Abstract
JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE 2023, VOL. 15, NO. 1, 2204534 ARES https://doi.org/10.1080/19498276.2023.2204534 American Real Estate Society Strategies toward Greater Youth Participation in Jordan’s Urban Policymaking Zayed F. Zeadat Department of Architecture, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan KEYWORDS ABSTRACT Fuzzy Delphi method; ICT Seventy percent of the population in Jordan is young and urban. A plethora of research communication technology; demonstrated that collaborative urban policymaking would positively impact youth’s physio- sustainable urban logical and physical welfare as well as the quality of urban planning. Nevertheless, youth development; urban Jordan; participation in Jordan’s urban planning is fragile, limited, and sporadic. Youth marginaliza- youth participation tion from urban policymaking would deter sustainable urban development. Therefore, this article examines the most convenient strategy to promote the inclusion of young Jordanians in the planning practice to be fully-fledged members of society. The fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) was employed to mathematically analyze the level of importance of each suggested strategy based on the opinions of eight experts with long experience in promot- ing youth participation in Jordan’s public policy. Research results reveal that adopting cut- ting-edge communication technology is the most suitable strategy to genuinely recognize youth input, opinions, and experience in urban policymaking. Sustainable Urban Development: Leaving No of urban policymaking (Ataol et al., 2022; Kwon, Youth Behind 2019; Palmy David & Buchanan, 2020; Sakil, 2018). For instance, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable For a long time, clean energy and environmental con- Development, prepared by the United Nations (UN), servation have dominated the literature on sustainable underlines the need to strengthen youth participation development (Brindley, 2003;Eden et al., 2000; mechanisms to foster sustainable development (Bonsu Rakodi & Romaya, 2002). Then, the concept expanded et al., 2020). to include other trajectories, such as social, economic, Defining the term “youth participation” is indis- and institutional (Brindley, 2003;Eden et al., 2000; pensable to recognize the association between youth Rakodi & Romaya, 2002; Song et al., 2017) (see Figure and sustainable development. Checkoway et al. (1995) 1). The institutional dimension highlights weaknesses defined youth participation in urban planning as a in policies, governing principles, structures, and regu- mechanism adopted to facilitate the engagement of lations to achieve long-lasting and persistent civil soci- young people to deal with societal issues and organize ety participation in the public realm (Carpentier, community initiatives in an adult agency. Youth par- 2011; Chu et al., 2016; Oyedemi, 2015; Song et al., ticipation means their active presence to have a genu- 2017). The newly added institutional dimension is ine influence on a particular decision or produce a gaining momentum in academic, industrial, and gov- favorable outcome (Geza et al., 2021). Consequently, ernmental publications (Song et al., 2017). Political youth participation in urban planning entails the analysts, scholars, and UN reports stressed that civil engagement of youth through policy formulation, set- society engagement in urban policies is conducive to ting up urban development agenda, advocate for bet- sustainable development (Eden et al., 2000, pp. 260– 261; Rakodi & Romaya, 2002, p. 4; World Youth ter urban services. For the scope of this research, Report, 2018). More specifically, engaging the youth “partnership,”“collaboration,”“involvement,” and of the Global South (i.e., Jordan) in urban policy- “engagement” are all used interchangeably in this making is beneficial for young people and the quality study to infer “participation” (Sharma et al., 2022). CONTACT Zayed F. Zeadat z.zeadat@aum.edu.jo Department of Architecture, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan. 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. 2 Z. F. ZEADAT development agenda (Zeadat, 2018, pp. 277–278). This Social Sustainable development section highlights the systematic barriers that hinder youth participation in Jordan’s urban planning system. Economic Environment Urban Government in Jordan Is Centralized Jordan is an “upper middle-income nation” with a Institutional highly centralized form of government (Daher, 2011, p. 69; Garaibeh, 2015; Jreisat, 2018; Yaghi, 2008). Figure 1. Dimensions of sustainable development (Song et al., 2017, p. 505). Urban growth in Jordanian cities is relatively rapid and complex, requiring sophisticated partnership and Youth involvement in urban planning is a signifi- cohesion. A growing body of evidence shows how the cant element in catalyzing positive social and eco- government’s centralized decision-making system sti- nomic change in countries of the Global South (Ataol fles public engagement in policymaking (Heinrich & et al., 2022; Palmy David & Buchanan, 2020). Million, 2016; Moynihan, 2003). Al Rabady and col- Youth inputs are critical for the quality and sus- leagues (2014, p. 261) described the relationship tainability of urban policymaking, legitimizing public between central and local government in Jordan as a decisions and ensuring democratic, equitable, and just “dominant-submissive relationship.” Urban policy- community development (Ataol et al., 2022; Heinrich making in Jordan is dominated to a large extent by & Million, 2016; Kwon, 2019). Also, their engagement decisions of the central government, thus providing promotes a more democratic society (Kamuf & Weck, limited institutional space for public participation. 2022). At the personal level, youth participation The urban government in Jordan is technocratic and improves young people’s expertise, academic achieve- representative, which implies that city councils and ment, sociopolitical awareness, and practical skills and government officials often express the “public interest” experiences of liberation which are vital for their on any societal issues merely through elected city social development (Evans & Prilleltensky, 2007; council members. Morsillo & Prilleltensky, 2007). Moreover, youth par- ticipation enhances their sense of direction, self-confi- Urban Government in Jordan Is Technocratic and dence, social connectivity, and psychological well- Bureaucratic being of young people (Checkoway, 2011; Checkoway Jordan’s local planning authorities rely on engineers’ et al., 2005; Hart, 2013; Manouchehri & Burns, 2021; technical knowledge to address urban issues and to Palmy David & Buchanan, 2020; Passon et al., 2008; set up urban development agenda. Many public Schwab, 1997). Nevertheless, Several UN reports administrators and scholars stressed that holistic point out that youth marginalization from the public urban policymaking necessitates planning authorities realm is growing, putting many young people at risk to seek a greater variety of knowledge and expertise of political exclusion (United Nations, 2018). (i.e., knowledge resources). To diversify knowledge resources, Jordanian planning authorities ought to Youth Participation in Jordan’s Urban strengthen vertical and horizontal planning that tran- Policymaking scends the institutional boundaries of a single govern- Urban Jordan is rapidly growing due to refugee influx ment institution. For instance, the executive board from neighboring countries, economic growth, and members of Amman 2025, turned to scientific and natural population growth (Ababsa, 2011, p. 57; rational procedures to rejuvenate urban deterioration Daher, 2011, p. 67; Zeadat, 2018). Urban Jordan con- in Amman. As a result, the guidelines implemented tains 83% of the population, of which it is estimated were merely “architectural cosmetics” focused on that 70% are under 30 (Alnsour & Meaton, 2014; physical development rather than an integrated Meaton & Alnsour, 2012). An inclusive urban plan- approach to sustainable urban regeneration. ning system enhances the legitimacy of decision-mak- Also, the bureaucratic planning approach often ing (Cheyne, 2015). However, Jordanian planning results in cumbersome and sporadic youth participa- authorities failed to genuinely accommodate young tion (Palmy David & Buchanan, 2020). Bureaucratic people’s needs and demands into the urban inertia results in weak coordination and horizontal JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE 3 integration among planning authorities. Strengthening authorities in Jordan and their oligarchic networks horizontal and vertical relational networks among from the real estate sector and business elites were planning authorities at the local, regional and national keen to propose a development scenario based on levels is critical to evolving, thriving, and expanding their business agenda, with less interest and input communicative efforts in urban planning (Van from the civil society. Tatenhove, 2015; Sommerfeldt & Taylor, 2011). To create a business-friendly environment, the Technocratic and bureaucratic urban government urban government in Jordan has paved the path in Jordan resulted in national planning authorities toward a regulatory reform project favoring business being ill-informed whilst local planning authorities are interests at the expense of social priorities (Abu incapable to manage and achieve holistic, consensus- Hamdi, 2017). Although neoliberalism’s foundations based urban agenda. Promoting collaborative urban promote political participation, practically, the model policymaking requires cross-sectoral work through a has failed to create redistributive equity in the Global dynamic and flexible institutional mechanism by South (Leftwich, 1993). The exclusive relational power which youth and other underrepresented social groups between property developers, politicians, and city offi- can address common urban issues (Bellinson & Chu, cials prompted planning authorities and regulatory 2019). powers to shape techno-corporatist legislation for urban policymaking in Jordan. Jordanian planning authorities are allowing policies and laws to enhance Urban Government in Jordan Is the profitability of real estate development projects by Entrepreneurialism steering public funds into urban infrastructures that The urban government approach in Jordan is strongly benefit solely real estate developers. The neoliberal affected by the neoliberal philosophy. The neoliberal ideology entails giving investment precedence regard- urban transformation adopted by the Jordanian plan- ing economic development and competitive restruc- ning authorities to streamline mega real-estate devel- turing. The entrepreneurial governance approach opment at the expense of local needs (Abu Hamdi, provided a “fragile” opportunity structure for youth 2017). Although entrepreneurialism is pertinent to inputs and opinions in the planning agenda. urban governance (Obeng-Odoom, 2017), the mar- ket-oriented urban governance model created an Urban Government in Jordan Is Highly urban agglomeration packaged and shaped for lucra- Dysfunctional tive consumption and investment. Strategies of entre- preneurialism in urban Jordan aimed to target and The vast majority of municipalities in Jordan are benefit users with high socioeconomic status. For struggling to meet fundamental municipal commit- instance, High-Density Mixed Used Unit (HDMU) ments due to budget deficits (Mrayyan & Hamdi, projects in Amman articulate Greater Amman 2006; Price, 2020; Qdais, 2007; Tbaishat, 2021). Municipality’s (GAM) managerial policy shift from Municipalities in Jordan are systematically “deprived” providing urban services and land-use management of the political and financial power they need to towards a more corporatist entrepreneurial adminis- administer planning processes from design to imple- tration model. The urban planning agenda-setting mentation (Al Rabady et al., 2014; Daher, 2005; process was not inclusive. Planning authorities Qdais, 2007). Due to their limited capability, munici- excluded any criticism from activists and academics, palities in Jordan are unable to invest in public while young people’s needs and opinions were neither involvement initiatives (Jarrah, 2009). Both the gov- considered nor appreciated (Zeadat, 2018). Moreover, ernment and the wider Jordanian populace experience the neoliberal ideology in urban Jordan privatized financial difficulty (Huneidi, 2014, p. 144), which lim- public space (i.e., Jordan Gate office tower), leaving its bottom-up initiatives to engage young Jordanians young people with few opportunities to benefit from in the public realm. the centralized governmental hier- economic development and growth (Zeadat, 2018). archy has left municipalities without sufficient polit- Young people’s demands for open spaces, play- ical, financial, or professional resources to administer grounds, football pitches, public libraries, and other planning processes from design to implementation (Al infrastructure are endlessly trampled. The oligarch Rabady et al., 2014). state-business relationship negatively influences youth This research is timely and vital to Jordan’s polit- involvement in urban Jordan, which deters the quality ical and economic stability since it comes following and sustainability of urban development. Planning the persistent demand of formal and informal civil 4 Z. F. ZEADAT society organizations urging for political liberalization political mobilization, and elongates and fosters com- and decentralization of authoritative powers. At the munity support. Also, Intergenerational dialogue time of writing this research, the government of builds cultural capital (Santos et al., 2019) which is Jordan (G.o.J.) and the National Assembly of Jordan crucial to fostering communicative planning (i.e., the upper house and the lower house) are (Hemmerling et al., 2022). Building cultural capital in reviewing the Constitution of Jordan and many legis- Jordan’s planning system through an intergenerational lations to instill aspects of democracy and good gov- partnership is vital to ensure complete and persistent youth participation. Strengthening intergenerational ernance. Therefore, this academic piece is a step toward entrenching democracy in Jordan and advo- partnerships in community planning would make cates an institutional space to enable Jordan’s young youth voices heard and encourage them to speak for people to engage in the political realm. The following themselves. Zeadat (2018) confirmed how adultism and negative sociocultural perception concerning section presents the most common strategies adopted young Jordanians weakens youth involvement in pol- worldwide to promote youth inclusion in the public realm. icymaking. Misperceptions of youth are one of the biggest hurdles to intergenerational integration (Liou & Literat, 2020; Van Vliet, 2011). According to princi- Strategies to Promote Youth Participation in ples of communicative rationality, the intergenera- Urban Planning tional debate would inculcate mutual trust, promote This study conducted a comprehensive literature social learning and broaden civic entrepreneurship, review to determine the most common strategies used enhance democracy, and foster feelings of self-worth internationally to promote youth participation in the and confidence among youth communities public realm. The literature review involved reviewing (Checkoway, 2011; Head, 2011). references, including journal articles, reports, confer- Cushing (2014) applied the concept of a “jyouth ence proceedings, Ph.D. theses, and books. master plan” to foster a relationship between youth Consequently, this section discusses six common strat- and adults. Youth master planning has proven effect- egies well-known to stimulate youth participation in ive in changing how young people are perceived in a the public realm. community. The intergenerational debate would change the adult perception of youth as a partner in development, not as a “problematic” or “immature” Building Intergenerational Partnerships in Urban opponent (de Castro, 2022). Urban policymaking Governance could act as an institutional locus creating a platform Adults must change their mindset and accept youth as where adults and youth can interact and develop active participants in society rather than as passive (Leino & Puumala, 2021). The institutional arena of recipients of services. (Geza et al., 2021; Liou & urban policymaking could be transformed from an Literat, 2020; Van Vliet, 2011). According to the the- arena for domination and conflict to a platform for ory of communicative action, with its communica- learning, knowledge sharing, and consensus-building. tive ethics, Mattila (2020) argues that different age groups from various political communities should Fostering Democratized Urban Local Governance acknowledge and respect youth needs in cities and give validity and priority to their claims. The concept The quality of youth participation is assessed not only of “authentic intergenerational dialogue” is powerfully by its scope, such as the number of individuals who relevant and essential for promoting youth involve- attend “orthodox” means of participation (representa- ment in urban policymaking (Liou & Literat, 2020; tive governance); but also by its quality (participative Marchezini et al., 2017; Wexler, 2011; Wyness, 2013). governance), such as when people have a meaningful According to De Souza and Grundy (2007), intergen- impact on the process and decisions. democratization erational interaction increased social capital for both is beyond the competition of parties to reach power young people and Adults. Intergenerational programs (Obeng-Odoom, 2017). Youth participation in urban are increasingly seen as a way to connect the young policymaking is multidimensional and includes shap- and the old, with advantages for both. Van Vliet ing cities, towns, and neighborhoods (Ataol et al., (2011) stated that intergenerational integration enhan- 2022). From a human rights perspective, youth par- ces resource expansion and efficiency, facilitates the ticipation in urban policymaking is seen as an irrevoc- formulation and implementation of policies, promotes able and fundamental right grounded in theories of JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE 5 urban citizenship (Head, 2011; Kudva & Driskell, of adults’ agenda in city planning (Ampatzidou et al., 2009). The Convention on the Rights of the Child 2018). Also, political education is an essential instru- (CRC), signed by Jordan in 1991, clearly states the ment for fostering political campaigning and encour- right of young people to participate in urban policy- aging demand-driven youth engagement and making decision-making processes (Manouchehri & commitment (Bergamini, 2014). Youth participation Burns, 2021; Masuku & Macheka, 2021). The philoso- must be an intrinsic part of their demands, through phy behind youth participation suggests that they are bottom-up participation, rather than a sporadic top- active citizens rather than passive users of welfare down approach (Walther, 2022). Political education services (Mitchell, 2022). Formal institutionalization of could be achieved through youth-led initiatives in youth participation in Jordan is key to sustaining and youth councils and extracurricular education in affirming their participation. Planning legislation schools and universities (Collins et al., 2016). should offer the legal structure and conditions for Therefore, Jordanian young leaders, school teachers, planning authorities to forge the path toward greater and university professors should adopt and adapt best youth participation in urban policymaking (Palmy practices to deliver a creative and bidirectional teach- David & Buchanan, 2020). Following the communica- ing method to foster political education among youth. tive theory, hard infrastructure (i.e., legal framework and planning regulations and acts) are never obsolete; Nurturing Youth Councils in Urban Governance they are formed and transformed at the level of dia- logue and public demands (Mattila, 2020). Jordan’s Young people can participate more effectively if their planning authorities should adopt a holistic approach leadership skills and community planning knowledge to urban policymaking planning, enacting laws and were strengthened (Checkoway et al., 1995). It is diffi- regulations to shift power and institutional autonomy cult to engage young people when they are confused to local authorities. about how and where to start effecting change in urban policymaking or have ideas to address urban Promoting Political Education issues but lack the resources to take action. Nurturing youth councils could allow young Jordanians to Education in liberal democracies has been utilized as openly and freely participate in urban policymaking a vehicle to inculcate fundamental democratic values planning. The efforts of youth councils could be in the next generation so that they are ready for directed towards building intergenerational partner- future political duties (Lilja, 2018). Regardless of age, ships, lobbying and advocacy, acting as a watchdog political education ought to take place in forums of for preserving youth rights, adopting and adapting organized civil society (Bohnen, 2020, p. 54). best practices for youth engagement in community However, from an institutional viewpoint, this is a planning (think globally, act locally), and raising hard challenge for educational institutions (Bohnen, awareness by educating the media (Augsberger et al., 2020, pp. 50–51). 2018; Collins et al., 2016; Percy-Smith, 2010). In this Young people in Jordan need to develop a reper- vein, Cushing (2014) stated the significance of the toire of specialized techniques (i.e., building mobiliza- youth council to ensure the active implementation of tion capacity) to sustain momentum toward active the youth master plan. and genuine youth participation in policymaking. Moreover, youth-led organizations are an effective Mobilization capacity refers to the micro-political vehicle that reflects the views of the young citizenry events where youth act to capture opportunities, or, as (Dodson and Papoutsaki, 2017; Hilder & Collin, 2022) Googins and Rochlin (2000, p. 21) described it, and adapt swiftly to new opportunities due to their “cracks” to challenge established ways of urban policy- organizational agility in contrast to the bureaucratic making practices. Therefore, political education is vital inertia displayed by formal institutions (Ozcelik et al., to teaching youth how to build collaboration, how 2021). For example, public participation techniques governments function, how policies are made and adopted by local authorities to engage the public in how they can engage with other societal forces to general, and young people in specific, were found to reflect their needs in urban policymaking planning (Checkoway, 2011; Rogers et al., 2012). Political edu- be “cumbersome” and “opaque” (Balestrini et al., 2017; Inam, 2022). Thus, they lacked a positive impact cation enhances youth maturity in expressing views and influencing decisions (Sherrod & Lauckhardt, and led to disillusionment and disappointment among 2009) and enables youth to question the domination young people. 6 Z. F. ZEADAT Enhancing Planning Authorities’ Capacities encouraging and expanding young people involved in urban planning. ICT is the arrangement of the elec- There is a need for changes in spatial planning policy tronic capture, storage, processing, transfer, and pres- and practice to achieve Sustainable Developmental entation of data (Oyedemi, 2015; Sakil, 2018). Young Goals (Rodela & Norss, 2022). The inclusionary people have always been following fast advances in approach to urban policymaking planning suggests ICT innovation (Biancone et al., 2018), and such shifting from government to governance, from hier- capabilities provide fertile grounds for youngsters to archical bureaucracy to more deliberative decision- participate in urban policymaking decision-making making (Durose & Rummery, 2006; Innes & Booher, (Oyedemi, 2015; Sakil, 2018). In cities of the Global 2004; Newman et al., 2004). Ensuring sustainable North and the Global South, young people make up urban policymaking in a locality requires coordination the majority of individuals who use the internet and a high level of communication channels that do (Sakil, 2018). The advent of mobile-based public par- not all exist in a technocrat urban governance struc- ticipation (MPP) (e.g., PinStreet) software has also ture (Cushing, 2014; Healey, 2004; Jenkins & Smith emerged and rapidly becoming a necessary instrument 2001a, 2001b; Jiang et al., 2020). The continuous development of local authorities’ administrative cap- in public participation in urban governance (Oyedemi, acity is critical for promoting youth participation in 2015; Wang et al., 2021). Arvanitis et al. (2023) pro- urban policymaking (Geekiyanage et al., 2020). posed digital gamification as a vehicle to enable citi- Collaborative urban policymaking also requires a well- zen participation in urban planning. Novak et al. qualified planning department within municipalities (2018) argue the importance of Digital Social (Marsal-Llacuna & Segal, 2017). Local planning Innovation (i.e., Hybrid LetterBox) by which research- authorities may also require to recruit specialized and ers, social innovators, and citizen participants work well-trained personnel to harvest youth energy and together to co-create information and solutions for utilize it for community development. Municipalities societal challenges. Moreover, Algorithms, data, and in Jordan should design programs that ensure effective AI (ADA) technologies have proven benefits in the communication with the public in general and youth way citizens engage with their governments communities in particular. Building a close relation- (Marmolejo-Ramos et al., 2022; Warne et al., 2021,p. ship between planning authorities and youth would 6; Whittlestone et al., 2019, p. 25). In this vein, ADA enable sustainable and comprehensive urban policy- technologies may be used to assure legitimacy and making plans that are more sensitive and responsive accessibility to enhance the quality, extent, and reach to youth ideas and opinions (Derr, 2015). of youth engagement by planning authorities. Collaborative decision-making requires increased financial resources, capacity, and administrative autonomy for municipalities (Larson et al., 2017; Schmid et al., 2020). Fiscal decentralization and Research Design improving the administrational capacity of local gov- This section presents a detailed description of the ernments ensure that municipalities have adequate methodology adopted for determining the most con- financial resources to nurture youth participation pro- venient strategy to enhance youth participation in grams (Bonye et al., 2013; Obeng-Odoom, 2017; Jordan’s urban planning. First, a comprehensive litera- Tidemand & Msami, 2010). Moreover, inculcating the ture review was carried out to define and illustrate the principles of accountability and transparency in local public participation strategies common in the public planning administration operations would increase the realm. Afterward, eight experts with a history working chances of youth participation in urban policymaking with young Jordanians were interviewed to identify (Tidemand & Msami, 2010). Principles of accountabil- the convenience of each strategy. The fuzzy Delphi ity and transparency support fairness, pluralism, and method (FDM) was used to investigate the conveni- the rule of law, thus ensuring effective, efficient, and ence and prioritize the identified strategies. Although long-term youth participation. the method has been used in different fields, very lim- ited studies have used Delphi in the field of urban The Application of Technology in Youth studies. This might be associated with the limited Participation awareness of the method, and the absence of clear Technology, Information and Communication and consistent instructions for its application (Sourani Technologies (ICT), and social media are ideal for & Sohail, 2015). JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE 7 Data Collection problem (Belton et al., 2019; Fink-Hafner et al., 2019; Tabatabaee, Mohandes, et al., 2022). The Delphi It is worth noting that the number of participants in method aims to improve a group’s access to multiple the Delphi method is relatively low. Many studies interpretations and points of view on a specific topic conducted Delphi with as few as seven participants of discussion (Belton et al., 2019). Moreover, the (Trevelyan & Robinson, 2015), and others with only Delphi method avoids the dilemma, primarily com- three participants (Rowe & Wright, 1999). However, mon in group discussions, of individuals and opinions therefore the group of participants (known as domination, thus enhancing the effectiveness and fair- “panelists” or “panel of experts”) should be chosen ness in discussions (Belton et al., 2019; Rowe & according to their specific areas of expertise (Lilja Wright, 2011). Four fundamental principles define the et al., 2011; Sourani & Sohail, 2015). Accordingly, Delphi technique: anonymity, iteration, controlled three main criteria were considered in the selection of feedback to all group members, and statistical aggre- experts in this study: (1) to have at least an under- gate of individual replies (Belton et al., 2019; Rowe & graduate degree relevant to youth participation in the Wright, 2011). Nevertheless, the Delphi method is public realm, such as in political science, geography, time-consuming and requires extraordinary efforts for urban planning, or the law; and (2) to have at least researchers and participants (Fink-Hafner et al., 2019). five years of relevant experience working with youth The rationale of the Delphi method is to ensure con- in Jordan, and (3) supervised and participated in sensus among research participants. According to more than one youth-related initiatives. Table 1 below Diamond et al. (2014), it is still ambiguous to deter- depicts the background information of each participat- mine what constitutes a sufficient consensus in the ing expert in the research. Delphi process. Another methodological constraint Firstly, the researcher contacted the All-Jordan- lies in the small sample size of research participants, Youth-Commission (AJYC) and the Crown Prince which makes it difficult to generalize the results to a Foundation (CPF). After, a snowballing technique larger population, thus endangering both reliability was used to identify other personnel who are willing and validity (Lilja et al., 2011). Since the Delphi meth- and knowledgeable in the field of the study and with od’s effectiveness heavily depends on the quality of vast experience and knowledge in the Jordanian hous- the feedback offered, the researcher must carefully ing industry and deeply analyze research respondents’ feedback (Fink-Hafner et al., 2019). Consequently, Tabatabaee, Mohandes, et al. (2022) Definition of Strategies and Tabatabaee et al. (2019) suggested integrating This study conducted a comprehensive review of a fuzzy set theory (FST) into the Delphi method to number of literature on youth-centered participatory address respondents’ feedback’s subjectivity, ambigu- planning including Journal articles, conference pro- ity, and fuzziness. FST assists the author in quantify- ceedings, and books. ing the five linguistic scales used in the questionnaire (Tabatabaee et al., 2019) (see Table 2). Prioritization of the Identified Strategies Using the Step 1: Designing the FDM-Based Questionnaire Fuzzy Delphi Method Survey The Delphi method has been widely cited for gather- After defining the most common strategies imple- ing, enhancing, and using practical group-based judg- mented globally to strengthen youth participation in ment and decision-making regarding a particular the public realm, a structured questionnaire was developed based on the identified strategies and the Table 1. Profile of experts involved in the study. Years of experience Table 2. Linguistic variables used to determine the import- in the field of Educational Number of ance of the barriers to adopting SCP in the housing industry Expert ID youth participation background youth initiatives (Tabatabaee, Mohandes, et al., 2022). EXP 1 10 years PhD degree More than 10 Fuzzy EXP 2 5 years MSc degree More than 10 Variables numbers EXP 3 15 years PhD degree Five EXP 4 10 years BSc 15 Not Effective (1, 1, 1.5) EXP 5 7 years PhD degree Five Slightly Effective (1.5, 2, 2.5) EXP 6 6 years BSc 4 Effective (2.5, 3, 3.5) EXP 7 14 years PhD degree More than 10 Very Effective (3.5, 4, 4.5) EXP 8 10 years PhD degree More than 3 Extremely Effective (4.5, 5, 5) 8 Z. F. ZEADAT linguistic characteristics shown in Table 2. The lin- may be quantified. Consequently, the research author guistic variables presented in Table 2 were suggested converted the linguistic variables allocated to each by Tabatabaee, Mohandes, et al. (2022) and adapted barrier to a quantified value following Equation (1) to match the context of this study. The linguistic vari- and Equation (2) : ables start from “Not Effective” to “Extremely FiðbÞ¼ðÞ l , m , u , for i ¼ 1, 2, ... , n: (1) b b b Effective.” Since triangular fuzzy sets are used in this B ðbÞ¼ðÞ l , m , u ¼ðÞ min l , mean m , max u : B B B b b b study, each fuzzy set has three values: the lowest pos- (2) sible value, the most likely value, and the maximum possible value. The lower and higher limits are Where Fi(b) stands for the TFN response of expert between 1 and 5, respectively, whereas the member- i for barrier b, while B (b) signifies the accumulation ship functions are between 0 and 1. of all expert replies for barrier b (where min l , mean After, eight experts were recruited to complete the m , and max u represent the minimum lower value, b b questionnaire using the predefined linguistic variables. the arithmetic mean of the most likely value, and A sample of the questionnaire is provided to them maximum upper bound, respectively). Afterward, (see Table 3). Equation (3) below was employed to obtain a crisp value for each factor (defuzzification). Following, the Step 2: Measure the Consensus of the Replies threshold value was calculated according to Equation Received (4). The threshold value is necessary to determine the One of the Delphi method’s main characteristics is significant factors. obtaining a reasonable consensus among experts DBðbÞ¼ðÞ l þðÞ 4 m þ u =6: (3) b b b chosen to participate in a study (Diamond et al., 2014). Once the author had finished interviewing and TS ¼ DBðbÞ=g: (4) completed the questionnaire of this study, it was n¼1 necessary to determine whether or not an agreement DB(b) is the defuzzified number of aggregated had been reached among the chosen experts. This replies for barrier b, while TS is the threshold value. study adopted the standard deviation to mean ratio The defuzzuifed value of a particular barrier deter- (SDMR) rule to measure the consensus in strategy mines whether the factor is critical or non-critical. If evaluation among research participants (Gunduz & the defuzzuifed value exceeds the set threshold value, Elsherbeny, 2020). If the SDMR for each strategy is the strategy is deemed extremely effective. less than 30%, then research respondents have estab- lished a reasonable consensus on that specific strategy. If the SDMR for each barrier is equal to or higher Research Results than 30%, the consensus among the experts for that Implementing principles of collaborative urban plan- specific barrier is deemed low, requiring experts to be ning is critical to enhancing the quality of life in cities re-interviewed, and if possible, to change their (De Guimar~aes et al., 2020). Also, public participation answers with conviction. in urban policymaking is integral to a democratic society (Carpentier, 2011; Oyedemi, 2015). Step 3: Determining the Critical Strategy Nevertheless, youth participation is not a preference Once a reasonable level of agreement has been of the governments of the Global South (Palmy David reached for each factor, experts’ responses ought to be & Buchanan, 2020; Greenaway, 2011). The involve- converted from a linguistic variable into a quantified value. Therefore, this study employed triangular fuzzy ment of young people in planning should be seen as numbers (TFNs) to maintain the essential factors so an ongoing process rather than discontinuous actions that the variables attributed to the identified strategy (Cushing, 2014). Nevertheless, youth participation in Table 3. Research questionnaire. Convenience of strategies Strategy Not Effective Slightly Effective Effective Very Effective Extremely Effective Building intergenerational partnerships in urban governance ww w w w Fostering political democratization in urban governance ww w w w Promoting political education ww w w w Nurturing Youth Councils in Urban Governance ww w w w Enhancing planning authorities’ capacities ww w w w The Application of ICT Technology in Youth Participation ww w w w JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE 9 Jordan’s urban policymaking is still fledgling and flexibility of information exchange and promoting sporadic (Zeadat, 2018). Youth exclusion in Jordan administrative services to the society (Szarek-Iwaniuk has inimical long-term consequences for their per- and Senetra, 2020). sonal development and the quality of urban life. Most importantly, e-governance enables a close However, there is no single institutional panacea relationship between planning authorities and youth that would solve the problem of youth participation and would enable sustainable and comprehensive spa- in urban policymaking. This study explored and deter- tial plans that are more sensitive and responsive to mined the most convenient and recent strategies youth ideas and opinions. Nevertheless, Jordan still adopted worldwide to promote youth inclusion in has a substantial amount of work to do in terms of urban policymaking. This section highlights the most implementing e-governance and digitizing the delivery convenient strategy to promote youth participation in of citizen service (Alhanatleh et al., 2022; Nofal et al., 2021). The continuous development of local author- Jordan, which is determined in the analysis as ities’ administrative capacity building is critical for “critical” using FDM (see Table 4). As depicted in promoting youth participation in Jordan. The institu- Table 4, research respondents reached an agreement tional structure of planning authorities should embody in the first round of the questionnaire. principles of good governance to acknowledge youth According to research findings (see Figure 2), S6 as an integrated component of sustainable Jordanian (i.e., the Application of Technology in Youth cities, where youth opinions and suggestions are col- Participation), S5 (i.e., enhancing planning authorities’ lected and reflected in the strategic spatial plans of capacities), and S3 (promoting political education) are Jordanian cities. Local authorities may also require to the most convenient policy to promote youth partici- develop specialized skills in ICT to encourage youth pation in Jordan, followed by S1 (i.e., building an participation in the public realm. Jordanian urban pol- intergenerational partnership in urban governance) as icy has been moving towards democratizing and the least convenient policy to the Jordanian context. decentralizing the governance arena and has involved For the sake of brevity, only the most convenient various stakeholders and international organizations strategy (i.e., S6) will be discussed in this section. in a drive toward sustainable urban products (Zeadat, This study argues that ICT and social media chan- 2018). nels, Digital Social Innovation, ADA are vital to reaching young Jordanians. Young Jordanians heavily rely on social media platforms as a source of informa- tion and to express opinions on societal issues (Al Serhan and Elareshi, 2019; Al-Azzam and Al-Mizeed, Threshold value Defuzzified value 2021; Maitland et al., 2015; Mansour et al., 2022; S1 Murad et al., 2023). The majority of young Jordanians own at least one smart device and use the internet 7.5 more regularly and for more social activities than S6 S2 older people. According to Maulana (2016, p. 244), 6.5 social media offer a range of discourses, hence the issue of adult domination and monopoly of power is diluted. Therefore, it is a means for them to express themselves without fear of social or cultural S5 S3 impediments. Also, the advancement of ICT allied to the effects S4 of the COVID-19 pandemic paved the path toward e- governance (Costa and Peixoto, 2020; Gavriluīa Figure 2. The most convenient policy based on the specified et al., 2022; Umbach & Tkalec, 2022) enabling greater threshold values. Table 4. Results of FDM. Strategies Min Most likely value Max Defuzzification Rank SDMR % (first round) Cronbach’s alpha S1 1.5 3.5 5 6.833 6 .24 .926 S2 1.5 3.875 5 7.333 5 .23 S3 1.5 4.125 5 7.666 3 .25 S4 1.5 3.875 5 7.33 4 .23 S5 2.5 4.00 5 7.833 2 .17 S6 2.5 4.125 5 8.00 1 .22 10 Z. F. ZEADAT Conclusion public hearings, town hall meetings, charrettes) are neither attractive nor effective to engage young Youth participation in urban policymaking is vital to Jordanians in the planning process. They emphasized ensure urban resilience and sustainable urban devel- that recent technologies and advancements in ICT opment. In this vein, the author employed the concept and social media channels are the most effective chan- of sustainable urban development in a restrictive nels to reach young people (De Lucas y Murillo de la sense, emphasizing its institutional dimension to Cueva and D’Antonio Maceiras, 2020; Szarek-Iwaniuk & investigate the possibilities for greater youth participa- Senetra, 2020). tion in Jordan’s urban policymaking. Despite growing voices demanding greater youth participation in the public realm, a plethora of aca- Notes demic research demonstrates how young people are 1. There is no unanimity on a numerical definition of still marginalized from urban policymaking youth in the professional or scholarly works of (Manouchehri & Burns, 2021; Palmy David & literature. For statistical purposes, international development agencies such as the World Bank (W.B.) Buchanan, 2020). Although urban Jordan hosts a large and the United Nations (U.N.) have traditionally population of young people, their expertise, opinions, classified youth as everyone aged 15–24 (Palmy David and experiences have been utilized in urban policy- & Buchanan, 2020). making to a minimal level (Zeadat, 2018, p. 277). This 2. The terms Global South/North are commonly used in research is commensurate with a postmodern view of development literature, and they have been used urban policymaking, urging young Jordanians to con- interchangeably with other, related terminology such as developing and developed nations. tribute their effort and energy to urban policymaking. 3. The ideology behind youth involvement in the Global Youth momentum and spirits are recognized as a sig- South is firmly backed and recommended by nificant element in catalyzing positive change in coun- international aid donors (i.e., UN, UNDP, UKAID, tries of the Global South (Ataol et al., 2022; Berglund, USAID, the World Bank, IMF, and JICA). 2008; Breitbart & Kepes, 2007; Palmy David & (Greenaway, 2011). Several international organizations and donors operating in the Global South promote Buchanan, 2020). Young Jordanian’s enthusiasm for youth participation in urban policymaking, but their participation in the public realm is indisputable. support is sporadic and depends on the availability of Young Jordanians have a strong sense of ownership public funds or internationally funded projects. and patriotism toward their nation, cities, and local- 4. The annual rate of population growth in Jordan was ities. They are passionately keen to voluntarily offer reported at 0.64363% in 2021 (DoS, 2022). their knowledge, time, and effort for the common 5. Amman 2025 is a strategic spatial plan initiated in 2005 for the city of Amman, Jordan. good. Unfortunately, youth enthusiasm for participa- 6. Daher (2005) coined the term “architectural tion is often antagonized by the technocratic and sci- cosmetics” to criticize the mere aesthetical treatment entific planning approach, corporatist planning in urban regeneration in Jordanian cities. According to agenda, and Adultism. Failure to offer meaningful Daher (2005), urban regeneration approach should be chances for this vast part of the population might holistic to include aspects of physical development along with addressing cultural and social issues. have far-reaching economic, political, cultural, and 7. Three essential characteristics of entrepreneurialism social ramifications in the long run (Hope, 2012). include a concentration on urban economic growth, This study reviewed the existing literature regard- commercial partnerships between the state and the ing the most common strategies adopted worldwide to private sector, and a deliberate recruitment of the promote youth participation in urban planning. Six creative class (professionals, high level innovators, and strategies were identified and discussed. FDM was scientists) (Obeng-Odoom, 2017). 8. Healey (2003, p. 103) referred to governance as employed to determine the most convenient strategy managing collective affairs (i.e., urban policymaking) in the Jordanian context. This implies that the find- among fundamental societal forces. Good governance ings of this study are built on the opinions of means deliberating urban policymaking decisions Jordanian experts with long experience working with among the civil society, the state and the market youth in Jordan. (Innes et al., 1994), representing a paradigm shift in policymaking from expert-led, technocratic plans to Research participants and academic scholars agreed consensual collaborative planning (Legacy et al., 2018; that most urban planning participation mechanisms Wang et al., 2021). The foundation of good urban provide inadequate or inappropriate strategies for governance is built on the principle that people of all young citizens (Saßmannshausen et al., 2021; Szarek- ages and genders should enjoy urban citizenship Iwaniuk and Senetra, 2020). Research participants benefits. Good urban governance maintains that no agreed that traditional forms of engagement (i.e., man, woman, or child should be denied access to JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE 11 urban policymaking (Legacy et al., 2018; Wang et al., Al Rabady, R., Rababeh, S., & Abu-Khafajah, S. (2014). 2021). Urban heritage governance within the context of emerg- 9. social fragmentation in urban Jordan was portrayed as ing decentralization discourses in Jordan. Habitat manifestations of conflict between big businesses and International, 42, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habi- ordinary citizens, taking on the form of “us” and tatint.2014.01.002 Al Serhan, F., & Elareshi, M. (2019). University students’ “them.” For instance, New Abdali is a form of the awareness of social media use and hate speech in Jordan. enclosed gated community accomodating several high- rise buildings, providing seclusion and exclusivity for International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 13(2), 548– the “high-end” social strata. The project is well Al-Azzam, A. F., & Al-Mizeed, K. (2021). The effect of guarded and fitted with advanced CCTV security digital marketing on purchasing decisions: A case study systems providing services solely to insular people’s in Jordan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and agendas, needs, and interests. Business, 8(5), 455–463. 10. It is worth noting that the government of Jordan Alhanatleh, H., Aboalganam, K., & Awad, H. (2022). (GoJ) has enacted in September, 2022 the Child Rights Electronic government public value of public institutions Law after 25 years from signing the UN’s Convention in Jordan. International Journal of Data and Network on the Rights of the Child. The Act make it a Science, 6(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021. requirement for Jordanian planners to involve children 10.007 and youth in the urban planning agenda (i.e., Articles: Alnsour, J. A., & Meaton, J. (2014). Housing conditions in 7, 18, 19). Palestinian refugee camps, Jordan. Cities, 36,65–73. 11. This mainly include but not limited to waste https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.10.002 management and collection, sweeping and overhauling Alqudah, M. A., & Muradkhanli, L. (2021). Artificial intelli- inner streets, park maintenance, and landscaping. gence in electric government; Ethical challenges and gov- 12. The most critical and relevant legislation for this ernance in Jordan. Electronic Research Journal of Social research are the Decentralisation Act of 2015, no. 49 Sciences and Humanities, 3,65–74. and Municipalities Act of 2015, no. 41. Ampatzidou, C., Constantinescu, T., Berger, M., Jauschneg, 13. In the 1980s, John Forester and Jurgen € Habermas M., Gugerell, K., & Devisch, O. (2018). All work and no established the idea of “communicative rationality” in play? Facilitating serious games and gamified applications sharp contrast to the instrumental rationality that in participatory urban planning and governance. 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Journal
Journal of Sustainable Real Estate
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Dec 31, 2023
Keywords: Fuzzy Delphi method; ICT communication technology; sustainable urban development; urban Jordan; youth participation
