Abstract
The purpose of this study is to clarify the spatial structure and its transitional process by focusing on 22 existing old settlements established before 1913 in downtown Cheongju, Korea. The results are as follows: First, the old settlements are classified into four types relating to their topographic features: the Sanrok and Gogae Types are located on hills and the Daegok and Sogok Types are located in valleys. Second, in traditional Korean villages, a road system is composed of outer roads, approach roads, inner roads, and side roads having different functions. An inner road among them is the most important element in spatial structure as the basic framework of the road system inside villages. Third, the preservation or division of settlements has been influenced by the transformation of inner roads during the urbanization process. When spatial structures of inner roads have been maintained, old settlements have tended to be preserved. In addition, when new roads have been built to pass near communal spaces, old settlements have been preserved in spite of the lack of connection to old inner roads. Fourth, the functions of communal spaces have been influenced by the changing of society over time. Some functions have been changed, lost, or have suffered reduction in importance due to changes in modern lifestyles, but the personality of communal space is lasting. Finally, when the characteristics of the old settlement and functions of old roads have been preserved, housing layout has had a tendency to follow the original orientation, courtyard location, gate location, and access route as can be seen in Topdong Yangdalmal. Keywords: old settlements; spatial transition; road system; communal space; lot system; Topdong Yangdalmal 1. Introduction Old settlements that have been settled around the In this study, the term "old settlements" means city, in particular, retain traditional characteristics villages established before 1913 in downtown thanks to their spatial structure and the conditions Cheongju, Korea. In small- and medium-sized inland of their location, while, at the same time, they have Korean cities, historically settlements were built modern urban characteristics because of their proximity along outside walls and public buildings were built to the city core. Therefore, these old settlements inside walls when walls were constructed. When existing in the downtown have both modern and rural cities expanded during the period of modernization characteristics at the present time. and urbanization, old settlements were influenced In Cheongju, one of the aforementioned walled in their spatial structure, lot system, housing layout, cities, 22 old settlements established in the 19th and housing type. With the development of a grid- century before the modernization of Korea are still in patterned road system and other urban infrastructure, existence. It is possible to infer the existence of the urbanization caused many changes to cities. During this settlements from the 1913 Original Land Registration process, historical settlements were adjusted to reflect Map . In the map, each land category was written with modern life; however, they also show morphological four sub-categories. Among them, residential areas are characteristics of the rural villages due to their referred to using the term 'building land ( 垈 )'. being settled before the period of modernization and Until now, studies on spatial transition about urbanization. existing old settlements in downtown Cheongju, Korea have been classified into four categories: morphological characteristics, road systems, *Contact Author: Kyeonghwa Byun, Assistant Professor, community space, and spatial configurations. For Waterfront and Coastal Research Center, Catholic Kwandong morphological characteristics, form, size, and layout of University, 579 Bumil Road, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea the old settlements are characterized according to the Tel: +82-33-643-7423 Fax: +82-33-647-3436 geographical features prior to urbanization. The road E-mail: khbyun@cku.ac.kr system approach is about change and maintenance ( Received October 7, 2013 ; accepted February 23, 2015 ) Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/May 2015/270 263 6 mainly focused on an inner road from the perspective Planning Ordinance ', and that designation was retained of function, form, and location. Community space until 1968 . The territory of downtown Cheongju until is discussed as central space with perspective on the 1968 was 18.29km in total area and is the subjected location of villages and the functionality for residents. of this study. There are 22 existing old settlements in In 2013 Tai-Young Kim showed that community downtown Cheongju that were established at the end of spaces in Cheongju's old settlements can be classified the 19th century, mainly near Mt. Uam in the east and into central space, inner road, and cul-de-sac . in the low hills to the west (Fig.2.). Spatial configuration is focused on the change and 2.2 Morphological Characteristics maintenance of the lot system and the layouts of houses These 22 old settlements are classified into the Hill following the urban plan of downtown Cheongju. Type on the ridge and the Valley Type in the low-lying This study aims to clarify the spatial structure and areas. There are 15 Hill Type and seven Valley Type transition focusing on the existing 22 old settlements settlements (Table 1.). in downtown Cheongju. For that, this study will first The Hill Types are further categorized into the Sanrok look into the morphological characteristics of those Type located on mountain ridges and the Gogae Type settlements. Next, characteristics about the road system located on hillsides. and communal space will be studied. Finally, the Ten of the 15 Hill Type transitional process of the road system, lot system, and settlements are Sanrok housing layout will be outlined focusing on the village Type and ve fi are Gogae of Topdong Yangdalmal which was selected as a key Type . The Valley Type is example among the 22 old settlements. further categorized into This study was carried out through literature and field the Daegok and Sogok surveys, analysis of aerial photographs, and comparison Types. The Daegok Type analysis of land registration maps. The transitions of is located in deep and roads, lots, and housing layout are analyzed using aerial wide valleys and the photographs from 1968 and 2012, and land registration Sogok Type is located maps from 1913 and 2012. The size and boundary of in narrow and shallow each old settlement can be determined using the total valleys . From the seven area and border of 'building land' of the land category Valley Type settlements, Fig.1. Location and Urban from the 1913 Original Land Registration Map. three are Daegok and four Plan of Cheongju are Sogok Types (Fig.3.). 2. The Status of Old Settlements Baggkatdeokbul 1 Andeokbbul 2 2.1 Old Settlements in Downtown Cheongju Yongsatae 3 Cheongju, located in the center of the Korean Bamgogae 4 TopdongYangdalmal 5 peninsula, was a walled city used for administrative Topgol 6 Hodunamugeori 7 and military purposes. The natural environment of Jaetmal 8 Cheonjgu is that the Mushim River runs through the Hyanggyogol 9 Goengmal 10 downtown from north to south, a ridge continues to Mt. Araetyoungwoori 11 Bulttum 12 Uam and Dangsan in the east, and low hills continue in Gajoagol 13 Sajikdong Yangdalmal 14 the western part of the settlement. Dodokgol 15 Cheongju has had roughly five periods of Chungryeoltopditmal 16 Suncheonbakssi 17 development and the territory of the city has been Godang 18 Baeti 19 expanding throughout (Fig.1.). The Cheongju Saeteo 20 Eupseong ( 淸州邑城 ; an old castle in Cheongju) , Jungmunanmal 21 Sugokdong 22 was consecrated in approximately 689 AD, but was destroyed between 1911 and 1915 when Cheongju Fig.2. Distribution of 22 Existing Old Settlements began to develop as a modern city. Most of the road system at the present time was built at that time of modernization in a grid pattern of long, linear south- north roads aligned with the Mushim River. The areas around the castle located in the old downtown are representative of historical places in Cheongju with historical and cultural structures such as the traditional government offices, Yongdusaji Cheoldanggan (an iron flagpole of the Yongdu Temple Site established in OR: Outer Road 962 AD) , and Namsukkyo (a bridge made with stone AR: Approach Road IR: Inner Road located in the south) still remaining. SR: Side Road The area of the downtown was delineated by an urban development plan named '1939 Chosen Urban Fig.3. Types of Old Settlements Established by Topography 264 JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim Table 1. Status and Spatial Structure of 22 Existing Old Settlements 1) 4) Area Elevation (m) Distance Direction Gradient Alignment Type No Village Name Origin of Village Name 5) 2) 3) of the plane (°) Pattern (m²) Entry End Horizontal Vertical 1 Baggatdeokbbul Outside of Deokbbul 11,701 41 52 West 162 - 3.88 Crowded 2 Andeokbbul Spot in the valley 15,618 54 65 West 175 - 3.60 Crowded Topdong 5 Located in a sunny place 16,777 48 55 South 198 155 2.59 Crowded Yangdalmal 7 Hodunamugeori Village of walnut 6,203 53 67 Southwest 75 - 10.57 Crowded 10 Guongmal Corner village 6,861 58 65 South 132 73 5.48 Linear 11 Araetyoungwoori Under Youngwoori 13,724 53 60 South 212 108 3.71 Linear 12 Bulttum Small village in the field 6,849 50 60 North 147 75 7.59 Linear Sajikdong 14 Sunny village 2,986 50 55 East 135 78 3.67 Linear Yangdalmal 16 Chungryultopdimal Located behind Chungryultop 3,185 64 70 West 113 - 3.04 Crowded Town of Go Family, 18 Godang 11,721 50 75 East 260 83 16.76 Linear located in a high dangjip 4 Bamgogae Hill with many chestnut trees 3,943 44 50 Southwest 133 - 2.58 Crowded 8 Jaetmal Village at the base of a hill 4,808 70 83 South 95 - 7.79 Crowded 19 Baeti Village below baeti 4,323 55 68 Northeast 148 - 5.02 Linear 21 Jungmunanmal Village inside Jungmun 4,662 73 90 East 131 - 7.39 Crowded 20 Saeteo Village above barangol 3,163 50 60 East 72 - 7.91 Crowded 6 Topgol Village with a tower 6,839 53 62 Southwest 93 - 5.53 Crowded 9 Hyanggyogol Village being local school 13,588 63 82 West 140 - 7.73 Crowded 13 Gajoagol Valley at the edge 11,712 63 77 South 220 150 5.33 Crowded Site made of blue dragon and 3 Yongsatae 6,782 60 65 South 115 - 2.49 Linear white tiger 15 Dodokgol Thick valley 3,276 44 48 East 92 - 2.49 Crowded Village where family names 17 Suncheonpakssi 6,103 60 70 South 200 115 4.97 Crowded are 'Suncheon Park' 22 Sugokdong - 7,376 58 68 North 143 - 4.00 Crowded 1) The total area of 'building land' of the land category written on the 1913 Original Land Registration Map 2) Referring to the entry of villages, where inner roads and approach roads meet and where the village boundary starts 3) Refers to the end of territory of the village 4) Distance between the entry and the end of the village 5) Gradient is based on the village distance and difference in elevation of entry to end of the village. The sizes of the old settlements vary; the Hill Types In Sanrok Type settlements one can enter directly between 1.2ha and 1.5ha and the Valley Types around via an outer road without using an approach road. 0.6ha. The Gogae Type on hillsides is the smallest at Waterways are placed in parallel to inner roads but 0.35ha and the Sogok Type in valleys is around 0.6ha. waterways are kept separate from the inner roads in 2.3 Road System order to minimize damage from floods. Within the In traditional Korean villages, road systems are Sanrok Type, four settlements—Topdong Yangdalmal, composed of outer roads, approach roads, inner roads, Andeokbbul, Araeyoungwoori, and Baggatdeokbbul — and side roads. An outer road connects villages. Its are located on flatland of less than a 5° gradient. Their function is similar to a present day highway as the inner roads run along the ridge, passing through the main road of the city. An approach road is a connector villages, and the houses are laid out around the inner between the outer road and the village, so it is located roads. Within the Sanrok Type, three settlements— at entrance points to a village; thus, there are few Godang, Hodunamugeori, and Goengmal—are located houses around an approach road. An inner road is the on mountainsides with roughly a 9° gradient. Because biggest road inside a village and the most basic element they are located on a highly inclined plane, inner for spatial structure. The shapes or sizes of settlements roads are formed to fit topographic features around the are generally decided by the length and direction of the boundary of the settlements on the flat side, with small flow of inner roads. Most inner roads start to connect paths (side roads) extending from inner roads toward from an approach road but a few inner roads connect the mountain. directly from outer roads without an approach road Gogae Type settlements are located on land with a due to differences in topographic features or village gradient greater than 7°. Inner roads are formed on the layouts. Finally, a side road like a small path extends hillsides of the settlements. There is a road unique to from an inner road and plays a role in the entry to each Gogae Type settlements—Gogae road—which derives house. its name from the Gogae Type. The road penetrating Traditionally, access to the inside of settlements was the settlements serves as a passage connecting other generally via the outer road—approach road—inner villages and as an important element for traffic. road route. However those roles of roads and access to The Valley Type settlements are encircled by villages have been changed due to the grid-pattern road mountains and the entry to the village is open. system implemented during urbanization. Approach roads and waterways are formed together JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim 265 Valley Type Hill Type Sogok Daegok Gogae Sanrok Type Type Type Type and houses are crowded along inner roads. Although of topographic features. In traditional Korean villages, similar to Sanrok Type settlements in light of the an inner road is the most important element in spatial relationship between roads and settlements, they structure as the basic spine of the road system inside are different in that the settlements have a valley a village. Inner roads are mostly formed in the center topography. Located in a deep and wide valley and at area of a village but some inner roads were established a right angle to the main axis direction of said valley, along the boundary of villages due to topographical they have approach roads formed from the outer road features or village layouts. Since most inner roads are connecting settlements toward the direction of the located in the center area of a village and houses are valley and meet deep inside the valley. Compared to crowded along them, communal spaces have been settlements of other types, the functions of village made around inner roads. Therefore, the conservation roads are clear and the hierarchy is strong. or disconnection of inner roads due to new road The Valley Type settlements are closed because they construction during urbanization has had a significant are nestled inside the valley. Also, roads and waterways effect on the preservation or division of settlements. are adjacent and are parallel, with waterways passing Considering the viewpoint of inner roads in the the territory of the settlements. In regard to the spatial structure, nine settlements have been preserved orientation of the topography surrounding Valley Type as one community because few changes in the settlements, most of them are situated toward the west, structures and width of inner roads have been made with some toward the southwest. to the present day (Fig.5.). During the urbanization process, new roads were constructed but they have 3. Inner Road and Communal Space been built on the outskirts of the village's territory and 3.1 Transformation of Inner Road do not penetrate the center area of villages in those Old settlements differ in spatial structure because settlements. As a result, new roads constructed during <Hill Type> 1 Baggatdeokbbul 2 Andeokbbul 5 Topdong Yangdalmal 7 Hodunamugeori 10 Goengmal 11 Araetyoungwoori 12 Bulttum 14 Sajikdong Yangdalmal 16 Chungryeoltopditmal 18 Godang 4 Bamgogae 8 Jaetmal 19 Baeti 20 Saeteo 21 Jungmunanmal <Valley Type> Topography Waterway Road Settlements OR: Outer Road AR: Approach Road IR: Inner Road 6. Topgol 9. Hyanggyogol 13. Gajwagol SR: Side Road 3. Yongsatai 15. Dodokgol 17. Suncheonbakssi 22. Sugokdong Fig.4. Types of Old Settlements by Topography 266 JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim Sogok Type Daegok Type Gogae Type Sanrok Type urban development have little influence on inner roads in seven settlements (Fig.5.), which were divided due themselves in the nine settlements. In addition, even to new road construction with inner roads also being though widths of inner roads have been expanded, the disconnecting. In those settlements, the new road did width is not enough for a vehicle to pass, so resident's not play the role of the old inner road and old inner activities on the inner roads are kept and the function of roads became side roads. The communities of those the inner road is preserved. The road systems of those settlements were divided into smaller ones, so there nine settlements are adapted to natural, environmental, has been a reduction in community activity. and geographical features. This is the main reason 3.2 Transformation of Communal Space why the settlements have been preserved to the present Because inner roads are located in the central area time. A typical case is Topdong Yangdalmal, which of a village and houses are crowded along inner roads, was selected as a key example among the 22 old communal spaces have been formed around inner settlements. roads as well. Most communal spaces in location and Many inner roads passing the center areas of villages function have been influenced by the transformation of were cut off by new roads in the 1960s and 1970s. inner roads. There are two characteristics influencing settlements The locations of communal spaces and inner roads due to the disconnection of inner roads. are especially closely connected. When inner roads The first is that settlements are preserved in spite have been maintained settlements have tended to be of the disconnection of inner roads. The reasons are preserved, and the locations of communal spaces have related to communal space. Even though new roads also been kept. However, the locations of communal penetrated the center areas of villages, more residents spaces were moved to other places along new inner have been able to participate in community activities roads when inner roads were disconnected. because new roads are constructed surrounding In addition, when settlements were divided due to the communal spaces. As a result, the new road is the disconnection of an old inner road, new communal more helpful to the community and tends to act as a spaces were established in divided communities at new substitute for the function of old inner roads. locations. There are three kinds of communal space The second is that settlements are divided by the inside villages: natural facilities, artificial facilities, severing of inner roads. These cases are demonstrated and vacant lots. Preservation of Settlements & Preservation of Settlements & Division of Settlements & Maintenance of Old Inner Roads Disconnection of Old Inner Roads Disconnection of Old Inner Roads 5 Topdong Yangdalmal 9 Hyanggyogol 11 Araetyoungwoori 1 Baggatdeokbbul 3 Yongsatae 8 Jaetmal 12 Bulttum 17 Suncheonbakssi 22 Sugokdong 6 Topgol 13 Gajoagol 4 Bamgogae 19 Baeti 14 Sajikdong 10 Guongmal Yangdalmal 2 Andekokbbul 18 Godang 7 Hodunamugeori Outer Road ↔ Category Inner Road → New Road = Old Communal Space ● New Communal Space ○ Movement of Communal Space --------> 15 Dodokgol 20 Saeteo 16 Chungryultopdimal 21 Jungmunanmal Fig.5. Transformation of 22 Existing Old Settlements by the Maintenance and Disconnection of Inner Roads JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim 267 Inner Road along the Others Inner Road Inside Village boundary of Villages Vacant lots have been and still are used for activities 4. Case Study: Topdong Yangdalmal such as festivals or village events. Topdong Yangdalmal, established before 1913 in the Artificial or natural facilities are related to everyday Chosen era is an old settlement. In front of Topdong life or religion. Examples of facilities for everyday life Yangdalmal the Mushim River flows and a mountain are common wash places around a streamlet, old trees rises behind the village. This is a good location from a for relaxation, a big rock, which is a village symbol for traditional Korean viewpoint. This settlement is one of meeting, public wells, and buildings like senior centers the Sanrok Types located on the ridge of a mountain. or community centers. Facilities for religion are big, The characteristics of an old settlement have been old trees near shrines for the village deity or temples. maintained in the road system, lot system, and housing Buildings with modern conveniences and various layout. programs for residents like a community center or a 4.1 Transformation of the Road System senior center are newly constructed, so those artificial The road system of this settlement was structured facilities are a larger part of the residents' lives than no differently from other settlements. Houses are laid natural facilities like old trees or a symbolic rock. out along inner roads and side roads extending from The functions of communal spaces have changed, inner roads. The directions of the main inner road and been lost, or been reduced in importance over time. For waterway are parallel but they are not near each other. example, big, old trees for village rituals or religious The four side roads were increased to eight after the functions in the past are still standing in the same destruction of the Cheongju Eupseong between 1911 place, but currently provide places to relax. Old public and 1915. Due to the increase in side roads, the lot wells and common washing places were destroyed or system was changed and some side roads became dead are not used anymore due to modern lifestyles. ends. On the levee of the waterway flowing to the However, when development of new communal southeast one road was constructed. spaces has been needed, it has tended to be made A road system was developed in earnest using the around existing communal spaces even though the Cheongju Urban Development Plan of 1968. New function was changed, lost, or reduced in importance. roads were constructed in a new pattern that was unlike For instance, when a new community center is how side roads extended from inner roads previously. needed, it tends to be built in the same location as According to the Cheongju Urban Development existing communal spaces like big, old trees used for Plan, the width and length of inner roads and side village rituals or old public wells. The personality of roads were increased. However, the approach road communal space is lasting even though some functions was increased in width only. Even though the width were lost due to changing times as new community or length of the approach road, inner roads, and side facilities are built in the same location. roads were expanded or extended, the characteristics Road and Lot System 1913 Road and Lot System 1968 Road and Lot System 2010 The Houses in Lot Maintained The Houses in Lot Subdivided Maintenance of Entrance Alteration of Entrance Addition of Entrance In 1913 (I~XV, 15 Lots) In 1968 (1~38, 38 Lots) In 2012 (75 Lots) Fig.6. Lot System and Housing Layout in Topdong Yandalmal 268 JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim of the old settlement and functions of old roads have the old directions and forms of the layout. In houses been maintained because the shape and direction of old built on lots adjacent to the side roads, the orientation inner roads have not been interrupted and the width is of housing, location of courtyard, and location of not enough for a vehicle to pass. gate have tended to be maintained even in the cases In 2010, a new road penetrating through the center of renovation. Particularly, the direction of the gates of the village and another new road for vehicles on the has been maintained toward the south even though outskirts of the village were constructed. Due to those the location of the gate changed due to new road two new roads, the characteristics of the old settlement construction or lot division in houses connected to side are on the brink of disappearing. roads. Most of the courtyards have been kept although 4.2 Transformation of the Lot System the sizes have been reduced due to the alteration of Transformation of the lot system in Topdong buildings. Yangdalmal is shown in Fig.6. and Table 2. Around Fifty-three houses were built after the 1970s. Twelve 1913 during the destruction of the Cheongju Eupseong, of the houses have followed the orientation of the 15 lots (I~XV) existed surrounding inner roads. Until original housing, location of courtyards, and location the Cheongju Urban Development Plan in 1968, the of gates of the original lots (I-2, 4, 7, 8, 9, II-13, IV- size and form of 10 lots (III, IV, VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, 18, VII-27, X-29, XI-30, XV-34, 37). New types of XII, XIII, XIV) were maintained and five lots (I, II, houses began to be built from this time such as two- V, VII, XV) were divided into 28 lots. The division of storey houses or multiplex housing. Housing of the the five lots came from constructing new side roads new types has tended to follow the original orientation, leading from inner roads. Some new side roads became the gate location, the layout of old houses, and the size dead ends. Therefore, there were a total of 38 lots in of the old courtyard. The orientation of housing or the Topdong Yangdalmal in 1968. direction facing the road has tended to be maintained Among the 38 lots, 19 lots have been maintained to match the original ones (orientation or direction) in in size and form from 1968 (Cheongju Urban 41 new houses built on divided lots even though the Development Plan) to 2010. The other 19 lots have been sizes of the lots were smaller. subdivided into 56 small lots. The subdivision of the 19 The access route from the road to a house has lots came from the construction of new roads, expansion usually been maintained, so the location of the gate has of the width, and extension of the length of those roads. tended to not change. Residents have tended to keep Therefore, there were a total of 75 lots in 2010. front yards rather than a back yard even though the courtyard size is smaller. The reason for that is that one Table 2. Change of Lots in Topdong Yandalmal must pass through the front yard from the road in order 1913 1968 2010 Lot Lot area to enter an indoor space. No. (m ) Total M D Total M 1 M 2 D Total I 5,140.01 1 - 11 11 - 6 14 19 Table 3. Layout Pattern of New Houses by Lot System II 2,409.81 1 - 5 5 - 1 11 12 Orientation Location of Location of Type III 644.49 1 1 - 1 - - 4 4 of Housing Entrance Courtyard IV 435.84 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 Old Lots ○ ( 4) ○ (5) ○ ( 4) V 1,891.01 1 - 4 4 - 1 7 8 Houses ( 4) Maintained VI 682.78 1 1 - 1 - - 4 4 New ○ ( 9) ○ (9) ○ ( 9) (16) ● ( 3) ● (3) × ( 3) VII 1,435.43 1 - 3 3 - 1 7 8 Houses (12) Old ○ (3) ○ ( 3) VIII 258.10 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 Lots ○ ( 5) ● (2) × ( 2) Houses ( 5) IX 402.51 1 1 - 1 - - 2 2 Subdivided New ○ (37) ○ (2) ○ (25) X 322.19 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 (46) ● ( 4) ● (8) × (16) Houses (41) XI 387.61 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 ○; Maintenance, ●; Change, Alteration, ×; Not existing XII 1004.15 1 1 - 1 - - 3 3 XIII 612.28 1 1 - 1 - - 4 4 5. Conclusion XIV 401.37 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 XV 663.94 1 - 5 5 - 5 - 5 This study aims to clarify spatial structure and Total 16,691.52 15 10 28 38 5 14 56 75 its transitional process focusing on 22 existing old 1) M: Maintenance, D: Division settlements established before 1913 in downtown 2) M 1: Lot maintained without any further subdivision during 1913-2010 Cheongju, Korea. The method of this study is 3) M 2: Lot maintained without any further subdivision during 1968-2010 through literature and field surveys, analysis of aerial 4.3 Layout of New Housing photographs from 1968 and 2012, and comparison Seventy-two buildings have been constructed or re- analysis of land registration maps in 1913 and 2012. constructed on 75 lots. Sixty-two of them are houses The results are as follows. for residence and they were still remaining in 2012. Twenty-two existing old settlements in downtown Nine of the 62 houses were built before 1968 and the Cheongju are classified into four types using remaining 53 houses were built after 1968. Nine houses topographic features: Sanrok Type, Gogae Type, (original lot I-3, VII-24, XV-35, 36 / divided lot I: 5-1, Daegok Type, and Sogok Type. The Sanrok and Gogae 10-1 / II: 14-2, 16-1, 16-2) are facing the south or the Types are located on hills and the Daegok and Sogok southeast. Most houses have been built in keeping with Types are located in valleys in the low-lying areas. JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim 269 3 The Cheongju Eupseong ( 淸州邑城 ) was the administrative center The Sanrok and Gogae Types are classified by village during the Chosen dynasty. It was completed in February of 1487 location such as on foothills or ridges. The Daegok and and the size was 1,783m in circumference and 4m high according Sogok Types are classified by the size of the valley, to the Annals of the Chosen Dynasty. However, it was destroyed Daegok Type settlements are located in deep and wide and the materials of the fortress were used in sewer construction valleys, and Sogok Type settlements are located in during 1911~1914, during the Japanese colonial era. Today, the Fortress has been left with traces of road only. narrow and shallow valleys. An iron flagpole ( 鐵幢竿 ), made in AD 962, was for hoisting In traditional Korean villages, the road system is a flag standing in front of a temple named Yongdusa ( 龍斗寺 ) composed of outer roads, approach roads, inner roads, when events were held in the temple. It is a valuable cultural and side roads having different functions. An inner road property because of its purpose, foundation year, and founder of is the most important element among them in spatial the pole are cast. Namsukkyo ( 南石橋 ) means south ( 南 ; Nam), stone ( 石 ; Suk), structure as the basic spine of the road system inside and bridge ( 橋 ; Kyo) and means a bridge made with stone located villages. Communal spaces have been established in the south of Cheongju. around inner roads because most inner roads are 6 Ref. 9) In the 1930s, urbanization of Chosen society proceeded located in the central area of a village and houses are apace and urban development was needed to prepare designedly crowded along the inner road. Therefore, preservation and institutionally. Therefore, the Chosen Urban Planning Ordinance ( 朝鮮市街地計劃令 ) was established by law in 1934 or division of settlements has been influenced by the and was enforced beginning in 1936 during the Japanese colonial transformation of inner roads during the urbanization era. This ordinance is the first urban planning law in Korean urban process. history. When spatial structures of inner roads have been Ref. 4) The original title, [Cheongju] 청주 [Doshi] 도시 [Geahwaek] maintained, old settlements and communal spaces have 계획 [Byuncheonsa] 변천사 , was translated as "Changing history of Cheongju Urban Development Plan" by the authors. tended to be preserved. Even when old inner roads The name of Sanrok ( 山麓 ) means mountain ( 山 ; San) and have been disconnected by new roads, settlements have foot of mountain ( 麓 ; rok) and Gogae ( 고개 ) means "ridge of been preserved when the new roads play the role of old mountain". In short, the name of the type comes from village inner roads or when new roads are constructed around topographic features. the communal spaces. However when new roads were The name of Daegok (大硲 ) means big (大 ; Dae) and valley ( 硲 ; gok) and Sogok ( 小硲 ) means small (小 ; So) and valley constructed in a location far from communal spaces, ( 硲 ; gok). In short, the name of the type comes from village the communities of those settlements were divided topographic features. into smaller ones, so there has been a reduction in community activity. References The functions of communal spaces are influenced 1) Chae, S. M., Byun, K. H. and Kim, T. Y. (2011), The Layout by changing times, and some functions have been Pa tt ern of Ne w Houses i n t he Exi st ing Old Se tt le me nt s i n changed, lost, or have had their importance reduced Cheongju Urban City of Korea, Journal of the Korean Housing Association, 22(5), pp.81-90. due to adjustments to modern lifestyles. However, 2) Chae, S. M., Byun, K. H. and Kim, T. Y. (2012), Derivation and when a new community facility is needed, it tends to Application of the Green Plan Factors inherent in the Existing Old be built on the special spot around previous communal Settlements in Local City, Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural spaces. The personality of communal space is lasting Architecture, 14(1), pp.115-124. even though some functions have changed over time. 3) Chae, S. M., Byun, K. H. and Kim, T. Y. (2012), Transformation Characteristics of Inner Road and Communal Space in Old The lot and road systems have been changed as a Settlements in Downtown Cheong Ju, Journal of the Korean result of urban development. Original lots were divided Institute of Rural Architecture, 14(2), pp.93-100. and the width or length of roads were expanded or 4) Cheongju City (1994), Changing history of Cheongju Urban extended. Nevertheless, when the characteristics of the Development Plan, Cheongju City. old settlement and functions of old roads have been 5) Kim, H. J. and Lee, J. S. (2012), A Study on the Location and Architectural Composition of Guest House of Haemi Eupseong preserved, housing layout has a tendency to follow the - Focused on the Analysis of Modern and Contemporary Data, original orientation, courtyard location, gate location, Journal of Architectural History, 21(3), pp.93-108. and access route as can be seen in Topdong Yangdalmal 6) Kim, T. Y. (2013), The Characteristics and its Change of which was selected as a key example among the 22 old Community Space in the Old Settlements of Cheongju City, Journal settlements. of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture, 15(4), pp.43-50. 7) Kwon, M. S. and Kim, T. Y. (2010), A Study on the Location Characteristics and Road System of Existing Old Settlements in Notes 1 Cheongju City, Journal of the Korean Housing Association, 21(5), 1913 Original Land Registration Map ( 地積原圖 ) was made pp.137-144. during the Japanese colonial era. The Japanese government carried 8) Kwon, M. S. and Kim, T. Y. (2011), The Transitional Process of out land surveys on a regional scale in Chosen (now Korea). Spatial Configuration of Existing Old Settlements in Cheongju This map is important material about the land status at the end City-with case study on Topdong 'Yangdalmal', Journal of the of Chosen times using modern land surveying techniques. In the Korean Housing Association, 22(2), pp.91-99. Map, the land category is written with sub-categories such as 'dry 9) Lee, K. (2002), A Study on the History of Urban Planning in City of paddy', 'building land ( 垈 )', 'forest land', 'castle', 'road', and so on. 2 Seoul, Chung-Ang Public administration review, 16(2), pp.181-207. Ref. 6). 270 JAABE vol.14 no.2 May 2015 Tai-Young Kim
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: May 1, 2015
Keywords: old settlements; spatial transition; road system; communal space; lot system; Topdong Yangdalmal
