The Effects of Presidential Debate Formats on Clash: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
Since the first presidential debate in 1960, scholars and journalists have criticized the debates by arguing that deficient formats have resulted in little clash or “real debate.” This essay examines the level of clash in the 1988 presidential debates through use of content analysis. It also compares the findings regarding clash in 1988 with those from past debates. The essay concludes that the criticisms of debates are overstated and that clash is a product of format as well as...