Abstract

LANDSCAPES 195 Husbandry of c.1280 is well known, with its advice on what we would now call sustainable woodland management, urging landowners to survey their woods and their standing timber to determine ‘what you can sell without loss or destruction, and what it is worth yearly beyond the return’. Far less well known is the much shorter early fifteenth century verse trea- tise by Master John Gardener which Johnston suggests was based on first-hand experience of sowing, planting, pruning, and grafting, where Gardener says clay should be used as a wound treatment to exclude air. Ever-more sources are available on Tudor and Stuart gardening, and Johnston wisely sets aside the stylistic march of fashion often used as a framework by garden historians. Not all owners or gardeners were dedicated followers of fashion, and many garden elements remained popular throughout the period. The design styles of the early modern period, and of the great age of the landscape park which followed, are familiar to garden and landscape historians, but Johnston’s emphasis on the species of trees and shrubs used in mazes, wildernesses, and avenues offers a fresh angle. In the seventeenth century, as John Parkinson wrote in his Paradisis in