m e i n e n D e u t s c h e n Gewerkschaftsbundes in Bernau bei Berlin," IV4(2)-82|1-445. "Manuskriptfragment zur Bundesschule des ADGB", IV4(2)-82|1- 447. belong to Deutsches Architekturmuseum. 9) Sharon, A.(1976) Kibbutz + Bauhaus, Israel, Karl Krämer Verlag Stuttgart and Massada Israel. 10) Meyenburg, K. V. (1st ed. 1927, reprint 1976) "kultur von pflanzen, tieren, menschen", in: bauhaus, Zeitschrift für Gestaltung, 4, 1927, Nendeln, Kraus Reprint. JAABE vol.7 no.2 November 2008 Hideo Tomita 185
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Nov 1, 2008
Keywords: Bauhaus; Hannes Meyer; modernism; Germany; computer graphics
