Abstract
This article explores how idealized architectural plans are negotiated in relation to the practical concerns and socio-cultural conditions of modern and contemporary Korea. As a case study, it focuses on analyzing the masterplans of Yonsei University, one of the key universities that illustrate the architectural modernity of Korea, as well as reflecting the continual interactions between different agents of power within and outside the country. Particular attention is given to the evolution of the university's masterplans at four different points in time: the plans proposed in 1917, 1925, 1957, and 1970 respectively, all of which are compared to the 2016 map. The 1917 plan is a product made by an American architect—Henry K. Murphy—who proposed a design without visiting the site. Such a process lacking tactile engagement resulted in generating an overly western-style and also an 'ideal' plan that does not adequately respond to actual site conditions. While the 1925 and 1957 plans are updated versions that are based on Murphy's site visits, they still seem idealized to a great degree. It is rather the last two maps—1970 and 2016 plans—where one can detect how they manifest themselves for the changing conditions of modern and contemporary Korea; a number of those working at the university participated in the design process, which focused on generating more realistic strategies in response to South Korea's 'compressed modernity'. Our in-depth visual analysis of the Yonsei masterplans shows how idealized plans are negotiated and reworked, thereby reflecting realistic demands for university life in material ways. Keywords: university masterplan; negotiated idealism; masterplan; Yonsei University; Korean modern architecture 1. Introduction interplay between missionary practices and their 1.1 The Background and Purpose of the Research architectural developments, both of which shape the One of the aspects that constitute the modernity of multiple strata of modernity in which various agents of Korean architecture is an increasing number of modern power produce relationships with given situations and educational institutions, which is intricately related to thus bring forth singular forms of modernization that the country's modernization that took place throughout are neither top-down nor bottom-up. In particular, our the 20th-century (Kim, 2012, 49-51, 61-62, 167-168; case shows how foreign influences have become the Joo and Jeon, 2009, 201). Those institutions appeared driving forces shaping modernity, while influencing in varying contexts, and each illustrates peculiar formal the formation of landscapes reminiscent of 'western' and spatial features distinct from one another. This architectural styles. The kind of modernity that we are article investigates such a phenomenon through which examining is a religious one, which is implemented by to explore architectural modernity in Korea, by taking missionary practices for the sake of modernization. a series of masterplans of Yonsei University as a case However, it is crucial to note that such forms are study. most often disputed due to the fact that they are Yonsei University is one of the early missionary brought from outside the country, and often considered schools, and is the prime example in examining the 'alien' or 'inauthentic.' For instance, Choi Haeweol writes, "a common image of American missionaries at the turn of the twentieth century in Korea relates *Contact Author: Dai Whan An, Associate Professor, to their roles as modernizers" (Choi, 2005, 39). If her Department of Architecture, Chungbuk National University, comment is rather neutral, claims Kim Yunseong, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, the impacts of modernization are highly debated, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea being treated either as "pioneers of modernization" or Tel: +82-10-2757-4229 Fax: +82-43-263-2634 "agents of imperialism" (Kim, 1999, 206). Regarding E-mail: an4229@cbnu.ac.kr architectural style, such imperialist strategies are ( Received April 1, 2017 ; accepted July 9, 2018 ) materially found with high elaboration: for example, DOI http://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.17.401 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/September 2018/408 401 early-modern Korean architecture is often defined by Severance. In 1917, the missionary foundation, with "neo-Baroque banks, Renaissance-style public offices the founder Horace G. Underwood (1859-1916), and Romanesque churches," all of which are signs of purchased the school's site at the current location that modernization in architectural senses (Koehler, 2008). was on the outskirts of Seoul (Shin, 2006, 6). While Although it is beyond the scope of this article as running an office called Murphy & Dana Architects, to how crucial such practices are in forming Korean American architect Henry K. Murphy took up the modernity overall, as Robert D. Woodberry notes, it project and proposed the first masterplan of the school. is hardly disputed that modernity is fundamentally After Korea's independence from Japan in 1945, the a complex phenomenon, one that is difficult to fully institution's name changed from 'Yonhee Professional excavate by any single perspective (Woodberry, 2007, College' to 'Yonhee University.' In addition, as the 265). Considering such diverse range of definitions Severance Medical School and Yonhee University of the term, we aim to explore how various agents became integrated under the name 'Yonsei University' of power related to the construction of the Yonsei in 1957, the second masterplan was proposed. A campus generate complex patterns of modernity, number of buildings, with styles inscribed with which encourages us to conduct an in-depth formal languages of gothic architecture, were constructed and spatial analysis of historical records: the set of within the campus after 1970. It is noticeable that masterplans of the school. three of those were nominated as national heritages in An in-depth analysis of the Yonsei masterplan can the year 1981: Stimpson Hall, Underwood Hall, and help us to understand not only its design aspects, but Appenzeller Hall (An, 2014; An, 2016; Paek and An, also the conceptions of western missionary universities 2017). After several decades, the school underwent a and their extension to new cultural contexts. Therefore, major transformation in the year 2014, a reconstruction examining the case provides evidence in exploring of underground galleries alongside the main vertical modern architecture, with particular attention to ways axis, and landscaping on the ground level. that modern educational institutions were established Understanding Henry K. Murphy's role in shaping and spatially dispersed in the country. In doing so, the Yonsei masterplan is crucial evidence for our this article focuses on comparing and contrasting four study. Murphy, a successful Yale graduate, was not different masterplans designed in 1917, 1925, 1957, sufficiently familiar with Asia, but it was in 1914 that and 1970 respectively. Moreover, this article will also he undertook a number of Asian projects, especially look at the changing modes of building arrangement ones for buildings and masterplans for universities and design throughout the twentieth century. (Cody, 2001, 28-51), including the satellite campus 1.2 The Object and Method of the Research of Yale University in China, mostly known as 'Yale- In order to explore the multiple strata of modernity in-China.' Visiting cities like Yokohama and Tokyo, through the analysis of Yonsei masterplans, this article and Changsha and Shanghai around that year, Murphy offers three bodies of analysis. First, it focuses on was able to take up several new projects. For instance, looking at the overall features of the campus layout as Murphy scholar Jeffrey W. Cody notes, during consisting of a set of buildings, through which to trace the period between 1914 and 1918, his four projects, back its temporal development in history. Second, this including campus designs for "Fukien Christian article excavates the detailed conceptions of building University (Fuzhou), Ginling College for Girls arrangement in relation to the school's historical (Nanjing), Fudan College (Shanghai), and Chosen development. Especially related to the second, we Christian College (Seoul, Korea)" enabled him to make have integrated the hands-on site investigation of money amounting to "$1,450,000," which was about Yonsei University that one of us participated in as 19% of his firm's entire revenue (Cody, 2001, 63). a surveyor, which was funded and published by the What is derived from Murphy's spatial trajectory Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea from 2000 is the fact that he gained a sense of Asia primarily to 2013. Third, we also focus on discussing how such through his visits to China and Japan, whereas he conceptions are negotiated with practical concerns, and visited Korea four years later in 1918, which was one how they are reflected through architectural design. year after the first Yonsei masterplan was proposed. Hence, the lack of local site conditions led him to 2. A Short Historiography of Yonsei University rethink design strategies. In particular, Cody writes Before moving to an in-depth formal analysis, that Murphy was concerned by "the hilly and wooden knowing some of the school's history will provide setting" of the Yonsei campus, which was something a useful step in setting up the relationship between that Murphy was not familiar enough with, even missionary practices and architectural design in 20th- compared to other Asian cases (Cody, 2001, 65). The century Korea. Yonsei University is a school that solution proposed is an implementation of "symmetry is combined with two separate institutions: Yonhee and picturesqueness," ideas being derived from his Professional College established by missionaries from 'western' architectural conception (Cody, 2001, 65). the Northern Presbyterian Church, and the Severance Put differently, a rather belated visit to the Yonsei Medical School established by an American, L.H. campus was a moment during which Murphy was more 402 JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek attentive to site conditions, thus generating a more north, as well as illustrating an entrance and a core negotiated idea. What then would be the detailed ways area. In order to emphasize a linear displacement in of negotiation that Murphy and other related agents relation to the site conditions, the 1917 plan sets out a came up with? vertically strong axis, which is tilted slightly toward the right. Second, it makes an outer circulation of the 3. Analyzing the Masterplans of Yonsei University central area, while placing the main buildings on a 3.1 The 1917 Masterplan symmetrical layout within the circulation area, which There is no doubt that understanding the earliest creates a geometrically stable form. Third, the plan version of the masterplan is a starting point for our aims to preserve the royal tomb called Sukyungwon, exploration extended to an entire century. Overall, a cultural heritage that is located in the east side of it is marked by two characteristics (Fig.1.): first, the campus. Fourth, dormitories for married couples references to the masterplans of East-coast American are placed in the south of the outer circulation road and European universities; and second, the formation (Sungsanro), which is, however, not fully developed of a strong linear axis that links the main street and the because it was simply treated as part of the future plan. central area in the north. Yonhee Professional College 3.2 The 1925 Masterplan purchased the site in 1917, and asked Murphy to The 1925 masterplan is a result of Murphy's site design the masterplan. After gaining design experience visit in 1918: it is postulated that, through the visit, he for university masterplans in Asia before coming to attempted to understand the actual site conditions and Korea, he was able to come up with a plan that is more other practical issues in order to initiate the project or less a 'western-style' displacement, by utilizing the (Fig.2.). The overall layout of the masterplan is based basic information and statistical data of the school. The on the 1917 plan, and this speculation is made in site has a primary mountain (written as '主山 ' in the reference to the following: 1) the linear placement of kanji alphabet) in the north, and its contour features buildings alongside the main axis; 2) the design of the lines that gradually decrease towards the south, where central area in the north; 3) and the preservation of the the Kyungeui Line and another main street called east area where cultural heritages are located. Sungsanro were constructed. Since Murphy was not familiar enough with the site, what he focused on was to impose an 'ideal' image of the university campus, which vaguely reflects the actual site conditions. Fig.2. The 1925 Masterplan of Yonsei University However, it is noticeable that the 1925 masterplan is distinct from the 1917 plan in several aspects. First, the 1925 plan is based on a strict north-south direction while retaining the oblique line of the main street. Although made in a subtle way, Murphy's attention to direction implies that the proposed plan is not a simple symmetrical layout, but a product reflecting the actual site conditions. Second, the 1925 plan was made in reference to topographical maps, which is another big Fig.1. The 1917 Masterplan of Yonsei University difference from the 1917 one. Third, a road design Given this situation, the details of Murphy's 1917 of the campus is illustrated more clearly than in the plan can be summarized by the following. First, the previous case. It is particularly worth noting that the plan establishes an arrangement through the main axis, northeast area is marked with specific measurements. which starts from the lower area near Sungsanro to While the outer road connects to the main campus the northern area in which a number of key university street (Baekyangro) in the 1917 plan, the latter has buildings are located. It is a straightforward plan that a lagoon between the two spots, which encourages sets up a clear separation between the south and the a detouring movement by visitors. Fourth, the 1925 JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek 403 plan illustrates areas beyond the outer road, which is buildings in the far north are unusually large and thus another evidence that the architect began paying more not in complete harmony with nearby environments. attention to the site's topology than before. Hence, such an idealized plan shows evidence of the Both the 1917 and 1925 plans were designed to architects' lack of understanding concerning the site. connect the outer roads to the campus through the main Fifth, the plan placed the Medical School on the east boulevard, which forms a strong linear axis as it is side of the boulevard, which was intended to protect straightforwardly lined up from the south to the north. the cultural heritage site where Sukyungwon and a Such linearity is derived from the conception that building are located. Sixth, the plan also placed a simultaneously makes distance from and connects to symmetrical building with extended wings alongside the outside in flexible ways. The central campus area is the central axis, which is another aspect showing the shaped in a simple way, as characterized by its density architects' effort to expand the central area. However, that consists of a set of buildings, visual symmetry, the building's shape greatly differs from nearby ones and repeated placements. Moreover, outer circulation and thus gives an alien feel. roads clearly show the line between the inside and the Another interesting thing to note in the 1957 plan is outside of the school area. These two plans thus show that there are a series of horizontally long buildings in formal consistency, as well as making the environment the far north, which marks a visual difference from the highly functional. rest and implements the variety of campus design in an 3.3 The 1957 Masterplan architectural sense. Taking all these into consideration, The 1957 plan was designed by another American we claim that the 1957 masterplan is an attempt to architecture office called Smith, Hinchman & Grylls preserve design aspects of the previous plans, while Association located in Detroit, Michigan (Fig.3.); and also proposing new ways to resonate with various the agency that initiated the project was called The changing aspects around the university. United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia. In the 1950s, universities in Korea were in the process of enlarging their school size, and the same holds true for Yonsei University. But what made the Yonsei case different from others is the fact that they integrated two interrelated entities: Yonhee University and the Severance Medical School. Integrating these two was a big task, and such an attempt greatly influenced the way that the 1957 plan is radically differentiated from the previous cases, which can be summed up by six points. First, the 1957 plan emphasizes neither a linearity of roads nor the straight-up northern direction. Instead, it considers the longest part of the campus to be the standard north-south axis. This emphasis represents an attempt to actively use the entire school area and to make 'negotiations' with the strong axis of the campus. Second, a new area was designed in the southeast part within the campus, in which medical schools were placed. The new plan was proposed for functional reasons, as it was to place buildings in relationship to the expanding medical school area. It was also an experiment to place buildings apart from the outer road, which separates the campus from the outside and thus makes the campus autonomous. Third, each section of the plan is clearly marked by circulating roads and bypasses, which illustrate the Fig.3. The 1957 Masterplan of Yonsei University relationship between buildings and their surroundings, as well as implementing a layout that can efficiently 3.4 The 1970 Masterplan work in daily life. In addition, both sides of the The 1970 masterplan was made under two initiatives boulevard were left unplanned, and a road accessing (Fig.4.): first, a committee for a long-term university the main boulevard was visually highlighted. Fourth, development was established in 1967; and second, buildings that are located in the north and northeast another long-term development plan was developed for areas show decorative patterns that look similar to the period between 1970 and 1985. The most critical each other, thereby illustrating an ideal image of the thing to note is that professors and staffs working masterplan, although quite simplified. Five different at the school actually participated in the design 404 JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek process, particularly faculty members working at the a result of the fifteen-years-long endeavor, which is Department of Architecture. South Korea's 1970s was a also of practical concern. Fourth, many buildings period of social and political turmoil, since establishing were constructed in the area where Sukyungwon, the a democratic system was the key driving force aforementioned on-campus heritage, is located. This that influenced every sector of the society. Another makes the 1970 plan quite different from previous feature that marks the 1970s is that the number of ones, since the heritage site was considered not just undergraduate students noticeably increased, which something to be preserved but rather a field for active naturally likewise influenced the increase of university development. This changing attitude concerning buildings to a large degree. siting reflects the nationwide atmosphere that the country experienced through the drive for industrial modernization led by Park Chung-hee, the leader of the military regime who had taken up his presidency between 1963 and 1979. He is best known for the phrase "the miracle of the Han," which implicates his strong leadership in developing South Korea into a new industrial country. Fifth, the plan of the central area was much more specified than before. It is interesting to note that three buildings and a courtyard in that area make a picturesque harmony, which brings forth visual consistency and also functions in relation to nearby milieus. Sixth, the west-side area where a playground was located was redesigned, and a few large-scale buildings were added; this addition resulted in deemphasizing the gymnastic nature of space, instead highlighting the image of the campus with renovated buildings that are marked with modern design. Fig.4. The 1970 Masterplan of Yonsei University Such unstable, but unprecedentedly dynamic social conditions greatly affected the 1970 masterplan of Yonsei University, and such transitional aspects can be summarized by the following six points. First, similar to the 1957 case, the 1970 plan establishes the longest part of the campus as the main axis instead of other considerations. This strategy is also found in historical records, which articulate specific ways of grouping buildings for each college that could help in utilizing the campus area with maximum efficiency. Second, a number of buildings were placed at the areas contiguous to the outer road, and the direction of each building was set toward the south instead of the north. This is crucial to note, because constructing buildings in the south means trying to respond to the increasing Fig.5. The 2016 Layout of the Campus need of making the university as a city center. Third, outer circulation roads were clearly differentiated from 3.5 The 2016 Map the ones within the campus, which helped them to It is not surprising to find that the 2016 map is implement a layout in a much clearer way than before. widely different from the 1970 plan, but much of The spatial division between buildings and roads was it still remains the same, except the fact that a few JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek 405 more buildings were added around the campus border (Fig.5.). As noted above, three symmetrical buildings and the courtyard located at the center, mark the 1970 plan and, the 2016 map extends the same formula in the north but with minor variations. In other words, the same way of designing, consisting of a set of buildings and a courtyard, repeats twice, and the repetition constructs the image of the campus in a consistent manner. Meanwhile, the northeast area was not developed further, which is a sign of strategy in making the campus unique compared to other universities that were rather obsessive concerning over-construction, which most often resulted in making the campuses generic. In other words, an underdeveloped area is itself the crucial constituent that constructs the identity of a university campus in modern Korea, and the Yonsei masterplan represents such an aspect. A satellite site located in the far north also characterizes the 2016 map; moreover, the underground space was recently completed, which evidences the negotiation of a spatial expansion under given circumstances. Fig.6. The Key Building Area of the 1917 Plan 4. Negotiating the Masterplans of Yonsei University Meanwhile, the idealization of the 1957 plan is throughout 20th-century Korea characterized by the grouping of two different building 4.1 1925 and 1957: Formal Adjustment types. The first group includes buildings that were Investigating the evolution of the Yonsei masterplan either completed or at near completion, while the throughout the century thus encourages us to rethink second comprises a set of rough sketches illustrating the complex layers comprising the campus, where no buildings only as rectangles and having no details. linear progress of imposing ideas and their applications However, it is notable that the 1957 plan is much more are at work. Although the earlier versions still rely on 'realistic' than before for the following reasons. First, images derived from a foreign architect's mind, starting it has an addition of the Severance Medical School, so from the 1957 plan, moments of negotiation at varying the campus was 'comprehensively redesigned.' Second, situations shape the actual campus space. Hence, it is the plan illustrates a building with extended wings in our aim to look at these disparate masterplans in an the north with great detail, which evidences that the integrated and comparative manner, which will enable plan was already in progress. This building is similar us to consider such negotiations as the key that defines to the College of Engineering located in the southwest the modernity of Korean architecture as evinced by of the campus, and this similarity encourages one to the Yonsei case. In this sense, we offer three different speculate about the 'mimetic' process of design, which kinds of negotiation based on our case study. generates an image of the university in a stronger and The first kind of negotiation is formal adjustment. more consistent way. However, the 1957 plan was not In this respect, the serial masterplans, especially the fully matured and rather marked as a gesture towards ones proposed in 1925 and 1957, are crucial evidences idealization, which can be evidenced by the emphasis illustrating how the plans were negotiated in relation of the grid system in the placement of buildings in the to practical concerns, thereby doing away with overly north, and other minute design aspects. Although not idealized campus plans. The 1917 masterplan is thus realized, these buildings are evidence illustrating that a point of departure, a moment of imbrication from the responsible architects made a twofold strategy, which further variations could unfold, fuse themselves implementing a long-term design, as well as leaving with the existing bodies of work, and bring forth new possibilities that can be further employed in the near events. It is marked by a vertically long axis with future. complete symmetry that consists of geometrically 4.2 1970: Negotiating through Multiple Agencies harmonious buildings, which widely contrasts with In the meantime, the 1970 masterplan is an updated the rest that is outstandingly asymmetrical (Fig.6.). version of the 1957 plan. Initially it emphasized Bachelors' dormitories are located in the south, and constructing buildings alongside the main boulevard, each of them is characterized by an ideal placement, in a way that the axial road was used not just as a which consists of a square in the north and buildings in passageway but also as a nodal point to all of the the south. subdivided zones. Furthermore, the 'inverse triangle' 406 JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek (Fig.4.) reflects the high density of the south. What forth a central idea about the campus, it was destined resulted is that the northern area was relatively to be updated by him after his visit in 1925, and such underdeveloped and the natural environments were modifications continued afterwards. If the 1957 plan well preserved instead. This is how the 1970 plan is was adjusted in the speedy, and most often chaotic differentiated from the 1957 one: while the latter aimed atmosphere as the country recovered from the Korean to develop the inner area within the campus, the former War (1950-1953), the 1970 plan reflects the drive for was executed in a reverse manner, highlighting how modernization in all levels of the country. Professors the campus connects itself to the outside. This change and staffs were a mixed group consisting of specialists is related to the rapid urbanization of the nearby area. and those not familiar with architectural design, but The Sinchon commercial district in the 1960s, where what grouped them together was the fact that they Yonsei University is located, was in the development were paid employees of the school, thus having better process with funds provided by the school, which understandings than Murphy both culturally and includes the construction of roads and railways. administratively. This is how the 1970 case deviates Such a process also resulted in making the south from an idealized formality of what typical western area of the campus a sub-center, thereby fusing the campuses might look like, but becomes entangled with boundary between the campus and the city. In this the intra-, infra-, and extra-structural settings of the respect, it is fair to claim that the reverse growth of school and beyond. the Yonsei campus is a response to the changing urban 4.3 2016: Branding the Campus conditions. Second, the country's population growth The negotiation between idealization and realization impacted the increasing number of students attending becomes much more prominent in the 2016 map. What the school. While it is true that more facilities were is at stake is the maintenance and expansion of the required to meet the expectations concerning incoming campus, in particular the three symmetrical buildings students, accessibility was also a key consideration. (Stimpson Hall, Underwood Hall, and Appenzeller Since the campus was not able to provide all the Hall), and a courtyard mentioned above (Fig.8.). They necessary facilities, students were encouraged to go were originally planned in 1917 and constructed in outside the campus for everyday life. 1920, and they have symbolized the university since then. While a symmetry-based symbolism has been widely maintained, what is also worth noticing is that such symbolism has also been reproduced in different areas through renewals of the masterplan, although with slight variations (such as span differentiation and size). Harmonization with the surroundings was highly considered, but encountering them always results in differing feelings, which is why the Yonsei campus is a case beyond simple reproduction of western exemplars. Fig.7. The Key Building Area of the 1970 Plan The dynamics between idealization and realization is also what makes the 1970 plan distinct from others, as well as encouraging us to speculate about how it went through negotiating processes in contact with multiple agencies. Since the serial masterplans went through several changes over time, each case is involved with Fig.8. The Key Building Area of the 2016 Map various individuals, either professional architects or staff members working at the university. Who would Considering western cases to be ideal precedents then be the most influential subject in the formation of is nothing new in the history of Yonsei University, as the Yonsei masterplan? The presumed answer would Alice R. Appenzeller, the principal of Ewha Womans be that, despite the slight degrees of differentiation, University—a school that is near Yonsei and also one each involved in the 'negotiating' process played a role of the missionary schools in modern Korea—noted in the making of the campus. If Murphy, the master that she had an ambition to build Yonsei University architect, was the one who schematically brought as a school comparable to her alma mater, Wellesley JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek 407 College (located in the Boston area) (Jung, 2005, shaping university masterplans, we also claim that, 20). Appenzeller's dream was unachieved, although in order to read the dynamics and tensions between a building named after her still stands in the Yonsei idealization and negotiation, one needs to activate the campus (Appenzeller Hall) as one of the cores. As historical pasts in a more critical way, which would historian Eric Hobsbawm noted, such an aspiration always renew the interrelationship between the built brings forth an 'invented tradition,' in the sense that environments and those agencies involved in them in represented historical traces inherent in a certain varying situations. cultural domain are transported to another without fully grasping its subtle nuances and cultural implications Note 1 The 'Chosen Christian College' that Cody refers to in the above- (Hobsbawm, 1983, 1). mentioned book is in fact Yonsei University, but he does not Taken overall, the 2016 map is a result illustrating correlate these two with each other. An inability to correlate how the school has persistently aspired to enhance them is presumably due to his inability of identifying those two its brand value, while simultaneously preserving the according to the terms written Korean language and kanji alphabet, historic pasts and strategically expanding the territory as well as the emphasis of his research made more on China and Japan than on Korea. within the campus and beyond. Preservation matters, and those protected can be detected at several points References within the campus. For instance, the royal tombs in 1) An, Dai-whan. (2014). Comparison with the Elevation the east from the main boulevard were markedly well Composition of Underwood Hall, Appenzeller Hall, and Stimson protected in both the 1917 and 1925 plans. In addition, Hall in Yonsei University, Journal of the Architectural Institute of the Medical School in the Far East was also carefully Korea, 30(10): pp.123-132. considered in relation to Sukyungwon, which is another 2) An, Dai-whan. (2016). Comparison with Characteristics of the Floor Plan of Stimson Hall, Underwood Hall, and Appenzeller heritage within the campus area. Although the 2016 Hall in Yonsei University, Journal of the Korea Academia- map illustrates a rather reduced degree of preservation Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(3): pp.423-431. compared to earlier versions, important places are still 3) Choi, Hae-weol. (2005). Christian Modernity in the Missionary protected despite the comprehensive renovation of the Discourse of Korea, 1905-10, East Asian History, 29, June: pp.39- campus, which has undertaken a noticeable renewal 68. 4) Cody, Jeffrey. W. (2001). Building in China: Henry K. Murphy's in the past few years. The construction of satellite 'Adaptive Architecture', 1914-1935 (Seattle: University of campuses, located in an international city named Washington Press). Incheon, is another point to consider, which evidences 5) Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. (2013). Survey Report the school's long-term development strategies. Put of Underwood Hall in Yonsei University, Seoul, Cultural Heritage differently, Yonsei University has expanded in a Administration of Korea. 6) Hobsbawm, Eric. (1983). "Introduction" in The Invention of 'centrifugal' way (as opposed to 'centripetal') through Tradition, eds. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: continual expansions. Cambridge University Press): pp.1-14. 7) Joo, Sang-hun, and Jeon, Bong-hee. (2009). A Study on 5. Conclusion Characteristics of Layout Programs through the Process of In sum, this article has explored the relationship Construction of Governmental Middle and High Schools of Seoul in the Japanese Occupation Period, Journal of Architectural between idealization and its negotiation through a case Institute of Korea, 25(5): pp.201-212. study: analyzing the masterplans of Yonsei University. 8) Jung, Su-young. (2005). A Study on Gothic Design for the In doing so, it has focused on investigating how the Elevation Composition of Modern Building in Ewha Womans plans have evolved over time in relationship to various University, Master's Thesis submitted to Hongik University, 2005. human and non-human agencies, including the invited 9) Kim, Tae-young. (2012). A Historical Study on the Identity of Modern Christian Schools in Korea, Master's Thesis submitted to American architects, professors and staff members, Kosin University. and other considerations such as the civil war and rapid 10) Koehler, Robert. (2008). Koreas Early Modern Architectural urbanization processes in the later half of the century. Heritage, Korea Times, July 11 (no page number indicated). Instead of making the article as a case for exploring 11) Paek, Seung-han, and An, Dai-whan. (2017). Missionary how such variants and historical events are condensed Architecture and Hybrid Modernity in Colonial Korea: The Case of Yonsei University, Open House International, 42(3): pp.5-12. formally and spatially, we have conducted an in-depth 12) Shin, Jee-seop. (2006). Characteristics of the Styles of School visual analysis of the Yonsei masterplans, which enable Building Erected by Western Missionaries in Korea, 1880-1950, us to look at the details and subtle nuances in how the Master's Thesis submitted to Yonsei University. school has responded to changing situations without 13) Society of Korean Architecture (朝鮮建築會 ). (1928). Korea and presupposing an idealized image as to what a university Architecture (朝鮮と建築 ) 7(3), Society of Korean Architecture. 14) Woodberry, Robert D. (2007). "Modernity." Encyclopedia of masterplan should be. There is no doubt that Murphy's Missions and Missionaries, ed. Jonathan Bonk (New York: plans are central in shaping the overall structure of Routledge): pp.265-268. the school, but modifications after his belated visit, and the continual adaptations by other agencies make the campus a heterogeneous kind, in which no single, absolute standard exists. Lastly, while our study shows a case as to how missionary practices have influenced 408 JAABE vol.17 no.3 September 2018 Seunghan Paek
Journal
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Sep 1, 2018
Keywords: university masterplan; negotiated idealism; masterplan; Yonsei University; Korean modern architecture
