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- Taylor & Francis
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- © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
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- 2474-9508
- DOI
- 10.1080/24749508.2017.1361129
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Abstract
GeoloGy, ecoloGy, and landscapes, 2017 Vol . 1, no . 3, 162– 166 https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2017.1361129 INWASCON OPEN ACCESS G. Chelladurai d epartment of Zoology, G. Venkataswamy naidu c ollege, Kovilpatti, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 14 June 2017 A feeding experiment of three dietary protein levels (30, 35 and 40%) with three replicates was a ccepted 25 July 2017 conducted to determine the proper protein level for the growth and survival of the Babylonia spirata under laboratory conditions. Snail with initial body weight ranged from 50.95 ± 0.33 g to KEYWORDS 51.05 ± 0.21 g and initial length ranged from 5.96 ± 0.62 cm to 6.91 ± 0.70 cm were fed as the Formulated diet; growth; experimental diet for 3 months. Mean weight gain, survival rate and biochemical parameters of biochemical parameters; snail fed the 40% protein diets was significantly (p < 0.05) different from that snail fed the 30 and Babylonia spirata 35% protein diets. The results of the study indicate that a diet containing 40% dietary protein was recommended for snail growth under our laboratory conditions. 1. Introduction farming have made a significant contribution to their production in a Th iland (Chaitanawisuti, Rodruang, & Since ancient times, the finfish and shellfish have been Piyatiratitivorakul, 2010). By adaptation, this strategy in noted as the rich protein source for mankind, all over the Babylonia areolata may have been observed to increase world. Besides, proteins source they also delivers various within growth high protein content of 27 and 45%. minerals and vitamins, with its own characteristic taste. e a Th rtificial feed formulation and preparation can be Moreover, fish meat seems to contain significantly low done with optimal nutrition for Babylonia spirata at the lipids and higher water content than beef or chicken, it lowest possible cost. The diet development is involved has been favoured over other white or red meats (Nestel, in certain factors, such as the cost of ingredients, pel- 2000). Malnutrition is considered as a serious problem let ability and diet acceptability, water stability of the and is being faced by many developing countries. In feed and handling requirements (Chaitanawisuti et al., India, 20–30% of the population does not get adequate 2010). In recent days, the increasing demand of the meat, nutrition. This problem could be easily solved by effec- operculum and shells of the gastropod have led to the tive utilization of nutrient-rich molluscs. This means that development of active fishery in different parts of India the proper exploitation of capture fishery and culture (Periyasamy, Srinivasan, Devanathan, & Balakrishnan, s fi hery would surely supply the balanced nutritious food 2011). The heavy fishing may result in the depletion and thereby, it controls the malnutrition problem. of natural stocks to a large extent. Several bivalves are Generally, meats of molluscs, especially gastropods produced through aquaculture, but gastropods are not were highly nutritious, owing to its contents of proteins, produced through aquaculture and they can also be cul- rich vitamins and minerals (Thanonkaew, Benjakul, & tured for commercial production. Only a few studies Visessanguan, 2006). Therefore, the biochemical com- were done in India on breeding, larval rearing and sea position of marine gastropod persists as an excellent ranching of gastropods (Mohanraj et al., 2010). A few nutritional assurance for millions of malnourished studies have only been conducted in the commercially peoples. The gastropod meat has been considered to be important gastropods. However, information on the free of cholesterol but contains high nutritive substances gastropod species of commercial (ornamental) interest (Abdullah, Nurjanah, Hidayat, & Gifari, 2016). from the Indian coast remains scarce. In recent days, e u Th se of prepared feed formulation would helps the increasing export value of the meat, operculum and to manipulate in a proper way and obtain an optimum shells of the gastropods have led to the development of nutritional value. Further, it could be properly pre- active fishery in different parts of India. Several bivalves pared and stored for a longer duration according, to have been produced through aquaculture. The present their demands (Nyameasem & Borketey-La, 2014). The study deals with the work, influence of formulated diets usages of, such as formulated feeds in spotted Babylon on growth and biochemical parameters of B. spirata. CONTACT G. chelladurai gcd.zoology@gmail.com © 2017 The a uthor(s). published by Informa UK limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an open a ccess article distributed under the terms of the creative c ommons a ttribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 163 powder serves as the carbohydrate source, wheat flour 2. Materials and methods serves as a binder and vitamin and mineral mixtures e Th samples of B. spirata with their initial weight ranged were also added (Table 1). from 50.68 to 52.52 g and initial length ranged from 5.53 to 5.82 cm were collected at the Therespuram 2.2. Water quality coastal area (80° 48′N; 78° 94′E), Tuticorin, south-east coast of India. Collected samples were made to accli- e s Th eawater quality parameter was analysed weekly for matize in 7 days using aerated plastic holding tanks ° its purity. It includes parameters, like temperature ( C), (1.5 m × 2 m × 0.5 mL: W:H) in the Marine Gastropod salinity (ppt), pH and dissolved oxygen (mg/L) were Hatchery Research Laboratory, Kamaraj College, examined using SYSTRONICS water analyser 371. Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India. During this study period, the snails were fed with natural live clam meat. Then 2.3. Growth parameters they were randomly distributed into triplicate FRP tank containing 200 L at 40 snail/tank and three experimen- e g Th rowth performance and biochemical profile were tal groups were maintained. The tanks were regularly expressed in terms of weight measurements, like weight cleaned, disinfected and allowed to dry for 24 h aer ft gain (g) and survival (%) were monitored according which they were filled with dechlorinated ambient sea- following formula of Chaitanawisuti, Choeychom, and water to 2/3 sizes of the tanks. The bottom of the rear - Piyatiratitivorakul (2011). ing tanks was covered with 3 cm layer of coarse sand Weight gain (g) = Final weight –Initial weight (500–1000 micron mean grain size) as substrate. Aer ft removing the snails from culture tanks, sand was cleaned Survival (%) = × 100 using a water jet flushing and sun-dried at 30 days inter - vals in order to remove the accumulated waste materials. During this period, the snails were fed with formulated F – Number of snail at the being of experiment. (30, 35 and 40% crude protein) at once day. The total F – Number of snail at the end of the experiment. experiment was conducted for 90 days. 2.4. Estimation of biochemical profile 2.1. Experimental diet e Th Folin–Ciocallteu phenol method of Lowry, e p Th rocedures for feed preparation were modified by Rosebrough, Farr, and Randall (1951) was adopted for Hardy (1980). The feed ingredients were homogenized the estimation of total protein in the tissue. Total carbo- thoroughly in a food mixer. Aer addin ft g distilled water hydrate content method was followed by DuBois, Gilles, to the mixed ingredients, a paste was made using a hand Hamilton, Rebers, and Smith (1956). e Th lipid content mixer. The paste was shaped into 0.5 mm thick sheets was estimated gravimetrically by following the method and they were cut into 2 cm flakes, sealed in a plastic of Floch, Lees, and Sloane-Stanley (1956). The moisture bag and stored at −20 °C. The experimental diets were and ash content was followed by AOAC (1990). formulated with the composition protein of 30, 35 and 40%. The fish meal and groundnut oil cake serves as the 2.5. Statistical analysis protein source, fish oil serves as the lipid source, tapioca All experimental data obtained were analysed using one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Table 1. c omposition of basal diet. multiple range test p < 0.05 was considered for describ- S. no. Ingredients 30% 35% 40% ing the significant level (SPSS Version 20). 1 Fish meal 26 32 38 2 Groundnut 26 32 38 oil cake 3. Results and discussion 3 Tapioca 23 17 11 4 Maida 23 17 11 5 c od liver oil 1 1 1 The aquaculture of molluscs seems to be seriously 6 Vitamin and 1 1 1 ae ff cted worldwide by bacterial pathogens and pred- minerals ators’ that cause high losses in hatcheries as well as in mix natural beds. The main responsible for the mortality s. no. proximate 30% 35% 40% outbreaks is a number of Vibriosp and Aeromonas composi- species that are considered as important pathogens in tion a b a 1 Moisture 74.26 ± 0.26 74.96 ± 0.78 75.12 ± 0.15 aquaculture (Chen, Ke, Zhou, & Li, 2005). The pathol- b b a 2 protein 30.45 ± 0.47 34.63 ± 0.19 39.17 ± 0.31 ogies caused by Vibrio in bivalves and gastropods have c ac c 3 c arbohy- 10.87 ± 0.96 10.96 ± 0.46 11.05 ± 0.24 drate been described since the 1960s; however, over recent d b c 4 Fat 2.16 ± 0.44 2.20 ± 0.63 2.54±0.10 years successive episodes of high mortality have been e bc c 5 ash 8.11 ± 0.78 8.13 ± 0.75 8.23 ± 0.84 recorded due to these microorganisms. The average abc (Mean ± sd ) the same letter in the same row is not significantly different shell length and weight and survival rate of B. spirata at p < 0.05. 164 G. CHELLADURAI fed with formulated diet for three months are shown for 12 weeks are shown in Tables 3a–3c. These param- in Table 2. The growth expressed as body weight, shell eters were significantly p < 0.05 different, including the length and survival rate were significantly not different temperature which ranged between 26.66 ± 0.57 °C and p < 0.05 among the experiment diets. Among the aver- 27.68 ± 0.30 °C, the salinity between 32.12 ± 0.37 ppt age body weight gain, the highest was observed at 40% and 33.92 ± 0.77 ppt, the pH from 7.60 ± 0.46 to level of protein diet (2.14 ± 0.84 g) and the lowest was 7.83 ± 0.49 and the dissolved oxygen from 5.41 ± 0.36 observed at 30% level of protein diet (1.01 ± 0.36 g). In to 6.21 ± 0.47 mg/L. These values are suitable for rearing average final shell length, the highest was observed at of B. spirata. Similarly, Kritsanapuntu, Chaitanawisuti, 40% diet (6.91 ± 0.70 cm) and the lowest was observed Santhaweesuk, and Natsukari (2006) observed the at 30% diet (5.96 ± 0.62 cm). The average survival higher body weight gain and shell length increments rate, the highest was observed at 40% of protein diet were observed in B. areolata held in recalculating sea- (91 ± 1.04%) and the lowest was observed at 30% diet water system at water exchange of 15 day intervals. (89 ± 1.06%). The maximum growth and survival The proximate compositions of B. spirata tissues fed rate were observed in 40% protein diet. According with different formulated diet are shown in the Table 4 . to Chaitanawisuti, Kritsanapuntu, and Santaweesuk The maximum moisture content (80.17 ± 0.19%), pro- (2010), have reported B. areolata is one of the most tein (50.61 ± 0.61), carbohydrate (15.41 ± 0.84), lipids important cultivable species with significant com- (4.09 ± 0.03) and ash (15.66 ± 0.57) was recorded in mercial value. Currently, the most common practice 40% of protein diet and minimum in 30% protein det. is spotted in Babylon culture in Thailand. Similarly, All the above proximate values are (p < 0.05) not signif- Chaitanawisuti and Kritsanapuntu (2000) have reported icantly different. Palpandi, Vairamani, and Shanmugam that average growth rate of juvenile spotted Babylon of (2010) have reported the proximate composition of −1 −1 B. areolata was 3.86 mm mo in length and 1.47 mo Cymbiummelo. Among proximate composition, pro- in weight after 8 months when cultured at a density of tein ranged from 20.78 to 30.19%, carbohydrate 5.14 2 −1 300 snails/m in flow through system and 3.21 mm mo to 2.59%, lipid 3.39 to 2.76% and moisture content −1 and 1.10 g mo when held in a recirculation system. 83.69 to 76.59%. Similarly, Periyasamy et al. (2011) has Sirusa Kritsanapuntu et al., (2013) reported the partial reported that B. spirata meat is a valuable food with replacement of tuna oil by corn oil in formulated diets high-quality protein and well-balanced diet. Nutritional of B. areolata under hatchery conditions have no effects contents of protein (53.86%), carbohydrate (16.85%) on growth performance but fat content of the whole and lipid (9.30%) Sini Margret and Jansi (2013) have body reduced to half than those contained in formu- also observed the biochemical composition of four lated diets. Recently, Jayalakshmi (2016) have reported important gastropods from Kanyakumari coast. The that the edible body tissue of Babylonia sp. an excellent maximum protein content was observed in B. spirata source of high protein, low lipid content but enriched (39.8%) and B. zeylancia (35.8%). with essential vitamins and minerals. It is can be taken regularly as animal protein supplement or nutritive sea- 4. Conclusion food which supplies all vital nutrients for the growing In conclusion, this study showed that the formulated children, pregnant women and people suffering from diet can be readily used for B. spirata growout for max- malnutrition. Temperature and salinity are considered imizing growth, survival and biochemical parameters. to be the most important physical factors influencing However, further research is needed to improve the marine organisms and the biological effects of these fac - immunomodualtion activity of snail fed with herbal tors are complex and wide ranging. Secondly, temper- based supplement diets under intensive culture. ature ae ff cts the hatch rate, incubation period, the size of the newly hatched larvae, larval yolk absorption and utilization, larval feeding behaviour, larval survival and larval growth (Shi, Zhang, Zhu, Liu, & Zang, 2010). The Acknowledgements temperature, salinity, diet and rearing density are exog- I wish to thank the authorities of Kamaraj College for provid- enous factors ae ff cting larval growth, settlement and ing the necessary facilities, and the Centre for Marine Living metamorphosis Crisp (1974). The average water quality Resources and Ecology (CMLRE), Government of India for parameters observed during the experimental period carrying out studies on molluscs culture. Table 2. a verage length, weight and survival rate of B. spirata fed with (30, 35 and 40%) different formulated diets for 3 months. Diets Initial weight (g) Final weight (g) Weight gain (g) Initial length (cm) Final length (cm) Survival (%) a ba ca a ba ca (30%) 50.95 ± 0.33 51.96 ± 0.32 1.01 ± 0.36 5.56 ± 0.63 5.96 ± 0.62 89 ± 1.06 ab b c ab b cb (35%) 50.16 ± 0.12 51.63 ± 0.15 1.47 ± 0.55 5.79 ± 0.45 6.59 ± 0.45 90 ± 1.23 a b cab a ba ca (40%) 51.05 ± 0.21 53.45 ± 0.24 2.14 ± 0.84 5.81 ± 0.41 6.91 ± 0.70 91 ± 1.04 abc (Mean±sd ) the same letter in the same row is not significantly different at p < 0.05. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 165 Table 3a. a verage water quality parameters observed during experimental period of (12 weeks) in B. spirata at 30% of basal diet. Weeks Temperature (°C) Salinity (ppt) pH DO mg/L a b ab d 1 26.32 ± 0.74 33.04 ± 0.25 7.21 ± 0.39 5.30 ± 0.12 ab b c d 2 26.90 ± 0.98 32.66 ± 0.58 7.15 ± 0.14 5.13 ± 0.38 a a c a 3 27.12 ± 0.30 33.19 ± 0.21 7.13 ± 0.21 5.06 ± 0.16 a ba a a 4 27.00 ± 0.94 33.92 ± 0.77 7.06 ± 0.11 5.16 ± 0.24 abc b c dbc 5 27.96 ± 0.73 32.53 ± 0.51 7.61 ± 0.78 5.05 ± 0.16 a b cab d 6 26.85 ± 0.86 33.13 ± 0.48 7.56 ± 0.11 6.02 ± 0.51 a b cab dab 7 27.12 ± 0.81 32.16 ± 0.19 7.10 ± 0.51 5.26 ± 0.17 a ba c da 8 26.08 ± 0.37 33.26 ± 0.14 7.86 ± 0.95 5.96 ± 0.63 ac bc c d 9 27.03 ± 0.44 33.62 ± 0.37 7.45 ± 0.61 5.02 ± 0.37 a ba ca d 10 26.97 ± 0.42 33.07 ± 0.43 7.26 ± 0.07 6.30 ± 0.12 a b ab d 11 27.06 ± 0.83 33.52 ± 0.31 8.03 ± 0.73 6.55 ± 0.47 a b c da 12 26.05 ± 0.50 32.20 ± 0.39 7.60 ± 0.46 6.77 ± 0.61 abcd (Mean ± sd ) the same letter in the same row is not significantly different at p < 0.05. Table 3b. a verage water quality parameters observed during experimental period of (12 weeks) in B. spirata at 35% of basal diet. Weeks Temperature ( C) Salinity (ppt) pH DO mg/L a ba ca d 1 26.55 ± 0.17 32.60 ± 0.16 7.16 ± 0.36 5.11 ± 0.13 a b cab d 2 27.80 ± 0.12 33.26 ± 0.62 7.63 ± 0.24 5.33 ± 0.48 a ba cad d 3 26.18 ± 0.29 32.66 ± 0.63 7.27 ± 0.23 5.41 ± 0.26 a b c d 4 26.25 ± 0.52 32.92 ± 0.54 7.66 ± 0.19 5.08 ± 0.24 a ba ca d 5 27.49 ± 0.69 32.63 ± 0.63 7.28 ± 0.45 5.65 ± 0.66 a b ca d 6 28.15 ± 0.19 33.83 ± 0.19 7.16 ± 0.36 5.33 ± 0.71 a ba ca da 7 26.92 ± 0.29 33.16 ± 0.26 7.33 ± 0.24 5.11 ± 0.67 ab b cb db 8 27.18 ± 0.29 33.90 ± 0.46 7.60 ± 0.63 5.16 ± 0.43 ac bc c d 9 27.03 ± 0.64 33.62 ± 0.54 7.31 ± 0.45 6.05 ± 0.27 ac bc c dc 10 27.67 ± 0.62 32.77 ± 0.29 7.13 ± 0.64 5.93 ± 0.12 a b cad d 11 27.11 ± 0.43 32.50 ± 0.26 7.23 ± 0.27 6.21 ± 0.67 a ba c d 12 26.85 ± 0.63 33.08 ± 0.39 7.20 ± 0.23 6.07 ± 0.03 abcd (Mean ± sd ) the same letter in the same row is not significantly different at p < 0.05. Table 3c. a verage water quality parameters observed during experimental period of (12 weeks) in B. spirata at 40% of basal diet. Weeks Temperature ( C) Salinity (ppt) pH DO mg/L a ba ca d 1 26.66 ± 0.57 33.00 ± 0.55 7.82 ± 0.39 5.41 ± 0.43 a b cab d 2 27.30 ± 0.98 33.06 ± 0.58 7.83 ± 0.54 5.53 ± 0.38 a ba ca da 3 27.68 ± 0.30 33.96 ± 1.01 7.83 ± 0.49 5.41 ± 0.36 a b cab d 4 27.45 ± 0.94 33.92 ± 0.77 7.71 ± 0.51 5.78 ± 0.34 a b ca da 5 27.49 ± 0.74 33.53 ± 0.56 7.63 ± 0.74 5.45 ± 0.46 a b c da 6 27.55 ± 0.26 32.93 ± 0.48 7.36 ± 0.41 5.93 ± 0.51 a ba ca d 7 27.42 ± 1.01 32.46 ± 0.81 7.70 ± 0.61 5.61 ± 0.37 a b ca da 8 26.78 ± 0.37 32.90 ± 0.54 7.80 ± 0.55 5.66 ± 0.43 a b ca d 9 26.93 ± 0.44 33.12 ± 0.37 7.81 ± 0.41 5.45 ± 0.37 a b c da 10 27.67 ± 0.72 32.77 ± 0.43 7.83 ± 0.37 5.93 ± 0.42 a b ca da 11 26.81 ± 0.43 32.60 ± 0.41 7.63 ± 0.43 6.21 ± 0.47 a b c da 12 26.85 ± 0.70 32.88 ± 0.39 7.60 ± 0.46 6.07 ± 0.43 abcd (Mean ± sd ) the same letter in the same row is not significantly different at p < 0.05. References Table 4. proximate composition of formulated diet of B. spirata. 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Journal
Geology Ecology and Landscapes – Taylor & Francis
Published: Jul 3, 2017
Keywords: Formulated diet; growth; biochemical parameters; Babylonia spirata