Abstract

INTRODUCTIONCancer is the second leading cause of death and it is a socio‐economic problem worldwide.1 In the current scenario, incidences and mortality rates of cancer are increasing gradually. The advancements in cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, precise anticancer therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy are still challenging and not satisfactory. In clinical practices, chemotherapy and surgery are most often therapy offered against cancer, but cancer cells become chemo resistant over a short span of treatment with anticancer drugs. The acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in successful application of anti‐cancer therapy. It is well accepted that chemotherapy has adverse side effects such as systemic toxicities, immune surveillance and drug resistance. The majority of chemotherapeutic drugs approved by the FDA having lower molecular weight and require a higher concentration for their pharmacological actions. Many anti‐cancer drugs act indiscriminately adjacent to cancerous and healthy cells.2‐4 Many types of cancers show susceptibility toward chemotherapy at initial stage, but after some time start developing resistance because of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as cellular reprogramming, oncogenic stimulation, drug efflux due to over expression of multi‐drug resistance (MDR) genes and metabolic changes that promote drug inactivation and inhibition, altered