Abstract

Abstract Material artifacts play an important role in many learning environments. Such artifacts can include sketches, manipulatives, 3D models, toys and games, or the scrap materials found in makerspaces. Some theorists have argued that material artifacts, even though they do not move or talk, should be considered to have autonomous agency and to interact as equals with human participants. But there have been few empirical studies that explore whether or how material artifacts are attributed agency by human participants. This paper contributes to this issue by analyzing interactions between professor and student in design studio classrooms, where the student’s created work is the central focus. I analyze the close coordination of talk—including syntactic constructions and verb aspect—with nonverbal action, including eye gaze, gesture, body orientation, and body position. In the first set of findings, I identify six interactional mechanisms that attribute agency to the work, in both verbal and nonverbal modalities. I demonstrate that through the use of these six laminated multimodal resources, the student’s creative work is socially constructed as an agentive participant. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of artifact agency in social practices. In the second set of findings, I show how professors enlist these six practices in discursive patterns that scaffold students in mastering the dialogue of creativity: a process that distributes creative agency between the student and their unfolding work. These dialogues model for students a creative process characterized by iteration, ambiguity, exploration, and emergence. I conclude by discussing the implications for our understanding of teaching and learning for creativity.